Associated risk factors with disease severity and antiviral drug therapy in patients with COVID-19

Abstract Background: Due to the latent onset of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is important to identify patients with increased probabilities for disease progression early in order to implement timely medical strategies. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with increased COVID-19 severity and evaluate the current antiviral drugs, especially in severe patients. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study performed at the No. 7 Hospital of Wuhan (Wuhan, China) with hospitalized patients confirmed with COVID-19 from January 11 to March 13, 2020. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the associated factors of severe COVID. Treatments of antivirus drugs were collected and evaluated.Results: Of the 550 patients, 292 (53.1%) were female and 277 (50.4%) were >60 years old. The most common symptom was fever (n=372, 67.7%), followed by dry cough (n=257, 46.7%), and dyspnea (n=237, 43.1%), and fatigue (n=224, 40.7%). Among the severe patients, 20.2% required invasive ventilator support and 18.0% required non-invasive ventilator. The identified risk factors for severe cases were: age ≥60 years (odds ratio (OR) =3.02, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13-8.08, P=0.028), D-dimer >0.243 μg/ml (OR=2.734, 95%CI: 1.012-7.387, P=0.047), and low oxygenation index (OR=0.984, 95%CI: 0.980-0.989, P<0.001). In severe cases, the benefits (relief of clinical symptoms, clinical outcome, and discharge rate) of arbidol alone was 73.3%, which was better than ribavirin (7/17, 41.2%, P=0.029).Conclusions: Age >60 years, D-dimer >0.243 µg/ml, and lower oxygenation index were associated with severe COVID-19. Arbidol might provide more clinical benefits in treating patients with severe COVID-19 compared with ribavirin.

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Associated risk factors with disease severity and antiviral drug therapy in patients with COVID-19

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-06282-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xiaowei Gong ◽

Shiwei Kang ◽

Xianfeng Guo ◽

Yan Li ◽

Haixiang Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Discharge Rate ◽

Antiviral Drug ◽

Oxygenation Index ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Common Symptom ◽

Clinical Benefits ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

D Dimer

Abstract Background Due to the latent onset of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is important to identify patients with increased probabilities for disease progression early in order to implement timely medical strategies. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with increased COVID-19 severity and evaluate the current antiviral drugs, especially in severe patients. Methods This was a retrospective observational study performed at the No. 7 Hospital of Wuhan (Wuhan, China) with hospitalized patients confirmed with COVID-19 from January 11 to March 13, 2020. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the associated factors of severe COVID. Treatments of antivirus drugs were collected and evaluated. Results Of the 550 patients, 292 (53.1%) were female and 277 (50.4%) were > 60 years old. The most common symptom was fever (n = 372, 67.7%), followed by dry cough (n = 257, 46.7%), and dyspnea (n = 237, 43.1%), and fatigue (n = 224, 40.7%). Among the severe patients, 20.2% required invasive ventilator support and 18.0% required non-invasive ventilator. The identified risk factors for severe cases were: age ≥ 60 years (odds ratio (OR) =3.02, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13–8.08, P = 0.028), D-dimer > 0.243 μg/ml (OR = 2.734, 95%CI: 1.012–7.387, P = 0.047), and low oxygenation index (OR = 0.984, 95%CI: 0.980–0.989, P < 0.001). In severe cases, the benefits (relief of clinical symptoms, clinical outcome, and discharge rate) of arbidol alone was 73.3%, which was better than ribavirin (7/17, 41.2%, P = 0.029). Conclusions Age > 60 years, D-dimer > 0.243 μg/ml, and lower oxygenation index were associated with severe COVID-19. Arbidol might provide more clinical benefits in treating patients with severe COVID-19 compared with ribavirin.

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Association factors with severe cases and antiviral drug assessment in patients with COVID-19

10.21203/rs.3.rs-70914/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaowei Gong ◽

Xianfeng Guo ◽

Shiwei Kang ◽

Yan Li ◽

Haixiang Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Drug ◽

Oxygenation Index ◽

Antiviral Drugs ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Common Symptom ◽

Ventilator Support ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Clinical Benefits ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

