scholarly journals Contextualizing adverse event following immunization data of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in VigiAccess: An approach for reducing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Yamoah ◽  
Kofi Boamah Mensah ◽  
Thelma Alalbila Mpoku ◽  
Neelaveni Padayachee ◽  
Frasia Oosthuizen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Event ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Adverse Event Following Immunization ◽  
The World

Abstract IntroductionVaccination features high among the public health interventions that have contributed significantly to global health. Following the March 2020 declaration by the World Health Organization that coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic, several vaccines have been developed and administered to curb the spread of COVID-19. One of the threats to attaining adequate vaccination uptake for these relatively new vaccines are concerns people have about the adverse event following immunization (AEFI) information. This study sought to assess AEFIs reported on COVID-19 vaccines approved for use so far in VigiAccess and to make a case for why AEFIs data in the database must be interpreted with caution.MethodsThe study followed a cross-sectional quantitative study design. VigiAccess was searched on November 10, 2021 for AEFIs reported so far for all the 12 approved COVID-19 vaccines. Data were captured among age groups, sex and continents of the world. Descriptive data were summarized using tables. Frequencies and percentages were used to categorize descriptive variables. No ethical approval was obtained before the commencement of the study as this was essentially a secondary data analysis of AEFI reports which cannot be linked to any individual. Consequently, there was no need for the informed consent process.ResultsOverall, 2,457,386 AEFIs had been reported in VigiAccess. AEFIs were found to be highest among the 18-44 age group (39.7%) and lowest in vaccine recipients below 12 years (0.1%). AEFIs were more common in females than male vaccine recipients with over two-thirds of the vaccine recipients being females. Among the continents of the world, AEFI reports were highest for Europe (50%) and lowest for Africa (3%). The top 10 commonly reported AEFI types were as follows: general disorders and vaccine administrative site conditions (1,481,549, 60.1%), nervous system disorders (1,046,928, 42.6%), musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders (704,657, 28.6%), gastrointestinal disorders (495,997, 20.2%), investigations with undesirable outcomes (341,677, 13.9%), skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (335,932, 13.6%), respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders (262,158, 10.6%), infections and infestations (180,873, 7.3%), vascular disorders (132,533, 5.3%) and injury, poisoning and procedural complications (122,519, 5%).ConclusionThe study showed that over 2 million COVID-19 AEFIs were spontaneously reported in VigiAccess, however, no causal relationships could be established between the vaccines and the AEFIs. The public accessing VigiAccess data should be made aware of this lack of association so that they may make well informed health decisions.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Trends of Skin Cancers in Guilan Province, Iran During 2010-2014

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 154-165
Author(s):  
Abbas Darjani ◽  
◽  
Narges Alizadeh ◽  
Kaveh Gharaei Nejad ◽  
Hojat Eftekhari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
Guilan Province

Background: Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the world. Pattern of skin cancer is different in various geographical regions, depending on the genetic and environmental factors. Objective: This study aims to investigate the incidence rate of skin cancer and its trends in Guilan province of Iran during 2010-2014. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the five-year data related to all cases of skin cancer recorded for Guilan Province during 2010-2014 were used. The age-sex incidence of skin cancer was standardized using the standard population of the World Health Organization. The age-standardized incidence rate of skin cancers including Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Melanoma was calculated, and then its trends were evaluated. Results: A total of 1664 cases with skin cancer, 1014 men and 650 women, were reported in the province from 2010 to 2014. Incidence of skin cancer was higher in men. BCC was the most common skin cancer. The most common site for BCC was face and scalp, and for SCC it was the lip. Melanoma was mostly occurred on acral regions. The incidence of skin cancer had a rising trend and had raised in all age groups. Conclusion: There is an increasing trend of skin cancers in Guilan Province. Therefore, planning for detection, prevention and control of its risk factors is necessary.

scholarly journals Qualitative Assessment of Vaccine Hesitancy in Romania

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miko ◽  
Costache ◽  
Colosi ◽  
Neculicioiu ◽  
Colosi
Keyword(s):  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
World Health ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World

