scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, presence of integrons and associated cassette genes among Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Southern part of Iran, Shiraz

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SeyedSajjad Khoramrooz ◽  
Saba Eslami ◽  
Mohammad Motamedifar ◽  
Abdollah Bazargani ◽  
Kamiar Zomorodian
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gene Cassettes

Abstract Background Acinetobacter baumannii is a global concern to cause the health-care-associated infections, due to multidrug resistance against available commercially antimicrobial agents. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of A.baumannii isolates from clinical specimens in Shiraz, and explore the possible relationship of susceptibility patterns with the presence of integrons and related gene cassettes. Methods A.baumannii isolates were collected, and their susceptibility to various antibiotics was tested using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Also, molecular analyses were performed to detect the presence of OXA-51 like gene, class I, II and III integrons, and associated gene cassettes. Results Majority of isolates demonstrated resistance to imipenem(99.4%),piperacilin(98.2%),gentamycin (98.2%) meropenem (97.7%)ceftazidime(95.4%)amikacin(95.4%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (90.8%). All strains showed multidrug-resistance to most of the tested antibiotics. The distribution analysis of integrons genes showed that 90.2%, 72.4% and 12.1% of isolates carried the intI 1, intI2 and intI3 genes, respectively. Moreover, two types of prevalent gene cassettes including aad and dfr were detected in Class 1 integron-carrying strains. Conclusions The current study showed the high prevalence of A.baumannii isolates harboring integrons in our investigated medical center, which may propel distribution of multidrug resistance event. The different types of gene cassette arrays in the present study spotlight the remarkable role of geographical issues in MDR isolates dissemination. This subject could attribute to choose appropriate therapeutic interventions in different areas. Obtained data highlighted the necessity for continuous surveillance to prevent distribution of multidrug resistance among A.baumannii strains in Iran.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli from tropical estuary, south India

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (05) ◽  
pp. 496-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Sukumaran ◽  
Abdulla A Mohamed Hatha
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Virulence Factor Genes

Introduction: Escherichia coli strains can cause a variety of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains have the ability to cause severe extraintestinal infections. Multidrug resistance among ExPEC could complicate human infections. Methodology: Escherichia coli strains were isolated during the period of January 2010 to December 2012 from five different stations set at Cochin estuary. Susceptibility testing was determined by the disk-diffusion method using nine different antimicrobial agents. A total of 155 strains of Escherichia coli were screened for the presence of virulence factor genes including papAH, papC, sfa/focDE, iutA,and kpsMT II associated with ExPEC. Results: Among the 155 E. coli isolates, 26 (16.77%), carried two or more virulence genes typical of ExPEC. Furthermore, 19.23% of the ExPEC isolates with multidrug resistance were identified to belong to phylogenetic groups B2 and D. Statistically significant association of iutA gene in ExPEC was found with papC (p < 0.001) and kpsMT II (p < 0.001) genes. ExPEC isolates were mainly resistant to ampicillin (23.07%), tetracycline (19.23%), co-trimoxazole (15.38%), and cefotaxime (15.38%). The adhesion genes papAH and sfa/focDE were positively associated with resistance to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and cefotaxime (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Co-occurrence of virulence factor genes with antibiotic resistance among ExPEC poses considerable threat to those who use this aquatic system for a living and for recreation.

scholarly journals β-lactamase genes in carbapenem resistance Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from a Turkish university hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Umut Safiye Say Coskun ◽  
Emel Caliskan ◽  
Asegul Copur Cicek ◽  
Halbay Turumtay ◽  
Cemal Sandalli
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method

