scholarly journals Experimental Studies On Reduction of Nox Emission of Biodiesel Fuelled Engine Using A Novel Natural Additive

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kapilan Natesan ◽  
Rana Pratap Reddy ◽  
Abu Saleh Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Nox Emission ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Natural Additive

Abstract The world’s energy demand increases because of increase in human population. The conventional fossil energy resources will be depleted and burning of these conventional fuels increases greenhouse gases and causes global warming. These problems can be overcome using renewable alternative energy resources such as biofuels. In recent years biodiesel is considered as a renewable alternative to the fossil diesel. The utilisation of biodiesel as a fuel in compression ignition engine results in lower CO, HC and Smoke emissions as the biodiesel is an oxygenated fuel. The major problem with the biodiesel is its higher NOx emission and different techniques were used to minimise NOx emission. The use of synthetic and nano-metal additives to the biodiesel may affect the environment and hence it is necessary to identify non-toxic, low cost, biodegradable, and sustainable additives to reduce the NOx emission. Hence an attempt was made to use clove oil as a natural additive for the honge oil biodiesel as it has better antioxidant property. The engine tests were conducted with various dosages of clove oil such as 1000 and 2000 ppm and the engine load were increased with an increment of 25% up to full load. The addition of clove oil to the honge oil biodiesel significantly affects the engine NOx and clove oil can be substituted as an additive to reduce the NOx emission of the biodiesel fuelled CI engine and without altering the engine hardware. The clove oil enhances the oxidation stability of the honge oil biodiesel.

Designing and Fabricating of Low Cost Thermoelectric Power Generators

2011 ◽  
Vol 110-116 ◽  
pp. 4101-4105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tosawat Seetawan
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal Oxides ◽  
Thermoelectric Materials ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Thermoelectric Module ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Thermoelectric Coolers ◽  
P Type

Fossil fuel is the main energy resources of the world. About 80-90% of its primary energy need to supply by oil, coal, natural gas, and oil shale [1]. These energy resources will also be of importance in the future but non-renewable and cause problems to the environment as a result of their relatively high amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and other environmentally harmful emissions. We are investigating to look for alternative energy resources which are clean, safe, and long-term reliable. Thermoelectricity is one of the renewable energy resources that has been widely investigated and is expected to be feasible in the near future. Moreover, it is a clean energy generation, since it can directly convert heat to electrical energy by using non-polluting thermoelectric devices. These are reasons for the growing interest in further research and development of the thermoelectric technology. The search for new thermoelectric materials is important that the transition metal oxides were interested such as p-type Ca3Co4O9 [2-7] and n-type CaMnO3 [8-12]. There have been synthesized using different techniques in the form of powder and bulk. However, the doped metals have been expected to be one of the candidates for good thermoelectric materials, including thermoelectric module consists of two or more materials of p-type and n-type [13-15]. Recently, the thermoelectric module is also being used as the thermoelectric generators, thermoelectric coolers, etc. [16-17].

scholarly journals Predicting Energy Demand in Semi-Remote Arctic Locations

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 798
Author(s):  
Odin Foldvik Eikeland ◽  
Filippo Maria Bianchi ◽  
Harry Apostoleris ◽  
Morten Hansen ◽  
Yu-Cheng Chiou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Machine Learning Models

Forecasting energy demand within a distribution network is essential for developing strategies to manage and optimize available energy resources and the associated infrastructure. In this study, we consider remote communities in the Arctic located at the end of the radial distribution network without alternative energy supply. Therefore, it is crucial to develop an accurate forecasting model to manage and optimize the limited energy resources available. We first compare the accuracy of several models that perform short-and medium-term load forecasts in rural areas, where a single industrial customer dominates the electricity consumption. We consider both statistical methods and machine learning models to predict energy demand. Then, we evaluate the transferability of each method to a geographical rural area different from the one considered for training. Our results indicate that statistical models achieve higher accuracy on longer forecast horizons relative to neural networks, while the machine-learning approaches perform better in predicting load at shorter time intervals. The machine learning models also exhibit good transferability, as they manage to predict well the load at new locations that were not accounted for during training. Our work will serve as a guide for selecting the appropriate prediction model and apply it to perform energy load forecasting in rural areas and in locations where historical consumption data may be limited or even not available.

scholarly journals Transesterification of Pyrolysed Castor Seed Oil in the Presence of CaCu(OCH3)2 Catalyst

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6064
Author(s):  
Vikas Sharma ◽  
Abul Kalam Hossain ◽  
Ganesh Duraisamy ◽  
Murugan Vijay
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Castor Seed ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Alternative Energy Resources

