scholarly journals Pengaruh Penggunaan High Quality Feed Supplement terhadap Konsumsi dan Kecernaan Nutrien Sapi Perah Awal Laktasi (The Effect of High Quality Feed Supplement Addition on the Nutrient Consumption and Digestibility of Early Lactating Dairy Cow)

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andriyani Astuti ◽  
Ali Agus ◽  
Subur Priyono Sasmito Budi
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Supplement ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nutrient Consumption ◽  
Group A

<p>The research was intended to know the effect of high quality feed supplement (HQFS) in the ration of first lactation dairy cow on nutrient consumption and digestibility. Twelve dairy cows of Friesian Holstein crossbred from<br />the Cooperative of Warga Mulya, Sleman. They were divided into three groups of treatment, namely control (K), substitution treatment (S), and supplementation treatment (A). Each treatment consisted of four cows. Group K fed concentrate only from Warga Mulya, while group S beside concentrate from Warga Mulya, amount of HQFS 300 gram/liter of milk produced was offered, and concentrate was reduced as much as the additional feed of HQFS. Group A was offered by concentrate Warga Mulya plus HQFS additionally for 300 gram/liter of milk per day. Water was provided ad libitum. The variable measured consisted of the feed consumption and digestion (dry matter (BK), crude protein (PK), total digestible nutrient (TDN), organic component (BO), crude fiber (SK), crude fat (LK), and nitrogen-free extract (BETN)). The variants of collected data were analyzed, using Completely Randomized Design one way classification. Results showed that there were significant difference (P&lt;0.05) on BK, PK, TDN, BO, PK, SK, LK, and BETN consumption, while the digestion of BK, BO, SK, and LK did not indicate any differences. The digestion of PK and BETN were significantly different (P&lt;0.05), i.e. A (66.09%), S (59.77%), and K (54.66%) on PK and A (75.30%), S<br />(73.11%), and K (70.69%) on BETN. The conclusion was that the addition of HQFS of first lactation dairy cow would increase nutrient consumption and crude protein and nitrogen-free extract digestibility.</p><p>(Key words: High quality feed supplement, Dairy cow, Consumption, Digestibility)<br /><br /></p>

scholarly journals Influence of lucerne and meadow hay quality on the digestibility of nutrients in the roe deer

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sommer ◽  
M. Vodňanský ◽  
P. Petrikovič ◽  
R. Požgaj
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Significant Difference

It was confirmed in metabolic experiments with 4 individuals of roe deer (2 males and 2 females with the live weight of 20.8 and 17.9 kg, respectively) that due to the animals&rsquo; selective choice of a part of feeds there was no significant difference in the intake of lucerne hay of different quality and high-quality meadow hay (515.86 &plusmn; 66.97 and 597.82 &plusmn; 94.87 g, respectively). However, different quality of lucerne hay influenced the animals&rsquo; intake of crude protein and crude fibre. When the animals were fed meadow hay, they took in significantly less crude protein and fibre and significantly more nitrogen-free extract, fat and ash. Digestibility of crude protein was observed to be significantly decreased in hay of lower quality (by 10.1%). Digestibility coefficients for crude protein, crude fibre, organic matter and fat were significantly lower in grass hay compared to lucerne hay. Based on the coefficients of nutrient digestibility it can be stated that meadow hay, even if of excellent quality, is not a suitable supplement for the roe deer. &nbsp;

CONCENTRADO PROTEICO OBTIDO DAS FOLHAS DE MANDIOCA (Manihot esculenta Crantz) DE TRÊS VARIEDADES COMERCIAIS.