D Dimer

Abstract Background Due to the latent onset of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is important to identify patients with increased probabilities for disease progression early in order to implement timely medical strategies. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with severe COVID-19 and evaluate the current antiviral drugs, especially in severe patients. Methods This was a retrospective observational study performed at the No. 7 Hospital of Wuhan (Wuhan, China) with hospitalized patients confirmed with COVID-19 from January 11 to March 13, 2020. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the associated factors of severe COVID. Treatment of antivirus drugs were collected and evaluated. Results Of the 550 patients, 292 (53.1%) were female and 277 (50.4%) were ≥ 60 years old. The most common symptom was fever (n = 372, 67.7%), followed by dry cough (n = 257, 46.7%), and dyspnea (n = 237, 43.1%), and fatigue (n = 224, 40.7%). Among the severe patients, 20.2% required invasive ventilator support and 18.0% required non-invasive ventilator. The identified risk factors for severe cases were: age ≥ 60 years (odds ratio (OR) = 3.02, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13–8.08, P = 0.028), D-dimer > 0.243 µg/ml (OR = 2.734, 95%CI: 1.012–7.387, P = 0.047), and low oxygenation index (OR = 0.984, 95%CI: 0.980–0.989, P < 0.001). In severe cases, the benefits of arbidol alone was 73.3%, which was better than ribavirin (7/17, 41.2%, P = 0.029). Conclusions Age ≥ 60 years, D-dimer > 0.243 µg/ml, and lower oxygenation index were associated with severe cases. Arbidol might provide more clinical benefits in treating patients with severe COVID-19 compared with other antiviral drugs.

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Arterial and Venous Thrombosis Complicated in COVID-19: A Retrospective Single Center Analysis in Japan

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine ◽

10.3389/fcvm.2021.767074 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Seiya Oba ◽

Tadashi Hosoya ◽

Miki Amamiya ◽

Takahiro Mitsumura ◽

Daisuke Kawata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Venous Thrombosis ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Japanese Patients ◽

University Hospital ◽

Bleeding Complications ◽

Protein Mutants ◽

Tokyo Medical ◽

D Dimer

Background: Thrombosis is a characteristic complication in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since coagulopathy has been observed over the entire clinical course, thrombosis might be a clue to understanding the specific pathology in COVID-19. Currently, there is limited epidemiological data of COVID-19-associated thrombosis in the Japanese population and none regarding variant strains of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we elucidate the risk factors and the pattern of thrombosis in COVID-19 patients.Methods: The patients consecutively admitted to Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital with COVID-19 were retrospectively analyzed. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern/interest (VOC/VOI) carrying the spike protein mutants E484K, N501Y, or L452R were identified by PCR-based analysis. All thrombotic events were diagnosed by clinical symptoms, ultrasonography, and/or radiological tests.Results: Among the 516 patients, 32 patients experienced 42 thromboembolic events. Advanced age, severe respiratory conditions, and several abnormal laboratory markers were associated with the development of thrombosis. While thrombotic events occurred in 13% of the patients with a severe respiratory condition, those events still occurred in 2.5% of the patients who did not require oxygen therapy. Elevated D-dimer and ferritin levels on admission were independent risk factors of thrombosis (adjusted odds ratio 9.39 and 3.11, 95% confidence interval 2.08–42.3, and 1.06–9.17, respectively). Of the thrombotic events, 22 were venous, whereas 20 were arterial. While patients with thrombosis received anticoagulation and antiinflammatory therapies with a higher proportion, the mortality rate, organ dysfunctions, and bleeding complications in these patients were higher than those without thrombosis. The incidence of thrombosis in COVID-19 became less frequent over time, such as during the replacement of the earlier strains of SARS-CoV-2 by VOC/VOI and during increased use of anticoagulatory therapeutics.Conclusion: This study elucidated that elevated D-dimer and ferritin levels are useful biomarkers of thrombosis in COVID-19 patients. The comparable incidence of arterial thrombosis with venous thrombosis and the development of thrombosis in less severe patients required further considerations for the management of Japanese patients with COVID-19. Further studies would be required to identify high-risk populations and establish appropriate interventions for thrombotic complications in COVID-19.

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Predictors for Severe COVID-19 Infection

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciaa674 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (8) ◽

pp. 1962-1968 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Ashish Bhargava ◽

Elisa Akagi Fukushima ◽

Miriam Levine ◽

Wei Zhao ◽

Farah Tanveer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Renal Disease ◽

Medical Center ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Academic Medical Center ◽

Severe Infection ◽

Supplemental Oxygen ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Abstract Background COVID-19 is a pandemic disease caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Predictors for severe COVID-19 infection have not been well defined. Determination of risk factors for severe infection would enable identifying patients who may benefit from aggressive supportive care and early intervention. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational study of 197 patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to a tertiary academic medical center. Results Of 197 hospitalized patients, the mean (SD) age of the cohort was 60.6 (16.2) years, 103 (52.3%) were male, and 156 (82.1%) were black. Severe COVID-19 infection was noted in 74 (37.6%) patients, requiring intubation. Patients aged above 60 were significantly more likely to have severe infection. Patients with severe infection were significantly more likely to have diabetes, renal disease, and chronic pulmonary disease and had significantly higher white blood cell counts, lower lymphocyte counts, and increased C-reactive protein (CRP) than patients with nonsevere infection. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, risk factors for severe infection included pre-existing renal disease (odds ratio [OR], 7.4; 95% CI, 2.5–22.0), oxygen requirement at hospitalization (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.3–6.7), acute renal injury (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3–5.6), and CRP on admission (OR, 1.006; 95% CI, 1.001–1.01). Race, age, and socioeconomic status were not independent predictors. Conclusions Acute or pre-existing renal disease, supplemental oxygen upon hospitalization, and admission CRP were independent predictors for the development of severe COVID-19. Every 1-unit increase in CRP increased the risk of severe disease by 0.06%.