Energy consumption is on the rise due to rapid technological progress and a higher standard of living. The use of alternative energy resources is essential to meet the rising energy demand and mitigate the carbon emissions caused due to use of fossil-based fuels. Biodiesel produced from non-edible oils such as castor seed oil (CO) can be used in diesel engines to replace fossil diesel. However, the quality and yields for CO biodiesel is low due to the presence of ricinolic acid C18:1OH (79%). In this study, two-stage conversion techniques were used to improve the yields and properties of CO biodiesel. The catalyst CaCu(OCH3)2 was prepared from waste eggshell and synthesized with copper oxide in the presence of methanol. The castor oil was subjected to pyrolysis at 450–500 ℃ and then transesterified in the presence of modified catalyst. The reaction parameters such as methanol-to-oil ratio and catalyst and reaction time were investigated, and the optimum combination was used to produce castor biodiesel from pyrolysis castor oil. Results showed that the cetane number and oxidation stability were increased by 7% and 42% respectively. The viscosity, density, flash point, and iodine value were decreased by 52%, 3%, 5% and 6%, respectively. The calorific values remained the same. This study suggests that pyrolyzed castor seed oil followed by transesterification in the presence of a modified catalyst gave better fuel properties and yields than the conventional transesterification process for biodiesel fuel production.

scholarly journals Perspectives of Ukrainian bioenergy development: estimation by means of cluster analysis and marketing approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 187 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Julia Galchynska ◽  
◽  
Yaroslava Larina ◽  
Olga Varchenko ◽  
Nataliya Struk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vocational Training ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Bioenergy Crops ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
North East

Development of the world economy requires energy supply, which under stable growth must be based on alternative energy resources. Bioenergy is an integral part of energy security supply in volatile countries. It can satisfy a considerable part of energy demand of agribusinesses and other companies as well as facilitate problem-shooting in energy, ecological and social sectors in some regions. Enhancing bioenergy in Ukraine is one of the strategic ways in the development of the alternative energy sector, taking into account high volatility of the country and significant potential of biomass available for energy production. This research intends to determine conditions and mechanisms of development and functioning of bioenergy clusters based on preliminary specification of the bioenergy potential of the territories, taking into account modern marketing approaches. This article contains evaluation of the bioenergy production growth in countries such as China, Germany, France, the USA, Canada, Brazil and Ukraine. The feasibility of the cluster approach for Ukrainian bioenergy development has been proved. In order to combine Ukrainian regions according to all types of energy resources the authors applied the method of clustering analysis. The key point of the method implies that, based on the given set of indicators which are defined as the main characteristics of the object, every object of the population belongs to a similar class. Therefore, in order to study the efficiency of usage of bioenergy resources in a particular region, it is necessary to classify a set of indicators to identify standard forms. To systemize Ukrainian regions, the Isodata algorithm Isodata, based on the types of the economic and energy potential of biomass, is taken into account. To implement the analysis, the following indicators are considered: the biomass energy potential of primary cell waste, the biomass energy potential of trimming, the biomass energy potential of refining, the energy potential of wooden biomass, the mold biomass potential, the energy potential of bioenergy crops, the corn energy potential (biogas). Market players organize groups with regard to their industries, territories and other factors, namely clusters which are likely to become effective tools in while carrying out scale projects under tough competition. In the minor energy sector cooperation between research and manufacturing enterprises, which satisfies energy needs both of cities and individual customers, is growing. This approach perfectly meets all requirements of the regional development of Ukrainian bioenergy. The main goal of bioenergy clusters is to develop competitive advantages of regions by increasing all types of biomass and biofuel production. This implies the following priorities: creation of a database of agribusiness enterprises, which potentially are members of the cluster and corresponding infrastructure, establishment of marketing communications in order to inform members and potential investors about bioenergy advantages, introduction of regional databases by means of webpages, newsletters, public discussions etc., enhanced vocational training of bioenergy industry employees and investment attraction to finance bioenergy projects. As a result, the authors of the paper propose a classification of Ukrainian regions based on the indicators of the economic energy potential of wastes and energy crops in agribusinesses, which is the basis for cluster formation. Vinnytsia, Kyiv, Poltava, Sumy, Khmelnitsky and Chernihiv regions refer to the first type with the biggest bioenergy potential, which makes it possible to create 2 energy clusters by combining central-west and north-east regions. Such a methodology gives an opportunity to satisfy the needs of the regions and districts which need additional energy resources taken from own biomass. Priority tasks of the bioenergy cluster include: development of the database of agribusiness entities which potentially are the cluster members and corresponding infrastructure, informing members and investors about bioenergy benefits, creation of the regional information database identifying the resources, capacity and the transport system, vocational training, investment attraction in order to implement bioenergy projects. Based on clusters, economic relations build up a competitive and sound investment climate to support the economy, which, in turn, provides high living standards. The authors have defined the procedure for exercising the cluster initiative and determined the structure of marketing support for cluster projects.

Demand-side Energy Policy as an Alternative Energy Strategy for Pakistan

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-647
Author(s):  
Peter Pintz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Policy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Strategy ◽  
General Development ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Level Of Economic Development

After the first oil-price shock of 1973, a search for new energy policies was started all over the world. Changing one fundamental concept - that relating to the general development of energy supply and consumption - was, however, out of the question. The pre-1973 trend of development was maintained. The energy elasticities did not change. The old forecasts were still held to be valid and were considered now, as earlier, to be the objectives which a successful energy policy had to achieve. This was considered a prerequisite for high growth rates of GNP and improvements in living conditions, and energy consumption was regarded as an indicator of the level of economic development. Therefore, the focus was shifted to an enlargement of the supply of indigenous energy resources as a substitute for imported energy, so that dependence on foreign countries could be minimized.