Background and objectives: Health systems all over the world are confronted with an alarming rise of cases in which individuals hesitate, delay, and even refuse vaccination, despite availability of quality vaccine services. In order to mitigate and combat this phenomenon, which are now defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as vaccine hesitancy (VH), we must first understand the factors that lead to its occurrence in an era characterized by wide access to safe and effective vaccines. To achieve this, we conducted field testing of the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (VHS), as it was developed by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts Working Group (SAGE WG), in Cluj-Napoca city, Cluj County, Romania. The scale is designed to quantify VH prevalence in a population, establish which vaccines generate the highest percentage of hesitancy, and allow a qualitative assessment of the individual’s reasons for hesitance. Materials and Methods: We conducted an observational cross-sectional survey, which was comprised of descriptive, analytical, and qualitative elements regarding VH. The necessary sample size was 452 individuals. The VHS and Matrix of Determinants (recommended by SAGE WG) for reasons people gave to justify their hesitance, was interpreted by qualitative thematic analysis (QTA) to ensure the validity and reliability in detecting hesitancy across various cultural settings and permit global comparisons. Results: We found a VH of 30.3% and 11.7% of parents reported refusing to vaccinate their child. Among the VH responders, the varicella vaccine generated 35% hesitancy, measles vaccine 27.7%, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 24.1%, and mumps vaccine 23.4%, respectively. The QTA values for percent agreement ranged from 91% to 100%. Cohen’s Kappa values ranged from 0.45 to 0.95. Contextual influences identified for VH were "media," "leaders and lobbies," and "perception of the pharmaceutical industry." Individual and group influences for VH were "beliefs," "knowledge," and "risk/benefits (perceived).” Vaccine and vaccination specific issues for VH were "risk/benefit (rational)" and "health care practitioners (trustworthiness, competence).” Conclusions: One-third of the investigated population had expressed VH, and a further one-third of these had refused a vaccine for their child. Chicken Pox, Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR), and HPV vaccines generated the most hesitation. Negative information from the media was the most frequently evoked reason for VH.

scholarly journals Risk, Trust, and Flawed Assumptions: Vaccine Hesitancy During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omid V. Ebrahimi ◽  
Miriam S. Johnson ◽  
Sara Ebling ◽  
Ole Myklebust Amundsen ◽  
Øyvind Halsøy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated

Background: The pace at which the present pandemic and future public health crises involving viral infections are eradicated heavily depends on the availability and routine implementation of vaccines. This process is further affected by a willingness to vaccinate, embedded in the phenomenon of vaccine hesitancy. The World Health Organization has listed vaccine hesitancy among the greatest threats to global health, calling for research to identify the factors associated with this phenomenon.Methods: The present cross-sectional study seeks to investigate the psychological, contextual, and sociodemographic factors associated with vaccination hesitancy in a large sample of the adult population. 4,571 Norwegian adults were recruited through an online survey between January 23 to February 2, 2021. Subgroup analyzes and multiple logistic regression was utilized to identify the covariates of vaccine hesitancy.Results: Several subgroups hesitant toward vaccination were identified, including males, rural residents, and parents with children below 18 years of age. No differences were found between natives and non-natives, across education or age groups. Individuals preferring unmonitored media platforms (e.g., information from peers, social media, online forums, and blogs) more frequently reported hesitance toward vaccination than those relying on information obtainment from source-verified platforms. Perceived risk of vaccination, belief in the superiority of natural immunity, fear concerning significant others being infected by the virus, and trust in health officials' dissemination of vaccine-related information were identified as key variables related to vaccine hesitancy.Conclusion: Given the heterogeneous range of variables associated with vaccine hesitancy, additional strategies to eradicate vaccination fears are called for aside from campaigns targeting the spread of false information. Responding to affective reactions in addition to involving other community leaders besides government and health officials present promising approaches that may aid in combating vaccination hesitation.

scholarly journals A study on the morbidity pattern in adolescent school girls

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1901
Author(s):  
Shivani Sinha ◽  
Pratibha Gupta ◽  
Beena Sachan ◽  
Sanjay Kumar ◽  
Seema Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
School Girls