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Predictive criteria of severe cases in COVID-19 patients of early stage

10.21203/rs.3.rs-39161/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jinrui Gao ◽

Xiu Huang ◽

Haibo Gu ◽

Lingyun Lou ◽

Zhihao Xu

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Early Stage ◽

Severe Pneumonia ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Clinical Prognosis ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Asymptomatic Patients ◽

Chronic Comorbidities

Abstract Background: Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) often suffer sudden deterioration of disease around 1 to 2 weeks after onset. Once the disease progressed to severe phase, clinical prognosis of patients will significantly deteriorate.Methods: This was a multicenter retrospective study on patients of all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) from Tianyou Hospital (Wuhan, China) and the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. All 139 patients had laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in their early stage, which is defined as within 7 days of clinical symptoms or within 7 days of positive viral nucleic acid test for asymptomatic patients. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the predictive factors in the early detection of patients who may subsequently develop into severe cases.Results: Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the higher level of hypersensitivity C-reactive protein (OR=4.77, 95% CI:1.92-11.87, P=0.001), elevated alanine aminotransferase (OR=6.87, 95%CI:1.56-30.21, P=0.011) and chronic comorbidities (OR=11.48, 95% CI:4.44-29.66, P<0.001) are the determining risk factors for the progression into severe pneumonia in COVID-19 patients.Conclusion: Early COVID-19 patients with chronic comorbidities, elevated hs-CRP or elevated ALT are significantly more likely to develop severe pneumonia as the disease progresses. These risk factors may facilitate the early diagnosis of critical patients in clinical practice.

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Diagnostic Accuracy of D-Dimers for Predicting Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19-Patients

Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis ◽

10.1177/10760296211057901 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 107602962110579

Author(s):

Falmata Laouan Brem ◽

Boudouh Asmae ◽

Yassine Amane ◽

Mohammed-Amine Bouazzaoui ◽

Miri Chaymae ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Embolism ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

University Hospital ◽

The Novel ◽

Test Results ◽

Operating Characteristics ◽

Study Population ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

The University ◽

D Dimer

Importance Proinflammatory and hypercoagulable states with marked elevation seen in D-Dimer levels have been accurately described in patients infected by the SARS- Cov2 even without pulmonary embolism (PE). Objectives To compare D-dimers values in patients infected by the novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) with and without PE and to establish an optimal D-dimer cut-off to predict the occurrence of PE, which guides pulmonary computed tomography angiography (CTPA) indication. Methods We retrospectively enrolled all COVID-19-patients admitted between October first and November 22th, 2020, at the University Hospital Center of Mohammed VI, Oujda (Morocco), suspected to have PE and underwent a CTPA. Demographic characteristics and blood test results were compared between PE-positive and PE-negative. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was constructed to establish an optimal D-Dimer cut-off to predict the occurrence of PE. Results The study population consisted of 84 confirmed COVID-19-patients. The mean age was 64.93 years (SD 14.19). PE was diagnosed on CTPA in 31 (36.9%) patients. Clinical symptoms and in-hospital outcomes were similar in both groups except that more men had PE ( p = .025). The median value of D-dimers in the group of patients with PE was significantly higher (14 680[IQR 33620-3450]ng/mL compared to the group of patients without PE 2980[IQR 6870-1600]ng/mL [P < .001]. A D-dimer at 2600 ng/mL was the optimal cut-off for predicting PE with a sensitivity of 90.3%, and AUC was .773[CI 95%, .667 −.876). Conclusion A D-dimer cut-off value of 2600 ng/mL is a significant predictor of PE in COVID-19-patients with a sensitivity of 90.3%.

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Sex Differences in the Incidence and Risk Factors of Myocardial Injury in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.632123 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Ran Cheng ◽