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabel Aparecida Soares ◽  
Mauro Sérgio Téo ◽  
Carlise DEBASTIANI ◽  
Suzymeire BARONI ◽  
Vanessa Silva RETUCI
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
White Variety ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

O trabalho teve por objetivo verificar diferenças entre rendimento do concentrado proteico e proteína bruta da folha da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), obtidos a partir de três variedades comerciais: branca, cascuda e vermelha. As manivas foram plantadas seguindo o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Nas comparações entre as variedades, considerou coletas escalonadas pós-plantio, realizadas aos 12, 14 e 16 meses. O concentrado proteico foi obtido a partir da farinha das folhas inteiras e submetido ao método de termo - coagulação ácido e a proteína bruta pelo método padrão AOAC. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Tukey - 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados não indicaram diferença significativa entre as médias obtidas para rendimento de concentrado proteico. Para a variável porcentagem de proteína bruta a variedade Branca foi a que apresentou maior valor, com média de 46,25%, seguida pela Cascuda e Vermelha, 44,52% e 37,30%, sucessivamente. Conclui-se que outros estudos devem avaliar condições que possam influenciar no teor de proteína foliar, como clima e solo, e, avaliar os níveis de ácido cianídrico de cada variedade, indicando qual das três é a melhor para a extração do concentrado proteico das folhas. Palavras chaves: Manihot esculenta Crantz, variedades comerciais, concentrado proteico, proteína bruta. ABSTRACT: The study aimed to assess the differences between income protein concentrate, crude protein of cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta Crantz), obtained from three commercial varieties: white, red and cascuda. The cuttings were planted following the completely randomized design with three replications. Comparisons between the varieties considered after planting staggered collections, held on 12, 14 and 16 months. The protein concentrate was obtained from flour of whole sheets and subjected to the term method - acid coagulation and crude protein by AOAC standard method. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test - 5% probability. The results indicated no significant difference between the mean values obtained for protein concentrate income. For the variable percentage of crude protein White variety showed the highest, with an average of 46.25%, followed by cascuda and Red, 44.52% and 37.30%, successively. We conclude that further studies should evaluate conditions that may affect the leaf protein content, such as climate and soil, and evaluate the hydrocyanic acid levels of each variety, indicating which of the three is the best for the extraction of protein concentrate from leaves Key words: Manihot esculenta Crantz, commercial varieties, protein concentrate, crude protein.

scholarly journals Effect of Inoculations of Trichoderma viride and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mixed Culture on Chemical Composition, Fiber, Digestibility and Theobromine Cocoa Pod Fermentation

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Askari Zakariah
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Mixed Culture ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Fiber Fraction ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Significant Difference

The objective of the study was to identify the effect of Trichoderma viride andSaccharomyces cerevisiae inoculant on chemical compositions, digestibility, and theobromineconcentration of fermented cocoa pod. This experiment consisted of four treatments,namely cocoa pods without fermentation as control (R0); fermentation of cocoa pods withinoculant T. viride (R1); fermentation of cocoa pods with inoculant S. cerevisiae (R2); andfermentation of cocoa pods with inoculant T. viride and S. cerevisiae mixed culture (R3).Each treatment had 3 replicates, and then was fermented for 10 days. Variables observedwere the chemical compositions i.e dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein(CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE), fiber fraction (Neutraldetergent fiber and acid detergent fiber), in vitro digestibility, and theobromine concentration.Data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance and followed by Duncan’s new multiplerange test (DMRT), if there were any significant difference. Results showed the inoculumaffected (P<0.05) the chemical composition, fiber fraction and in vitro digestibility. However,theobromine was not detected on cocoa pod without fermentation and fermentation.Compared to group R0, inoculation with T. viride and S. cerevisiae mixed culture (P<0.05)resulted in higher DM concentration (92.78% vs 89.72% respectively), higher CP (7.43% vs5.63% respectively), higher NDF (79.41% vs 61.18% respectively), higher ADF (73.04%vs 47.94% respectively), but was not significantly different on DM and OM digestibility(21.22% vs 22.24%, and 22.67% vs 24.31% respectively) than cocoa pod without fermentation.It is concluded that inoculant T. viride and S. cerevisiae mixed culture increased CPconcentration, but had no effect on in vitro digestibility.

scholarly journals Improving quality of rice straw through treatment with urea and midden soil for large animals

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
M Akter ◽  
MJ Khan ◽  
MA Akbar ◽  
M Asaduzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Group A ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Large Animals