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined adolescence as the age group of 10-19 years. According to World Health Organisation, adolescents constitute about one fifth of the world population, and in India they constitute about 21% of the total population. Adolescent girls are the worst sufferers of various forms of malnutrition because of their increased nutritional needs and low social power. If their nutritional needs are not met, they are likely to give birth to undernourished children, thus transmitting under nutrition to future generation. Objective was to study the various socio-demographic factors affecting the nutritional status in adolescent girls. Methods: A school based cross-sectional study was carried out in Lucknow district. Adolescent girls of age groups 10-19 years were included in the study. Data was collected, compiled and tabulated using Microsoft Excel and analysed using SPSS 17.0 version for calculation of percentages. Results: Rural background, low socioeconomic status, illiteracy, birth rate and order, income and number of members in a family have shown to be significant determinants of morbidity pattern in the adolescent girls. Conclusions: Among the various morbidities eye problem was seen in maximum no of adolescent girls. Eye problem was present in 31% of adolescent girls followed by respiratory (12.8%) and ear (11.5%) disease. Skin disease was present in 3.1% of adolescent girls, which was more in rural girls than in urban girls, may be due to better hygienic practice in urban school girls. 

scholarly journals Attitude, Perception, and Knowledge of COVID-19 Among General Public in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sammina Mahmood ◽  
Tariq Hussain ◽  
Faiq Mahmood ◽  
Mehmood Ahmad ◽  
Arfa Majeed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization has acknowledged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease as a pandemic. Efforts are being made all over the world to raise awareness to prevent the spread of the disease. The goal of this study was to assess the attitude, perception, and knowledge of Pakistani people toward COVID-19 disease. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in which a questionnaire of 17 questions was transformed online on Google forms and was sent to random individuals online. A total of 1,000 questionnaires from individuals throughout Pakistan were evaluated. The results revealed that 42.9% of the participants knew about COVID-19 through social media, the largest source of information. Most of the participants (48.3%) started working from home amid the lockdown; 39.9% of the participants reported that they wash their hands every hour, and 56.9% participants are using a surgical mask. About thermal scanners, 30.5% of the people answered they may be effective, and 46.0% of the people think COVID-19 is a bioweapon; 59% of the participants think everyone is susceptible, whereas 83.9% of the people recognize fever as a primary symptom; 65.2% of the people are practicing social distancing, whereas 85.1% of the people think social gatherings causes spread of the disease. In general, participants had a good knowledge about the disease and a positive attitude toward protective measures. The effective measures are being taken by the government and the public; still, there remains a need for further awareness campaigns and knowledge of safe interventions to combat the spread of disease.

scholarly journals Vaccine Hesitancy, Acceptance, and Anti-Vaccination: Trends and Future Prospects for Public Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-191
Author(s):  
Ève Dubé ◽  
Jeremy K. Ward ◽  
Pierre Verger ◽  
Noni E. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Global Health ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

An often-stated public health comment is that “vaccination is a victim of its own success.” While the scientific and medical consensus on the benefits of vaccination is clear and unambiguous, an increasing number of people are perceiving vaccines as unsafe and unnecessary. The World Health Organization identified “the reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite availability of vaccines” as one of the 10 threats to global health in 2019. The negative influence of anti-vaccination movements is often named as a cause of increasing vaccine resistance in the public. In this review, we give an overview of the current literature on the topic, beginning by agreeing on terminology and concepts before looking at potential causes, consequences, and impacts of resistance to vaccination.

scholarly journals THE INCUBATION PERIOD OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) IN PETALING DISTRICT, MALAYSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-133
Author(s):  
Ainul Nadziha Mohd Hanafiah ◽  
Lee Soo Cheng ◽  
Lim Kuang Kuay ◽  
Waramlah Ramlan ◽  
Diana Raj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
District Health Office ◽  
District Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World

The outbreak of COVID-19 has affected the world with over two million cases globally.  Malaysia has witnessed over 5,000 with almost 100 deaths as of 22 April 2020. Knowledge on the incubation period of COVID-19 is scarce due to the novelty of the virus. The aim of this study was to determine the incubation period of COVID-19 infection in the district of Petaling in Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from the Petaling District Health Office. We analysed data of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases notified to the Petaling District Health Office between 3 February 2020 and 13 April 2020. Our study included 219 cases. The median incubation period of COVID-19 among the cases was five days (interquartile range 3.0-8.0). Four main clusters were identified, with significant difference found between two of the clusters. Cluster A has a shorter incubation period 3.5 (3.0-6.8) compared to cluster B as most of the confirmed cases knew the source of infection. COVID-19 incubation period in Petaling, Malaysia fits within the range estimated by the World Health Organization. Based on the upper value of the incubation period interquartile range in our study, the length of quarantine and period of contact tracing should be at least 8 days. This finding is in accordance with our current practice to control the spread of COVID-19

scholarly journals Profile of Rapid Molecular Test of Tuberculosis Using Xpert MTB/RIF

