Cardiometabolic Diseases: Biochemistry, Pathophysiology and Medical Innovations

It gives us great pleasure, to write this invited overview on, Biochemistry, pathophysiology and Medical Innovations, to the Journal of Biochemistry and Modern Applications. In an earlier article on a similar topic, we described a biochemistry course, that is offered at the Cambridge University UK, called The Molecules in Medical Science, which focuses on diseases, that are familiar by name and of high relevance like diabetes and cancer. Harvard Medical School, on the other hand, says, preparation of medical school in the 21st century, should reflect contemporary developments in medical knowledge, the pace of discovery and the permeation of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics into most areas of medicine. Oxford Royale Academy looks at biomedicine the following way; -Biochemistry, as the name suggests, is where Biology meets Chemistry: it is the study of the living things, at a molecular level- or, to put it another way, the study of the very foundations of life. On the other hand, pathophysiology deals with a variety of altered metabolism, which drives the normal physiology out of gear, and promotes the development of risks, for various metabolic diseases. The Cardiometabolic Syndrome represents a constellation of metabolic abnormalities that are risk factors for the development of metabolic diseases, which in turn promote vascular diseases. Major metabolic diseases include hypertension, excess weight, obesity, and type-2 diabetes. Vascular diseases remain the number one killer worldwide and have retained this status for over a century. There is considerable debate, about whether the treatment of the disease itself is superior, or just the management of observed risks is enough? In view of such debates, there is a great need for the development of technologies that will facilitate early diagnosis and better management of progression, or regression of diseases. Furthermore, advances in research in the fields of genetics, cellular biology, molecular biology, and emerging diagnostic tools, will improve our ability to manage chronic cardiometabolic diseases. In this overview, we have discussed advances in the various fields, the disconnect that exists between the researchers and clinicians, as well as between technologists and the end-users.

Effect of Increasing the Plasma Phospholipase A2 Mass on the Risk of Masked Hypertension in Humans

Background: Masked Hypertension (MHT) is associated with an increased risk for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). The etiopathogenesis of MHT is thought to be affected by oxidative stress and vascular inflammation. This study aimed to analyze the relationships between Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), a unique vascular inflammation marker, with blood pressure variation and traditional risk factors in patients with MHT, and to determine the clinical significance. Methods: One hundred eighty-three patients without any prior therapeutic medications were included and divided into the following three groups: MHT (n=82); True Hypertension (THT) [n=52]); and normotensive (n=59). An Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitor (ABPM) was used. Clinical biochemical parameters and the Lp-PLA2 mass in each group were measured, and the related clinical characteristics and risk factors for CVD were statistically analyzed. Results: The level of Lp-PLA2 in MHT group was significantly higher than the normotensive (191.8 ± 62.58 vs.108.3 ± 44.74 ng/ml, p<0.01) and true hypertension groups (191.8 ± 62.58 vs. 169.3 ± 54.55 ng/ml, p<0.05). Furthermore, the incidence of MHT was correlated with the increase in Lp-PLA2, around 65% of MHT patients with a Lp-PLA2 level ≥ 225 μ mol/L. The Lp-PLA2 level had a positive correlation with ABPM measurements, office-measured systolic blood pressure, and serum Uric Acid (UA) and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, but a negative correlation with the High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) level. Conclusion: An increased LP-PLA2 level was closely associated with the metabolic stress and incidence of MHT, thus exhibit an important role in the pathophysiology and diagnostic assessment of MHT.

The Polytope of Hereditary Information the Structure, Location, Signification

The geometry of the neighborhood of the compound of two nucleic acid helices with nitrogen bases was investigated. It is proved that this neighborhood is a cross-polytope of dimension 13 (polytope of hereditary information), in the coordinate planes of which there are complementary hydrogen bonds of nitrogenous bases. The structure of this polytope is defined, its image is given. The total incident flows from the low-dimensional elements to the higher-dimensional elements and vice versa of the hereditary information polytope are calculated equal to each other. High values of these flows indicate a high intensity of information exchange in the polytope of hereditary information that ensures the transfer of this information

Unique Physical and Chemical Properties of Kian Sand Worm (Siphonosoma ur-pulau) Traditional Medicine: Electrical, Optical and Chemical Response of Edible Powder with Different Sizes