Twelve indigenous growing cattle (live weight 130.00 ± 1.67 kg) were selected and divided into four groups having three animals in each group. Group A, B, C and D supplied 3.0% urea + 2.0% midden soil, 3.0% urea + 3.0% midden soil, 3.0% urea + 4.0% midden soil and 3.0% urea + 5.0% midden soil treated rice straw. In addition to this all the animals were supplied 2 Kg green grass, 450 g concentrate mixture and 40 g salt per 100 kg body weight. Rice straw treated with 3.0% urea+ 2.0% midden soil resulted an improvement in crude protein content of rice straw from 3.30 to 7.08% which was further increased by 7.40, 7.90 and 8.14% treatment with 3.0% urea + 3.0% midden soil, 3.0% urea + 4.0% midden soil and 3.0% urea + 5.0% midden soil respectively. The addition of 5.0% midden soil as a urease source with 3.0% urea (D) treated rice straw not only significantly (P<0.01) increased the coefficient of digestibility of DM, CP, CF, EE and NFE but also significantly (P<0.05) increased the coefficient of digestibility of OM than other treatments. Digestible organic matter (DOM), crude protein (DCP), digestible crude fibre (DCF), digestible nitrogen free extract (DNFE) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) contents were significantly (p<0.01) higher in diet D in comparison to diet A, B and C. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v42i1.15770 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2013. 42 (1): 29-34

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF DURATION TIME ON ONGGOK FERMENTATION WITH ENRICHMENT N, S, P BY Trichoderma reesei ON NUTRIEN VALUE

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Nila Cahyaning Febriyani ◽  
Agung - Subrata
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Trichoderma Reesei ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
P Element ◽  
Nutrient Value ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Range Test

The aim of this research was to study the effect of incubation time on onggok fermentation with enrichment N, S, P by Trichoderma reesei on nutrient value. The materials of this research were onggok, T. Reesei and N, S, P element. This research used completely randomized design with 4 treatments different incubation time with 5 replication; T0: 0 day, T1: 2 days, T2: 4 days and T3: 6 days. The parameters observed were crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and nitrogen free extract of fermented onggok. Data analysis was used by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and continued by Duncan’s Multiple Range test if they were significantly different. Results of this research showed that there were haven’t effect (P>0.05) of the treatment on nutrient value. The conclusion of this research was incubation time on onggok fermentation with enrichment N, S, P by Trichoderma reesei have not been able to decrease crude fiber.Keywords : Onggok, fermentation, T.reesei

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENGGANTIAN SEBAGIAN JAGUNG DENGAN TEPUNG KULIT PISANG RAJA (Musa paradisiaca) DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP PERFORMAN BROILER

ZOOTEC ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
David Djapili ◽  
Fenny Wolayan ◽  
Ivonne Untu ◽  
Hengki Liwe
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Musa Paradisiaca ◽  
Yellow Corn ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACT EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTION OF YELLOW CORN WITH BANANA (Musa paradisiaca) PEELS IN THE DIETS ON BROILER PEERFORMANCE. A study has been conducted to determine the effect of substitution of yellow corn with banana (Musa paradisiaca) peels in the diets on broiler performance. The present study used 60 broiler chicks and reared for 5 weeks. A Completely Randomized Design was used as an experimental design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Treatments were formulated as follow: R0: diet without substitution of banana peels or 0% in the diet; R1: diet with the substitution of 7,5% or 4,28% in the diet; R2: diet with the substitution of 15,0% or 8,55% in the diet; and R3: diet with the substitution of 22,5% or 12,83% in the diet. Variables measured were: daily feed consumption, daily gain, and feed conversion. Research results showed that daily feed consumption, daily gain, and feed conversionratio were all significantly (P < 0,05) affected by treatments. Daily feed consumption at R3 significantly (P < 0,05) lower compared with R0 and R1 treatments, but no differences (P > 0,05) were observed  between R2 and R3. No significant (P > 0,05) was observed between R0 and R1, but there was a significant difference (P < 0,05) between R2 and R3 and between R1 and R2. Feed conversion ratio was significantly (P < 0,05) lower for R0 compared with R1, R2 and R3, but no differences (P > 0,05) were observed among R0, R1, and R2 treatments. It can be concluded that banana (Musaparadisiaca) peels meal can be used up to 15% replacing yellow corn or 8,55% in broiler diet. Key words: Broiler chicks, Banana    (Musaparadisiaca) peels,        Daily feed consumption,         Daily gain, feed conversion            ratio.