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faigah Aprilia Sy Faraid ◽  
Irda Handayani ◽  
Tenri Esa
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Molecular Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
The World ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Health Organization

Tuberculosis (TB) ranked the 10th highest cause of death in the world in 2016 according to the World Health Organization (WHO). To date, TB remains a top priority and is one of the goals in Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs), suggesting an urgent need of rapid detection methods for proper diagnosis and treatment. Rapid molecular test using Xpert MTB/RIF is one of the detection methods for TB diagnosis and it is expected to be able to early detect TB cases and anti-tuberculosis drug resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine the profile of rapid molecular test of tuberculosis using Xpert MTB/RIF device in the period of September 2017-August 2018 at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar. This study was retrospective research with a cross-sectional method using secondary data of rapid molecular test of Xpert MTB/RIF in the period of September 2017-August 2018. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 22 and Chi-Square test with a significance value of 0.05. From 527 sputum samples, 96.8% adult TB was predominantly found. The "MTB not detected", “MTB detected”, and “MTB detected with Rif resistance” result was predominantly found in the 74.6% TB non-HIV group; 42.4% TB-HIV group, and 3.8% Non-HIV TB group. There were remarkably higher number of “MTB not detected” results of rapid molecular tests using Xpert MTB/RIF device in the group of pediatric and adult TB. The proportion of "MTB not detected" was higher in the TB-Non-HIV group; while the "MTB detected, Rif-sensitive" was higher in the TB-HIV group and the "MTB detected, Rif-resistance" was higher in the TB-Non-HIV group. It was recommended to carry out further research by performing diagnostic tests consisting of Acid-Fast Bacilli, rapid molecular test with Xpert MTB/RIF, and MTB culture.

scholarly journals Stunting and Its Risk Factors in Under Age Five Children in Ogun State, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-86
Author(s):  
Tumilara Busayo Amoo ◽  
Baukje de Roos
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
The World

Background: Nigeria has the second-highest prevalence of stunting in children under five in the world. Stunting can have long-term effects on development, performance, and productivity, and it is, therefore, important to assess who is most at risk so that interventions can be better targeted. The study aimed at assessing the prevalence of stunting in under age five children in Ogun State, Nigeria, and its relationship with age, sex, maternal education, household income, and residence type. Methods: We used cross-sectional secondary data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey to assess the prevalence of stunting and establish if and how stunting is related to the children’s age, sex, household income, maternal education, and type of residence. We included data on age, sex, height/length, maternal education, household income, and type of place of residence of 274 children, aged 0-59 months. Stunting was calculated using the online version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Anthro Survey Analyser. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (v.25). Results: The prevalence of stunting was 23%. Stunting was significantly associated with age (p=0.001). The odds of stunting were significantly highest in children aged 36-47 months (OR 22.61, 95%CI: 2.81, 181.93) relative to other age groups. Stunting was not significantly associated with sex (p=0.079), maternal education (p=0.079), household income (p=0.183) or type of place of residence (p=0.299). Conclusions: Whilst the prevalence of stunting in children aged under five in Ogun State is lower than the average prevalence of stunting in Nigeria, it is still medium according to WHO classification. Intensive nutrition interventions should be targeted to children aged 3-5 years to reduce the stunting prevalence.

scholarly journals The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on socio-economic and sustainability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueli Wei ◽  
Lijing Li ◽  
Fan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Pumping elephantThe COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the lives of people around the world in millions of ways . Due to this severe epidemic, all countries in the world have been affected by all aspects, mainly economic. It is widely discussed that the COVID-19 outbreak has affected the world economy. When considering this dimension, this study aims to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world economy, socio-economics, and sustainability. In addition, the research focuses on multiple aspects of social well-being during the pandemic, such as employment, poverty, the status of women, food security, and global trade. To this end, the study used time series and cross-sectional analysis of the data. The second-hand data used in this study comes from the websites of major international organizations. From the analysis of secondary data, the conclusion of this article is that the impact of the pandemic is huge. The main finding of the thesis is that the social economy is affected by the pandemic, causing huge losses in terms of economic well-being and social capital.

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