Sea worms or sand worms were widely spread on earth generally in beach areas with a series of different taxonomy sizes. There made a variety of the genus as well as species of such interesting worms. This study explores that traditional medicines fabricated using Kian sand worm (Siphonosoma ur-pulau) with two types of grain sizes. Our significant findings show an attractive potential of it as toxic absorption based traditional medicine besides its normal use as daily foods in the Tual region of Maluku province in the eastern part of Indonesia. Such noteworthy identification was tested and identified in the grain rough size medicine with low concentration related to its integrated multitasking response of electrical, optical and chemical characters such as its lowest absorbance at a moderate transparency of 0.271a.u (T~53.528%) pH~5.09, and stable voltage under thermal effect ~0.7V. This invention unlocks a various opportunity of the use of Kian sand worm as a multitasking traditional medicine.

Systematic Evaluation of Fatty Acid Profiles in Hydrachna processifera, Eylais setosaand Hydrodroma despiciens (Acari, Hydrachnidia) Species by GC-MS Method

This study was carried out with Hydrachna processifera (Acari, Hydracnidia), Eylais setosa and Hydrodroma despiciens common in lakes. Fatty acid ratios were evaluated comparatively in terms of species. For this purpose, these species collected from the Karamık lake (AfyonkarahisarTurkey) were analyzed by GC-MS gas chromatography in the laboratory. In the results of the analysis, saturated fatty acids such as myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), heptadecanoic (C17:0), and stearic acid (C18:0) were observed in high amount. There was a significant difference between species in terms of total saturated fatty acid ratios. The monounsaturated fatty acids palmitoleic (C16:1), oleic (C18:1), and erucic (C22:1) are the most common acids. The major polyunsaturated fatty acids were linolenic (C18:3), eicosatrienoic (C20:3), eicosapentaenoic (C20:5) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6) acid, linoleic (C18:2), gamma-linolenic 3), eicosadienoic (C20:2) and arachidonic (C20:4) acids. At the end of the study, there were considerable differences between the species studied in terms of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in these water mite species. This study also found that the fatty acid composition was different for each species and this is important for the molecular taxonomy of water mites.

What is the Actual Molecular Weight of Irisin Hormone According to Western Blot Analysis?

Irisin hormone, secreted mainly in skeletal, cardiac muscles, is proteolytically cleaved from the C-terminal moiety and secreted from the fibronectin domain-containing protein 5(FNDC5) receptor. This hormone carries carbohydrate moieties, which are glycosylated, and is a dimeric protein, and released as a hormone of 112 amino acids [1]. The dimerization of this hormone is not affected by glycosylation, although N-glycosylation is necessary for the stabilization of FNDC5 and secretion of irisin [2]. Quantitation of circulating human irisin by Tandem Mass Spectrometry was ∼ 3.6 ng/ml in sedentary individuals [3]. Irisin is secreted mainly in skeletal, cardiac muscles and adipose tissues.

Assessment of Programmed Cell Death of Aspergillus flavus by Triggered Cysteine-dependent Aspartate-directed Proteases (Meta-caspase3) Lethality Mechanism of Novel Compounds Isolated from Ethyl Acetate Extract of Spondias mombin

Spondias mombin is a plant that has been traditionally noted for its medicinal with a preliminary results report a wide range of antibacterial and antifungal properties. Meta-caspases and Caspases are essential in cells for programmed cell death, in development and most other stages of adult life, and have been termed "executioner" proteins for their roles in the cell. A 12 hours old culture of each microorganism was re-suspended in plant extract at 1000 µg mL in a total volume of 500 µl for 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 180 minutes. The cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 5000 g for 5 minutes. The pellets were rinsed twice in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Then 1/10 volume of 95% ethanol plus 5% saturated phenol were added to the pellets to stabilize cellular RNA. The cells were then re-harvested by centrifugation (8200 g, 4°C and 2 minutes). The supernatant was aspirated and pellets re-suspended in 800 μl of lysis buffer (10 mMTris, adjusted to pH 8.0 with HCl, 1 mM EDTA) and 8.3 U/ml Ready-LyseTM Lysozyme Solution. After the pellets were re-suspended, 80 μl of a 10% SDS solution was added, mixed and incubated for 2 minutes at 64 °C. Then 88 μl of 1 M NaOAc (pH 5.2) was mixed with the lysate followed by an equal volume of water and saturated phenol was added. Total RNA was quantified using Spectrophotometric absorbance at 260 nm DNA was removed with Turbo DNA-free (Ambion, Inc.). Reverse Transcription-PCR reaction was performed in a 15.0 µl final volume (kit number-DNA-PCR739288). Assessment of Polymerase Chain Reaction products (amplicons) were electrophoreses in 0.5% of agarose gel using 0.5 × TBE buffer ( 2.6 g of Tris base, 5 g of Tris boric acid and 2 ml of 0.5M EDTA and adjusted to pH 8.3 with the sodium hydroxide pellet) with 0.5 μl ethidum bromide. The mechanism of action of isolated novel compounds using Metacaspase3 to programme the death of test organism (Aspergillus flavus) between 0 and 180 minutes interval. It was observed that cell (via DNA) were completely destroyed at 180 minutes with all the isolated compounds. The purpose of this research work is to evaluate the programmed cell death (PCD) of Aspergillus flavus by triggered Cysteine-dependent Aspartate-directed proteases (meta-caspase3) lethality mechanism of novel compound isolated from ethyl acetate extract ofSpondias mombin.