scholarly journals The influence of balanced complex chromosomal rearrangements on preimplantation embryonic development potential and molecular karyotype

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Li ◽  
Weiyi Shi ◽  
Wenbin Niu ◽  
Jiawei Xu ◽  
Yihong Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Preimplantation Genetic Testing ◽  
Abnormal Embryo ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Molecular Karyotype ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B ◽  
Euploid Embryo

Abstract Background: Balanced complex chromosome rearrangements (BCCR) are balanced chromosomal structural aberrations that involve two or more chromosomes and at least three breakpoints. It is very rare in the population.The objective is to explore the difference of influence of three types of BCCR on early embryonic development and molecular karyotype.Results:Twelve couples were recruited including four couples of three-way rearrangements carriers (group A), three couples of double two-way translocations carriers (group B) and five couples of exceptional CCR carriers (group C). A total of 243 oocytes were retrievedin the seventeen preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) cycles, and 207 of these were available for fertilization.After intracytoplasmic sperm injection, 181oocytes normally fertilized. The rates of embryos forming on day3 in three groups were 87.88%, 97.78% and77.14%, which was significantly different (P=0.01). Compared with group B, the rate of embryo formation was statistically significantly lower in group C(P=0.01).Furthermore, the rates of high-quality blastocysts in three group were 14.71%, 48.15% and 62.96%, respectively, which was significantly different (P=0.00). Compared with group B andC, the rate of high-quality blastocysts in group A was statistically significantly lower (P=0.00;P=0.00). Comprehensive chromosome analysis was performed on 83 embryos, including 75 trophectodermcellsand 8 blastomeres. Except 7 embryos failed to amplify, 9.01%embryos were diagnosed as euploidy, and 90.91% were diagnosed as abnormal. As for group A, the euploid embryo rate was 10.71%and the abnormal embryo rate was 89.29%. In group B,the euploid embryo rate was 3.85%, the abnormal embryo rate was 96.15%. The euploid embryo rate was 13.04%, the abnormal embryo rate was 86.96% in group C.There were no significant differences among the three groups (P = 0.55).Conclusions:The lowest rate of high quality blastocysts has been for three-way rearrangements and the lowest rate of euploidy has been for double two-way translocations, although no significant difference. Different types of BCCR maybe have little effect on the embryonic molecular karyotype. The difference of influence of BCCR on early embryonic developmentandmolecular karyotypeshould be further studied.

Pengaruh Penambahan Tepung Temulawak (Curcuma xanthoriza) Dalam Ransum Terhadap Performa Produksi Ayam Kampung Unggul Balitnak

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trisno Agung Wibowo ◽  
Novi Eka Wati ◽  
Miki Suhadi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Daily Body Weight ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
And Control

The aim of the study was to know the effect of Curcuma xanthorhiza as herbal feed additive on feed consumption, daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of Kampung Unggul Balitnak (KUB) Chicken. The research was conducted at Kemukus Village, Ketapang District, South Lampung Regency. The experimental used 80 unisex KUB chicken aged 5 week. They were feed a ration with control ration + 0% temulawak flour (P0), control ration + 0,1% temulawak flour (P1), control ration + 0,2% temulawak flour (P2) and control ration + 0,3% temulawak flour (P4) during 30 days. The control ration containing 21% crude protein and 3150 kcal/kg metabolism energy. The study used a quantitative method with completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The results showed that the addition of temulawak flour (Curcuma xanthoriza) up to 0.3% did not effect (P> 0.05) on feed consumption but was affected (P

scholarly journals Growth, Nutrient Digestibility and Carcass Indices of Rabbits fed Varying Levels of Sugarcane Rind Meal

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-271
Author(s):  
T. A. Adeosun ◽  
G. T. Iyeghe-Erakpotobor
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Fibre Intake ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Average Body