Introduction: The spread of Acinetobacter baumannii, resistant to most of the available antimicrobial agents, is a serious health problem. The high rate of carbapenem resistance among Acinetobacter baumannii isolates is considered as a threat to public health. In this study, we aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance and related genes in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Methodology: Ninety six isolates of A. baumannii were included. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by Phoenix Automated System and disk diffusion method. Carbapenem resistane was characterized by scrneeing of resistance genes such as blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M1-2, blaPER, blaVEB, blaKPC, blaGES, blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP and blaOXA23-24-51-58 using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Results: Resistance for the levofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, and tigecycline were determined as 96.9%, 93.7%, 72.9% and 45.8% respectively. Colistin was the only susceptible antibiotic against all clinical isolates. All isolates were defined as multidrug resistance and of these, 31.2% were extensively drug-resistant (sensitive only to colistin). BlaOXA-51­  and blaOXA-23 genes were detected in 100% strains while blaTEM was found in only 2% strains. There was no amplification for the blaSHV, blaCTX-M1-2, blaPER, blaVEB, blaKPC, blaGES blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP and blaOXA24-58 genes. Conclusions: The high frequency of blaOXA-23 and low frequency of blaTEM gene was observed that indicate prevalence of a variety of A. baumannii strains. The rates of resistance genes vary from region to region. Studies are required for the prevention and control of A. baumannii infection and to formulate the strategies of antibiotic usage.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella and Shigella isolates among children aged below five years with diarrhea attending Robe General Hospital and Goba Referral Hospital, South East Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Addisu Assefa ◽  
Mengistu Girma
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Environmental Sanitation ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Abstract Background Diarrheal diseases are responsible for high level of morbidity and mortality, particularly in children below 5 years. Salmonella and Shigella spp. are pathogenic microbes responsible for the major diarrheal associated mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, factors associated with Salmonella and Shigella isolates infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among diarrheic children aged below 5 years attending BRGH and GRH, Ethiopia. Methods A health institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to July 2016. One stool samples was collected from 422 diarrheic children under the ages of five and were cultured on to Hektoen Enteric (HE) and Salmonella-Shigella agar. Isolation identification of the Salmonella and Shigella isolates were conducted using standard bacteriological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was done by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. The isolates were defined as multidrug resistant if it was resistant to two or more antimicrobial agents. Descriptive statistics were employed and logistic regression models were constructed to determine factors associated with Shigella/Salmonella prevalence. Results The prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella isolates were 6.9 and 4.3%, respectively. Children aged between 1 to 3 years were significantly associated with Salmonella infection [AOR = 19.08, 95% CI (2.68–135.86)]. The odd of prevalence of Salmonella/Shigella isolates was significantly associated with absence of latrine, absence of hand washing after latrine, and in unimmunized children in adjusted odd ratio. Unimproved water sources and hand washing before meal had also higher odd of prevalence although the difference was not significant. All Salmonella and Shigella isolates were resistant to amoxicillin (100%). In addition, all Shigella isolates were completely resistant to chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, and were multidrug resistant. However, all Salmonella and Shigella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Conclusion There was a relatively low prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella species in the study areas and were significantly associated with lack of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. There were also higher drug resistance and multidrug resistant pattern. Personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, including access to latrine and supply of safe drinking water are suggested. Checking susceptibilities of Shigella and Salmonella isolates causing diarrhea is also suggested.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Metallo-β-Lactamases Producing Acinetobacter baumannii in a Moroccan Hospital

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakima Kabbaj ◽  
Myriam Seffar ◽  
Bouchra Belefquih ◽  
Dalal Akka ◽  
Najat Handor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
French Society ◽  
Producer Strain ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Resistant Strains

Objective. To determine the prevalence of metallo beta-lactamases (MBL) among carbapenem resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii in our hospital. Methodology. During a period of 12 months (January–December 2010), 47 isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii were collected from different clinical specimens of in-patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined and interpreted using the disk diffusion method according to the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society for Microbiology guidelines. Imipenem nonsusceptible isolates were further screened for production of MBL. Results. All Acinetobacter baumannii’ isolates were resistant to ticarcillin, ticarcilline/clavulanate, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, gentamicin, tobramycin, and ciprofloxacin, except an isolate that was sensitive to ceftazidime and cefepime. In addition to that, amikacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were, respectively, sensitive by 59.5% and 53%. Among 57,4% (27/47) imipenem non-susceptible isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii, 74% (20/27) were found to be MBL producers. Conclusion. Although the rate of imipenem non-susceptible isolates of Acinetobacter baumanni seems to remain stable in 2005 (57%) and 2010 (57,5%), the prevalence of MBL producer strain is increasing (38% in 2005 versus 75% in 2010). The findings strongly suggest that there is a need to track the detection of MBL producers; moreover, a judicious use of carbapenems is necessary to prevent further spread of these organisms.

Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolates Recovered from Chickens Sold at Retail Outlets in Trinidad

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (11) ◽  
pp. 1880-1889 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANISA S. KHAN ◽  
KARLA GEORGES ◽  
SAED RAHAMAN ◽  
WOUBIT ABDELA ◽  
ABIODUN A. ADESIYUN
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Retail Outlet ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Sample Presentation

ABSTRACT This study determined the frequency of resistance of 135 isolates of Salmonella, including 15 serotypes recovered from chickens purchased from retail outlets (cottage processors and supermarkets) across Trinidad. Resistance to 16 antimicrobial agents was determined by using the disk diffusion method. Resistance among the isolates was related to the type of retail outlet, location of outlets, type of sample, and isolate serotype. Overall, all isolates exhibited resistance to one or more of the 16 antimicrobial agents tested. All isolates were sensitive to cefoxitin and norfloxacin, with the overall frequency of resistance ranging from 1.1% (sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim) to 100.0% (ceftiofur and doxycycline). The frequency of resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, amoxycillin–clavulanic acid, and chloramphenicol was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher in isolates recovered from cottage processor outlets compared with those from supermarkets. The frequency of resistance to antimicrobial agents was significantly different only to kanamycin (P = 0.046) and enrofloxacin (P = 0.000) across seven counties in Trinidad). Regarding sample presentation (whole versus parts), the frequency of resistance was only significantly higher to gentamicin (P = 0.039) for chicken part isolates from cottage processor and to only tetracycline (P = 0.034) for isolates from whole carcasses from supermarkets. All the 135 Salmonella isolates exhibited multidrug resistance patterns. The high frequency of resistance to seven antimicrobial agents (erythromycin, streptomycin, ceftiofur, doxycycline, kanamycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin), some used in the poultry industry, coupled with the occurrence of multidrug resistance, may have potential therapeutic implications for broiler farmers in Trinidad.

scholarly journals Streptococcal Throat Carriage among Primary School Children Living in Uyo, Southern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. e28-e34
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Edem ◽  
Enobong E. Ikpeme ◽  
Mkpouto U. Akpan
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional

AbstractSurveillance of the carrier state for β-hemolytic streptococcal (BHS) throat infections remains essential for disease control. Recent published works from Sub-Saharan Africa have suggested a changing epidemiology in the burden of BHS throat infections. The objective of the present study was therefore to determine the prevalence and pattern of BHS throat carriage in school-aged children in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. This was a prospective cross-sectional study of 276 primary school children in Uyo. Subjects were recruited by multistage random sampling. Obtained throat swabs were cultured on 5% sheep blood agar. Lancefield grouping on positive cultures was done by using the Oxoid Streptococcal Grouping Latex Agglutination Kit, United Kingdom. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done with the disk diffusion method. Associations were tested with Fischer's exact test. The prevalence of BHS carriage was 3.3%. Group C Streptococcus was identified in 89% of isolates and Group G Streptococcus in 11%. Younger age and larger household size were associated with asymptomatic streptococcal throat infections. Antimicrobial susceptibility was highest with cefuroxime and clindamycin (89% of isolates each), while 78% of isolates were susceptible to penicillin. None of the tested isolates was susceptible to co-trimoxazole. The prevalence of streptococcal throat carriage in the study area was low. There were no Group A Streptococcus isolates suggesting an evolving epidemiology of BHS disease in the study area.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli from Raw Meats, Ready-to-Eat Meats, and Their Related Samples in One Health Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Frederick Adzitey ◽  
Nurul Huda ◽  
Amir Husni Mohd Shariff
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Raw Meats

