scholarly journals Determinants of Tourism and HIV/AIDS Incidence in West Java

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Cecep Heriana ◽  
Rossi Suparman ◽  
Sohel Rana ◽  
Dera Sukmanawati
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Sexual Attraction ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
West Java ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
Determine Relation ◽  
Hiv Aids

Indonesia defined as tourist destination where the international and domestic tourists enjoy the tourist attractions. Prostitution existing in tourism place may increase the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. The incidence and spread of AIDS in many areas in West Java is a problem for tourism industry. These issues become acute in locations where sexual attraction is used as a determinant of tourist portability. The aim of this study was to determine relation between tourism and the incidence of HIV/AIDS in West Java. Non-reactive research design was used to collect secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics in 2016 from 26 districts/cities in West Java. This study was conducted in January - October 2016. Univariate and bivariate analysis methods with Spearman’s statistical test and multivariate analysis (multiple logistic) were applied. Bivariate analysis results showed the number of star hotels had p value = 0.003, r = -0.552), visit to accommodation had p value = 0.009, r = 0.499) and averageguest per day had p value = 0.022, r = 0.447. Results of multivariate analysis showed that accommodation visits had p value = 0.000). In conclusion, tourism determinants associated with the incidence of HIV/AIDS are the number of star hotels, visits to hotel, and the average guest per day.

Potensi Pariwisata Dan Strategi Pengembangan Desa Wisata Sukajadi di Kabupaten Bogor

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Dina Mayasari Soeswoyo
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Community Support ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Matrix Analysis ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Tourist Attractions

This study identifies the potential of tourism products in Sukajadi Village Bogor Regency based on ten (10) tourism components as well as its development strategy, which is currently included in the category of a newly developing tourist village. The results of this research are aggressive and serious development strategies in all aspects of the tourism component, namely increasing the quality and diversification of tourist attractions and activities, accessibility, improving the quality and quantity of tourism amenities, improving the quality of human resources & institutions, community support, land use, tourism industry cooperation, as well as marketing aspects. This research type is a descriptive qualitative with a case study exploratory approach. Primary data is obtained from direct observation and interviews with key informants, namely Pokdarwis and the Village Head, while secondary data is the result of literature studies and research documentation. The analysis technique of this research uses SWOT analysis and Matrix, analysis of the work program of the vision for tourism development of the Bogor Regency Government which refers to local government master plan for tourism development (RIPPARDA), and also analysis of the Cleanlines, Health, Safety and Environmental Sustainability (CHSE) guidelines.

scholarly journals Clinical Signs and Laboratory Parameters as Predictors of Mortality among Hospitalized Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adult Patients at Tertiary Hospital in Surabaya

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (B) ◽  
pp. 497-502
Author(s):  
Rentha Monica Simamora ◽  
Muhammad Vitanata Arfijanto ◽  
Musofa Rusli ◽  
Budi Utomo ◽  
Cennikon Pakpahan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Platelet Count ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Elevated Liver Enzymes ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Aids

BACKGROUND: The morbidity and mortality rates due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are still high despite various and advanced efforts in the management given for HIV/AIDS patients. AIM: This study proposed that clinical signs and laboratory parameters could be expected to predict the patient’s mortality. METHODS: This retrospective study was done by collecting 408 medical records of adult HIV/AIDS inpatients at a tertiary hospital in Surabaya from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019. Bivariate analysis using Chi-square test was carried out on nine variables, which were Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) <15, hypotension, PaO2/FiO2 <400 mmHg, elevated liver enzymes, hemoglobin levels <10 mg/dl, platelet count <150,000/mm3, eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, albumin levels <3.5 mg/dl, and body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m2. Variables which met the criteria would be included in the multivariate analysis using logistic regression. RESULTS: Based on bivariate analysis, mortality was found to be significantly associated with GCS <15, hypotension, PaO2/FiO2, elevated liver enzymes, platelet count <100,000 mm3, eGFR <60 ml/1.73kg/m2, albumin levels <3.5 mgdl, and BMI <18.5 kg/m2. However, based on multivariate analysis, there were five variables which were found to be able to independently predict the patients’ mortality, those were GCS <15 (OR 11.625), hypotension (OR 6.062), PaO2/FiO2< 400 mmHg (OR 7.794), eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (OR 2.646), and albumin levels <3.5 mg/dl (OR 4.091). CONCLUSION: GCS <15, hypotension, PaO2/FiO2 <400 mmHg, eGFR <60 ml/1.73g/m2, and albumin levels <3.5 mg/dl were found as the independent risk factors which could predict the hospitalized HIV/AIDS patients’ mortality.