The system of indicators of the quality of the carbon-carbon composite materials and technologies of their production

2018 ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
T. N. Antipova ◽  
D. S. Shiroyan
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Carbon Matrix ◽  
Carbon Composite ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Carbon Composite Material ◽  
Carbon Composite Materials

The system of indicators of quality of carbon-carbon composite material and technological operations of its production is proved in the work. As a result of the experimental studies, with respect to the existing laboratory equipment, the optimal number of cycles of saturation of the reinforcing frame with a carbon matrix is determined. It was found that to obtain a carbon-carbon composite material with a low cost and the required quality indicators, it is necessary to introduce additional parameters of the pitch melt at the impregnation stage.

scholarly journals IoT Platform for Energy Sustainability in University Campuses

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
Pedro Moura ◽  
José Ignacio Moreno ◽  
Gregorio López López ◽  
Manuel Alvarez-Campana
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Energy Sustainability ◽  
University Campuses ◽  
Iot Platform

University campuses are normally constituted of large buildings responsible for high energy demand, and are also important as demonstration sites for new technologies and systems. This paper presents the results of achieving energy sustainability in a testbed composed of a set of four buildings that constitute the Telecommunications Engineering School of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. In the paper, after characterizing the consumption of university buildings for a complete year, different options to achieve more sustainable use of energy are presented, considering the integration of renewable generation sources, namely photovoltaic generation, and monitoring and controlling electricity demand. To ensure the implementation of the desired monitoring and control, an internet of things (IoT) platform based on wireless sensor network (WSN) infrastructure was designed and installed. Such a platform supports a smart system to control the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems in buildings. Furthermore, the paper presents the developed IoT-based platform, as well as the implemented services. As a result, the paper illustrates how providing old existing buildings with the appropriate technology can contribute to the objective of transforming such buildings into nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB) at a low cost.

scholarly journals Decentral Energy Generation Potential of Anaerobic Digestion of Black Water and Kitchen Refuse for Eco-District Planning

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2948
Author(s):  
Soufia Mohammadi ◽  
Pilar Monsalvete Álvarez de Uribarri ◽  
Ursula Eicker
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Mass Balances ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Black Water ◽  
Alternative Energy Source ◽  
Simulation Based

Biogas technology is an important alternative energy source worldwide. Blackwater and kitchen refuse represent ideal waste streams for bioenergy recovery through anaerobic co-digestion. Modeling of the biokinetics of anaerobic digestion on several aspects, such as microbial activity, substrate degradation, and methane production, from co-digestion of black water (BW) and kitchen refuse (KR) was the objective of this research. A mathematical model was developed towards a simulation based on mass balances on biomass, the organic substrate, and biogas. The model was implemented in INSEL and experimental data from the literature were used for model validation. The study shows that the simulation results fit well with the experimental data. The energy consumption and generation potential of anaerobic co-digestion of BW and KR were calculated to investigate if the produced biogas could supply the digester’s energy demand. This study can be used to pre-design anaerobic digestion systems in eco-districts.

scholarly journals Computational Molecular Modeling of Transport Processes in Nanoporous Membranes

Processes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Hinkle ◽  
Xiaoyu Wang ◽  
Xuehong Gu ◽  
Cynthia Jameson ◽  
Sohail Murad
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Modeling ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Nanoporous Materials ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Zeolite Membrane ◽  
Nanoporous Membranes

In this report we have discussed the important role of molecular modeling, especially the use of the molecular dynamics method, in investigating transport processes in nanoporous materials such as membranes. With the availability of high performance computers, molecular modeling can now be used to study rather complex systems at a fraction of the cost or time requirements of experimental studies. Molecular modeling techniques have the advantage of being able to access spatial and temporal resolution which are difficult to reach in experimental studies. For example, sub-Angstrom level spatial resolution is very accessible as is sub-femtosecond temporal resolution. Due to these advantages, simulation can play two important roles: Firstly because of the increased spatial and temporal resolution, it can help understand phenomena not well understood. As an example, we discuss the study of reverse osmosis processes. Before simulations were used it was thought the separation of water from salt was purely a coulombic phenomenon. However, by applying molecular simulation techniques, it was clearly demonstrated that the solvation of ions made the separation in effect a steric separation and it was the flux which was strongly affected by the coulombic interactions between water and the membrane surface. Additionally, because of their relatively low cost and quick turnaround (by using multiple processor systems now increasingly available) simulations can be a useful screening tool to identify membranes for a potential application. To this end, we have described our studies in determining the most suitable zeolite membrane for redox flow battery applications. As computing facilities become more widely available and new computational methods are developed, we believe molecular modeling will become a key tool in the study of transport processes in nanoporous materials.

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