Meat is an important food source that can provide a significant amount of protein for human development. The occurrence of bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials in meat poses a public health risk. This study evaluated the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli (Escherichia coli) isolated from raw meats, ready-to-eat (RTE) meats and their related samples in Ghana. E. coli was isolated using the USA-FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by the disk diffusion method. Of the 200 examined meats and their related samples, 38% were positive for E. coli. Notably, E. coli was highest in raw beef (80%) and lowest in RTE pork (0%). The 45 E. coli isolates were resistant ≥ 50% to amoxicillin, trimethoprim and tetracycline. They were susceptible to azithromycin (87.1%), chloramphenicol (81.3%), imipenem (74.8%), gentamicin (72.0%) and ciprofloxacin (69.5%). A relatively high intermediate resistance of 33.0% was observed for ceftriaxone. E. coli from raw meats, RTE meats, hands of meat sellers and working tools showed some differences and similarities in their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns. Half (51.1%) of the E. coli isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The E. coli isolates showed twenty-two different resistant patterns, with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.0 to 0.7. The resistant pattern amoxicillin (A, n = 6 isolates) and amoxicillin-trimethoprim (A-TM, n = 6 isolates) were the most common. This study documents that raw meats, RTE meats and their related samples in Ghana are potential sources of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and pose a risk for the transfer of resistant bacteria to the food chain, environment and humans.

scholarly journals Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: risk factors and clinical outcome in non-intensive-care units

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karinne Spirandelli Carvalho Naves ◽  
Natália Vaz da Trindade ◽  
Paulo Pinto Gontijo Filho
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus Bloodstream Infection

INTRODUCTION: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is spread out in hospitals across different regions of the world and is regarded as the major agent of nosocomial infections, causing infections such as skin and soft tissue pneumonia and sepsis. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for methicillin-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (BSI) and the predictive factors for death. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of fifty-one patients presenting bacteraemia due to S. aureus between September 2006 and September 2008 was analysed. Staphylococcu aureus samples were obtained from blood cultures performed by clinical hospital microbiology laboratory from the Uberlândia Federal University. Methicillinresistance was determined by growth on oxacillin screen agar and antimicrobial susceptibility by means of the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: We found similar numbers of MRSA (56.8%) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (43.2%) infections, and the overall hospital mortality ratio was 47%, predominantly in MRSA group (70.8% vs. 29.2%) (p=0.05). Age (p=0.02) was significantly higher in MRSA patients as also was the use of central venous catheter (p=0.02). The use of two or more antimicrobial agents (p=0.03) and the length of hospital stay prior to bacteraemia superior to seven days (p=0.006) were associated with mortality. High odds ratio value was observed in cardiopathy as comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Despite several risk factors associated with MRSA and MSSA infection, the use of two or more antimicrobial agents was the unique independent variable associated with mortality.

scholarly journals Occurrence of toxigenic Escherichia coli in raw milk cheese in Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 508-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.R. Paneto ◽  
R.P. Schocken-Iturrino ◽  
C. Macedo ◽  
E. Santo ◽  
J.M. Marin
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Raw Milk Cheese

The occurrence of toxigenic Escherichia coli in raw milk cheese was surveyed in Middle Western Brazil. Fifty samples of cheese from different supermarkets were analyzed for E.coli. The isolates were serotyped and screened for the presence of verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The susceptibility to thirteen antimicrobial agents was evaluated by the disk diffusion method. E.coli were recovered from 48 (96.0%) of the samples. The serogroups identified were O125 (6.0%), O111 (4.0%), O55 (2.0%) and O119 (2.0%). Three (6.0%) and 1(2.0%) of the E.coli isolates were VTEC and ETEC, respectively. Most frequent resistance was observed to the following antimicrobials: cephalothin (60.0%), nalidixic acid (40.0%), doxycyclin (33.0%), tetracycline (31.0%) and ampicillin (29.0%).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document