scholarly journals A Geospatial Approach to Enhance Point of the Interest and Tourism Potential Centers in Parner Tehsil in Maharashtra, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 186-196
Author(s):  
Vasudev S. Salunke ◽  
Santosh J. Lagad ◽  
Ravindra S. Bhagat ◽  
Nanabhau S. Kudnar
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
Point Of Interest ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
Natural Beauty ◽  
Tourism Potential ◽  
Geographical Point

This study aims to identify geographical points of interest and tourism potential in Parner tehsil of Ahmednagar District of Maharashtra and to highlight the attractive tourist destinations and religious places in the region. To the introduced exact situation and importance of many wonderful, useful distinctive places and geographical point of interest in Parner tehsil. This paper is descriptive in nature and qualitative study based on empirical observations. This study based on primary and secondary data. All natural geographical, historical and cultural tourist centers were visited during study period. Parner tehsil is enriched of geographical, historical, and cultural tourism aspects. Suitable maps were prepared with the help of QGIS and ARC MAP software’s for the ease of tourists. Tourist attractions in the tehsil as is, natural beauty, potholes, caves, temples, ideal village, industries, festivals etc. Even though Nighoj potholes and Vadgaon Darya caves are famous geographical destinations but other places are neglected by tourism industry experts. This paper will also become much helpful for planner, tourists, historians, geographers and archeologists to access remote but well known destinations.

scholarly journals Correlation between intensive phase treatment of antituberculosis drugs with nutritional status of patients with tuberculosis in Kupang city

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
William Lie ◽  
Ika Febianti Buntoro ◽  
Rahel Rara Woda ◽  
Christina Olly Lada
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Tuberculosis Treatment ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Intensive Phase ◽  
Before And After

Background: Indonesia is a country with the third highest tuberculosis incident in the world. Nutritional status is very important to patients with tuberculosis, an optimal nutritional status created an optimal immune system. Lack of adequate nutritional intake, prolonged the anti-tuberculosis drug treatment and caused them to get a slower recovery. Therefore, the writer found the need of knowing the relation of intensive phase treatment of anti-tuberculosis drugs with nutritional status of patients with tuberculosis in Kupang City.Objectives: To know the relation between intensive phase treatment of anti tuberculosis drugs with nutritional status of patients with tuberculosis in Kupang City.Methods: This study was an observational analytic study with a nested cohort design conducted by 11 public health centers in Kupang City by taking secondary data from medical records. The sampling technique used consecutive sampling with 84 respondents who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study was analyzed univariately, and bivariately using Mc Nemar.Results: From 84 respondents, before intensive phase tuberculosis treatment 61 respondents (72.6%) had abnormal nutrition status, and 23 respondents (27.4%) had normal nutritional status, while after intensive phase tuberculosis treatment from 84 respondents it was found that 50 respondents (59.5%) had abnormal nutrition status, and 34 respondents (40.5%) had normal nutritional status. The result of the bivariate analysis test shows a significant different in nutritional status before and after tuberculosis treatment with p value = 0.001.Conclusions: There was a significant different in nutritional status before and after tuberculosis treatment indicating that anti-tuberculosis drug treatment can affect the nutritional status of patients with tuberculosis.Cl

scholarly journals Correlation between Age, Sex, Status of Immunization and Nutrition with the Occurence of Pneumonia in Infants Under Two Years of Age (Baduta)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Elza Nur Fitriyah
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The Relationship

Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children under five years of age in the world. Based on Riskesdas 2007, in Indonesia the percentages of infants and children under five years who died due to pneumonia were 23.8 percent and 15.5 percent respectively. Using a non-reactive unobstructive method, this study aimed at analyzing the relationship between nutrition and the immunization status and the incidence of pneumonia among children under two years old. This study employed secondary data of Laporan Bulanan Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak dan Laporan Gizi (monthly reports of maternal care, child wellbeings, and nutritions) at Bulak Banteng primary health center in the year of 2015. The sample in this study was 604 children under two years selected using a simple random sampling method. The data was obtained by collecting data of children under two years and the incidence of pneumonia among children under two years at Bulak Banteng health center in 2015. Using a bivariate analysis, it showed that there was relationship between variables of age, sex, immunization, and nutritional status, and the incidence of pneumonia. The p value and OR variables used respectively are 0.00 OR 3.6; 0.00 OR 1.6; 0.00 OR 3.2 and 0.00 OR 16.6. The conclusion of this study is that there was a significant relationship between the variables of age, sex, immunization, and nutritional status and the incidence of pneumonia among children under two years. The advice to primary health centers is to give PMT (additional nutritious food) to children under two years without good nutritional statuses and to monitor the health status of patients who have pneumonia with home visits to avoid recurrence.

scholarly journals PENGETAHUAN, SIKAP DAN PENCEGAHAN HIV/AIDS PADA IBU RUMAH TANGGA

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenny Octavianty ◽  
Atikah Rahayu ◽  
Dian Rosadi ◽  
Fauzie Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Level ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

<p>Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) merupakan penyebab penyakit Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) yang merusak kekebalan tubuh manusia. Tahun 2013 di Kalimantan Selatan terdapat 227 kasus HIV dan 134 kasus AIDS dengan kasus tertinggi di Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu yaitu kasus HIV 189 orang dan 30 kasus AIDS. Peningkatan kasus baru diproyeksikan terjadi pada populasi sopir karena termasuk mobile men with money and migrant. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan dan sikap dengan upaya pencegahan HIV/AIDS pada ibu rumah tangga dengan suami pekerja sopir bus antar kota terhadap upaya pencegahan HIV/AIDS. Penelitian dilakukan pada tahun 2014 dengan rancangan penelitian secara cross sectional. Sampel ibu rumah tangga sebanyak 40 orang secara accidental. Analisis data dengan uji chi-square. Analisis univariat didapatkan hasil tingkat pengetahuan rendah dan tinggi seimbang sebanyak 50%, sikap kategori baik 92.5% dan upaya pencegahan rendah sebanyak 65%. Analisis bivariat didapatkan ada hubungan antara pengetahuan dengan upaya pencegahan (p=0,000, OR=35,2), dengan upaya pencegahan tidak ada hubungan (p=0,539).</p><p> </p><p><em>HIV is the cause of AIDS damage the human immune system. In South Kalimantan (2013) was as much as 227 HIV cases and 134 AIDS cases and the highest case in Tanah Bumbu with the number of HIV cases as many as 189 people and 30 cases of AIDS. The increase in new cases of HIV/AIDS is projected to occur in the population of driver because including as a mobile men worker with money and migrants. This research was especially against his wife to understand about the relationship between knowledge and attitudes towards the prevention of HIV/AIDS on the housewife who has husband as inter-city bus driver towards the prevention of HIV/AIDS in Tanah Bumbu in 2014. This study conducted at 2014 and used cross sectional design with a sample of housewives as many as 40 people were taken by accidental means. Analyzed using chi-square test. Univariate analysis showed that who had a husband as a driver has a low and a high level of knowledge in balance with each as much as 50%, good attitude category was 92.5% and prevention was low, as much as 65%, while for the bivariate analysis showed that there was a relationship between knowledge and prevention (p-value = 0.000: OR = 35.2), while for variables with prevention efforts there was no relation (p-value = 0.539).</em></p>

scholarly journals Hubungan faktor sosiodemografi dengan kunjungan antenatal care

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
Elika Puspitasari ◽  
Mochammad Hakimi ◽  
Evi Nurhidayati
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Care Visit ◽  
Regression Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Logistic Regression Test

Abstact: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association ofsociodemographic factors with antenatal care visits. Types of analyticsurvey research with cross sectional design. Sampling with quota samplingwas obtained 100 trimester pregnant women 3. Bivariate analysis usingchi-square test. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression test. Theresults showed that the factors unrelated to ANC were Age (p-value =0.46), occupation (p-value = 0,55), knowledge (p-value = 0.88), andincome -value = 0.22). While the factors of education and distance ofpregnancy is related to antenatal care visit (p-value <0,02). ConclusionsAge, occupation, knowledge and income are unrelated to antenatal visitswhereas education and pregnancy distances are related to antenatal carevisits.