The potential of sugarcane peels as a substitute for maize offal in rabbit diets and its effect on growth, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics were studied. Twenty five growing rabbits of mixed breeds and average body weight of 894±26.14g were used in a 7-week feeding trial. Five experimental diets were formulated in which sugarcane rind (SCR) was included at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% level to replace maize offal (weight for weight). The rabbits were balanced for weight and allotted to the treatments (n=5 rabbits/treatment) in a completely randomized design. Results obtained indicated that dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen free extract, hemicellulose, acid and neutral detergent fibre intake and digestibility decreased with increasing level of sugarcane rind inclusion. Crude fibre intake (5.59-8.67 g/day) and digestibility (20.60-40.80%) however increased (P<0.05) as level of sugarcane rind increased in the diet. The 30% inclusion of sugarcane rind gave body weight gain (5.35 g/d) comparable to the control (6.41 g/d), 10 (7.78 g/d) and 20% (7.12 g/d) inclusion of sugarcane peels. Feed intake (44.61-40.59 g/d) decreased as the level of sugarcane rind increased in the diets. There was no significant (P>0.05) effect of sugarcane rind on metabolic body weight and feed efficiency. Inclusion of sugarcane rind at 30% level increased (P<0.05) thigh and head percentage but without any adverse effect on chest, loin, shoulder and skin. Based on the results, it is concluded that sugarcane rind is a good fibre source that can be used to replace maize offal up to 30% in rabbit diets.

scholarly journals Performan dan Persentase Karkas Ayam Ras Petelur Jantan pada Kepadatan Kandang yang Berbeda

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Daud ◽  
Zahrul Fuadi ◽  
Mulyadi Mulyadi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Chicken ◽  
Layer Chickens

ABSTRAK. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi tingkat kepadatan kandang yang berbeda terhadap performan dan persentase karkas. Materi penelitian yang digunakan adalah ayam ras petelur jantan strain Isa Brown dari PT Charoen Pokphand Jaya Farm, Medan, sebanyak 208 ekor berumur 1 hari (DOC). Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL), terdiri atas 4 perlakuan tingkat kepadatan kandang dan masing-masing perlakuan diulang sebanyak 4 kali. Perlakuannya antara lain adalah K1: 10 ekor/m2, K2:  12 ekor/m2, K3:  14 ekor/m2, K4:  16 ekor/m2. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan analysis of variance dan jika memberikan hasil yang nyata dilanjutkan dengan Uji Duncan. Variabel yang diamati meliputi: konsumsi ransum, pertambahan bobot badan, bobot badan akhir, konversi ransum, mortalitas, bobot karkas dan persentase karkas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan kandang yang berbeda 10, 12 14, dan 16 ekor/m2 tidak memberi pengaruh yang nyata terhadap konsumsi ransum ayam ras petelur jantan umur 6 minggu. Demikian juga halnya terhadap pertambahan bobot badan, bobot badan akhir, konversi ransum, bobot karkas. Pemeliharaan ayam ras petelur jantan pada kepadatan kandang yang berbeda tidak mengalami mortalitas (0%) selama 6 minggu penelitian. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah kepadatan kandang yang berbeda 10, 12, 14 dan 16 ekor/m2 tidak mempengaruhi performan, dan persentase karkas ayam ras petelur jantan umur 6 minggu. Pemeliharaan ayam ras petelur jantan masih dapat dilakukan pada kepadatan kandang 16 ekor/m2 tanpa mempengaruhi performan dan persentase karkas. (Performance and carcass percentage of male chicken layers with different density) ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance and carcass percentage of male layer chickens in different density of cage. U 208 male layer DOC, strain Isa Brown produced by PT. Charoen Pokphand Jaya Farm, Medan. The study was designed into Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 replications; K1: 10 birds/m2, K2: 12 birds/m2, K3: 14 birds/m2  and K4: 16 birds/m2.Data was analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), a significant difference, would be analyzed with the Duncan Multiple Range Test. Measured variables were, body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion, mortality, and carcass percentage. The results  indicated that different density of cage has no significant effect on final body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and carcass percentage of male layer chickens. Density of cage did not influence to mortality rate of male . In conclusion, density of  cage of 10, 12, 14, and 16 birds/m2 did not affect performance and carcass percentage of  male chicken layers.

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