A New Potent Anti-cancer Corosolic Ester Identified from the Super Miracle Plant Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea buckthorn)

Hippophae rhamnoides L, commonly called Sea buckthorn, is native to Asia and Europe and and known for its nutritional and medicinal values. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-cancer constituents of H. rhamnoides. Among the three isolated compounds namely: 1-(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl) ethan-1-one (1), Oleanolic acid (2), and Hippocorosolate (3), compound 3 was a new corosolic ester derivative. The isolated compounds (2 and 3) displayed anticancer activity against lung (NCI-H460) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines with IC50 values of ~3 µM and ~6 µM, respectively. However, compound 1 was active only against breast cancer cells with IC50 value of ~43 µM. These compounds displayed only weak interactions with minor groove of DNA in DNA-ligand conformational studies and therefore, structural DNA damage was not noted in electrophoretic mobility experiments. It was concluded that new compound 2 possessed more potent anticancer activity than that of known compound 3 against lung cancer cell line.

In Vitro Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Jamun (Eugenia jambolana Linn) Plants Parts Collected from Lahore, Pakistan

Our research work based on the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical studies including the antioxidant activity of extracts (ethanolic and aqueous) obtained from leaf, stem and seed of Eugenia jambolana plant. Qualitatively phytochemical analysis was done by biochemical testing, quantitative estimation was taken spectrophotometrically and antioxidant activity of extracts was tested by DPPH radical scavenging. Qualitative and quantitative outcomes of our study explain that ethanol is applicable solvent system that comprises high quantity of bioactive compounds than water solvent system. Antioxidant activity revealed that ethanolic leaf, seed and stem extracts removed free radicals 68%, 98% and 33% respectively in contrast with water extracts of leaf, seed and stem 5.09%, 1.25% and 7.26% respectively. Ascorbic acid was taken as standard that kills 97% free radical species. Extracts in ethanol solvent system displayed protruding antioxidant activity and also contains high amount of phtyo-chemicals.

Phytochemistry and Antioxidant Activities of the Methanolic Leaf Extract of Clerodendrum splendens (Lamiaceae)

This paper aimed at studying the antioxidant efficacy of the methanolic leaf extract of Clerodendrum splendens, a plant of the Lamiaceae family. Phytochemical tests carried out on extracts of Clerodendrum splendens leaves have been able to detect the presence of secondary metabolites such as Flavonoids, Tannins, Saponins and Terpenoids. The results of the antioxidant activity have shown that CSF2, CSF3 fractions and CSB, CSG fractions similarly inhibited hepatic lipids but significantly less than vitamin C. Compared to all fractions, the CSB fraction shows the best inhibitor on the peroxidation of hepatic lipids because at 150 μg/mL, there is a maximum activity (2.5 μg/mL of protein). However, it is found that CSF3, CSF2 and CSG have higher IC50 values than vitamin C (5.613±0.117) while CSEB, CSB and CSC fractions showed lower IC50 values than vitamin C, which is used as the reference reducing compound. The lower the IC50 value compared to vitamin C, the greater the antioxidant capacity of the plant extract. The results of this study suggest that Clerodendrum splendens represents an untapped source of compounds with potential antioxidant activity that could be explored in the development of new therapeutic natural products.