scholarly journals The Correlation Between Parity and Premature Rupture of Membrane (PROM) Incidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1511-1515
Author(s):  
Estiyani Wulandari ◽  
Lenna Maydianasari ◽  
Eva Yusnidhar
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Premature Rupture ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Research Population ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Aim: This research aims to identify the correlation between parity and premature rupture of membrane (PROM) incidence at KIA Sadewa Hospital in 2013. Methods: The research was observational analytic research with a cross-sectional design. The sampling employed total sampling. This research population was all women giving birth at KIA Sadewa Hospital from January to December 2013 who had complete data as many as 2,645 women. The samples used in this study were 2388 women with expected delivery and 257 women who experienced the PROM. The data were secondary data obtained from medical records and then analyzed in univariate and bivariate analysis using a chi-square test with p-value = 0.005. Results: Women giving birth at KIA Sadewa Hospital in 2013 were mostly multipara. The incidence of premature rupture of membrane at KIA Sadewa Hospital in 2013 indicated 9.7% of them experiencing the PROM and 90.3% not experiencing the PROM. Conclusion. There was a correlation between parity and the incidence of premature rupture of membrane at KIA Sadewa Hospital in 2013. There is a correlation between parity with the incidence of premature rupture of membrane at KIA Sadewa Hospital in 2013. Keywords: Parity, Premature Rupture of Membrane

ANALISIS DETERMINAN PENGGUNAAN ALAT KONTRASEPSI DALAM RAHIM DI RUMAH SAKIT MUHAMMADIYAH PALEMBANG TAHUN 2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mela Paslestia Mela Paslestia
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Intrauterine Device ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Entire Family ◽  
Cross Sectional

ABSTRAK   Penggunaan AKDR masih tergolong rendah, padahal banyak sekali keunggulan AKDR yakni sebagai alat kontrasepsi yang efektif mempunyai angka kegagalan rendah yaitu terjadi 1-3 kehamilan/100 perempuan (akseptor). Tujuan penelitian diketahuinya faktor determinan yang mempengaruhi penggunaan Alat Kontrasepsi  Dalam Rahim (AKDR) di Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Palembang Tahun 2014. Desain penelitian ini cross sectional, populasinya seluruh akseptor KB di Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Palembang Tahun 2013, yaitu berjumlah 384 akseptor. Metode pengambilan sampel dengan teknik accidental sampling sebanyak 88 responden. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner. Analisis data bivariat dengan chi square dan analisis multivariat menggunakan uji regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan antara faktor umur (p value  0,001), faktor pendidikan (p value  0,005), faktor paritas ( p value 0,004), faktor  pendapatan (p value 0,004), faktor  keyakinan (p value 0,011), faktor budaya dengan (p value 0,020), faktor dukungan suami  (p value 0,002), dan faktor pengetahuan (p value 0,005) dengan penggunaan AKDR. Analisis multivariat didapatkan dukungan suami yang menjadi faktor dominan dalam penggunaan AKDR dengan OR (odds ratio) 7,047  dan kontribusi dukungan suami terhadap penggunaan AKDR adalah 24,28%. Bagi Rumah Sakit disarankan perlunya peningkatan konseling pra pemasangan dan pasca pemasangan AKDR, serta keterlibatan yang lebih besar dari petugas KB  perempuan dalam setiap pelayanan AKDR. Selain itu peningkatan partisipasi suami bukan hanya dengan memberikan dukungan kepada istrinya untuk menggunakan kontrasepsi AKDR tetapi dapat menjadi peserta KB secara langsung. Bagi Akademi Kebidanan Rangga Husada agar lebih memfasilitasi atau memperbanyak referensi di perpustakaan khususnya tentang penulisan ilmiah dan metodelogi penelitian, sehingga dapat menambah pustaka dan keilmuan. Bagi Peneliti selanjutnya disarankan untuk meneliti dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif untuk menggali alasan rendahnya peminat akseptor menggunakan AKDR.   ABSTRACK   The use of IUD is still relatively low although it has a lot of advantages. For instance, the IUD is an effective contraceptive which has a low failure rate, occurred 1-3 pregnancy/100 acceptor women per year. This study aims to determine the factors affecting the use of an intrauterine device (IUD) in Muhammadiyah Hospital Palembang in 2014. It was a cross-sectional study with 384 populations taken from the entire family planning acceptors in Muhammadiyah Hospital Palembang in 2013. The accidental sampling technique was used to get 88 respondents. The data were obtained by means of a questionnaire. Bivariate analysis was performed by using chi square and multivariate analysis was performed by using logistic regression. The result of the study indicates that there is a correlation among the age factor ( p value 0,001) education factor (p value 0,005), parity factor (p value 0,004), income factor (p value 0,004), confidence factor (p value 0,002), and culture factor ( p value 0,005) and the use of IUD (Intrauterine Device). Multivariate analysis was obtained from the husband’s support which becomes the dominant factor in using the IUD (Intrauterine Device) with OR (odds ratio) 7,047 and the contribution of the husband’s support in Using the IUD (Intrauterine Device) is 24,28 %. Hospital is suggested to increase the counseling of pre and post IUD insertion, have the greater involvement from the women staff in all IUD services. Besides, the increased participation of husband is not only by providing support to his wife to use the IUD but may become the family planning participant directly. Academy of Midwifery Rangga Husada is to add more facilities and library references especially in terms of scientific writing and research method so that it can increase the scientific literature and knowledge. For further research, it is recommended to do the research by the use of a qualitative approach to explore the reason for the low interest in using the IUD acceptors.

scholarly journals POS1245 MORTALITY OF COVID-19 IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATIC DISEASES: COMPARISON TO THE GENERAL POPULATION IN MÉXICO

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 905.2-906
Author(s):  
M. U. Martínez-Martínez ◽  
F. Irazoque-Palazuelos ◽  
T. S. Rodriguez-Reyne ◽  
E. Zamora ◽  
A. Castillo Ortiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
General Population ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
P Value ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Mexican Patients

Background:COVID-19 outcomes in Mexican patients with rheumatic diseases (RDs) in comparison to general population patients are unknown.Objectives:To compare mortality and hospitalization of COVID-19 patients with RDs and those without.Methods:We included for this study all the Mexican patients with RDs and COVID-19 registered from April 17th to October 30th, 2020 in the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance registry. We compare clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with RDs and COVID-19 to patients with COVID-19 that were selected randomly from the Mexican Epidemiology database (1:3). A logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for confusion variables.Results:We included 322 patients with COVID-19 and RDs and 969 controls without RDs. Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics and comorbidities of both groups. Bivariate analysis showed that patients with RDs had higher mortality, were older, and were more frequently hospitalized. Comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular and renal diseases were also more frequent in patients with RDs. In the multivariate analysis, having a RD was no longer associated with mortality (Figure 1).Figure 1.Multivariate analysis of mortalityConclusion:Patients with RDs had higher comorbidities, hospitalizations, and mortality than the general population in the bivariate analysis. However, adjusted multivariate analysis showed that the odds for mortality were not increased because of having a RD. These findings suggest that the increased mortality of Mexican patients with RDs may be explained by the higher frequency of comorbidities in this population.Table 1.Comparison of patients with COVID-19 with and without RDsCOVID-19 patients without RDsCOVID-19 patients with RDsp-valueN969323Age (mean (SD))42.6 (17.4)51.2 (13.9)<0.001Sex = Male (%)455 (47.0)55 (17.0)<0.001Deceased = Yes (%)55 (5.7)43 (13.3)<0.001Hospitalization = Hospitalized (%)164 (16.9)152 (47.1)<0.001Intubation = Yes (%)27 (2.8)32 (11.8)<0.001COPD_Asthma = Yes (%)37 (3.8)15 (4.6)0.522Diabetes = Yes (%)114 (11.8)49 (15.2)0.116Obesity = Yes (%)128 (13.3)21 (6.5)0.001Hypertension = Yes (%)152 (15.8)88 (27.2)<0.001Cardiovascular disease = Yes (%)19 (2.0)14 (4.3)0.02CRF = Yes (%)22 (2.3)17 (5.3)0.007Pregnancy = Yes (%)5 (0.5)2 (0.6)0.827Smoker = Yes (%)86 (8.9)10 (3.1)0.001Abbreviations: RDs, rheumatic diseases; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRF, chronic renal failure.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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