Chuan Liu ◽

Jie Yang ◽

Yuanqi Yang ◽

Renzheng Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Adverse Events ◽

Myocardial Injury ◽

Initial Symptoms ◽

Hs Crp ◽

Artery Disease ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

D Dimer

Male novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients tend to have poorer clinical outcomes than female patients, while the myocardial injury is strongly associated with COVID-19-related adverse events. Owing to a lack of corresponding data, we aimed to investigate the sex differences in the incidence of myocardial injury in COVID-19 patients and to identify the potential underlying mechanisms, which may partly account for the sex bias in the incidence of adverse events. This retrospective study included 1,157 COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in Huoshenshan Hospital from 12 March 2020 to 11 April 2020. Data on the patients’ demographic characteristics, initial symptoms, comorbidities and laboratory tests were collected. Totally, 571 (49.4%) female and 586 (50.6%) male COVID-19 patients were enrolled. The incidence of myocardial injury was higher among men than women (9.2 vs. 4.9%, p = 0.004). In the logistic regression analysis, age, and chronic kidney disease were associated with myocardial injury in both sexes. However, hypertension [odds ratio (OR) = 2.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–4.22], coronary artery disease (OR = 2.46, 95% CI 1.14–5.34), leucocyte counts (OR = 3.13, 95% CI 1.24–7.86), hs-CRP (OR = 4.45, 95% CI 1.33–14.83), and D-dimer [OR = 3.93 (1.27–12.19), 95% CI 1.27–12.19] were independent risk factors only in the men. The correlations of hs-CRP and D-dimer with hs-cTnI and BNP were stronger in the men. The incidence of myocardial injury in COVID-19 patients is sex-dependent, predominantly in association with a greater degree of inflammation and coagulation disorders in men. Our findings can be used to improve the quality of clinical management in such settings.

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Evaluation of Pregnant Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

Shiraz E-Medical Journal ◽

10.5812/semj.100705 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Javad Fallahi ◽

Behnam Dalfardi ◽

Reza Jalili ◽

Seyed Masoom Masoompour ◽

Behrouz Momeni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Troponin I ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Final Diagnosis ◽

Pulmonary Perfusion ◽

Common Symptom ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

X Ray ◽

Chest X Ray ◽

Perfusion Scan ◽

D Dimer

Background: Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is a leading cause of maternal mortality. However, diagnosis of PTE can be challenging during pregnancy, and there is no consensus regarding the best diagnostic approach. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the applicability of clinical symptoms and diagnostic tests in ruling in or ruling out PTE during pregnancy. Methods: In this one-year, cross-sectional, descriptive study, we evaluated pregnant or postpartum (six weeks postpartum) women suspected of PTE, who were admitted to the internal medicine intensive care units (ICUs) of hospitals (Namazi and Shahid Faghihi hospitals), affiliated with Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, during August 2016-July 2017. The participants underwent electrocardiography (ECG), serum troponin-I and D-dimer measurements, chest X-ray, color-doppler sonography (CDS) of the lower extremity venous system, transthoracic echocardiography, pulmonary perfusion scan, or pulmonary computed tomography angiography (CTA). The participants’ clinical manifestations were also assessed. Results: A total of 103 women, with the mean age of 30.37 ± 5.35 years, were included in this study. Seventy-seven women underwent pulmonary CTA or pulmonary perfusion scan. PTE was documented in nine cases. Dyspnea was the most common symptom. The respiratory rate, cough, dizziness, and fever on admission had significant correlations with the final diagnosis of PTE (P = 0.01, 0.03, 0.007, and 0.04, respectively). The ECG study of one case with PTE showed right axis deviation, while the ECG findings of the other eight cases showed no specific pattern. The chest X-ray findings had no significant correlation with the final diagnosis of PTE. Overall, 38 women underwent CDS, one of whom presented with deep vein thrombosis. The serum D-dimer level was positive in three cases with documented PTE (normal in one patient with PTE), and the serum troponin-I level was positive in one case with the final diagnosis of PTE (normal level in two patients with PTE). Conclusions: Based on the findings, clinical symptoms and biochemical tests alone are not reliable for ruling in or ruling out PTE during pregnancy, and CTA and pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan should be performed for these cases.

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Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19-Infected Cancer Patients in Pakistan: Differences Between Survivors and Non-Survivors

Frontiers in Oncology ◽

10.3389/fonc.2021.655634 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Kashif Asghar ◽

Muhammad Abu Bakar ◽

Muhammad Junaid Akram ◽

Asim Farooq ◽

Kashif Siddique ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Clinicopathological Characteristics ◽

Research Centre ◽

Common Symptom ◽

Chi Square ◽

Exact Test ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

D Dimer

BackgroundCancer patients are considered as highly vulnerable individuals in the current COVID-19 pandemic. We studied the clinical characteristics of survivor and non-survivor COVID-19-infected cancer patients in Pakistan.Patients and MethodsWe did a retrospective study of 70 cancer patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 infection from Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore and Peshawar, Pakistan between April 13 and July 09, 2020. These patients were discharged from the hospital or had died by July 09, 2020. Clinical, pathological and radiological characteristics were compared between survivors and non-survivors by fisher’s exact test and chi-square test. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were performed to explore the risk factors of mortality.ResultsSeventy cancer patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled and the majority were males 38 (54.3%). 57 (81.4%) had solid tumors and 13 (18.6%) had hematological malignancies. Dyspnea (44 cases) was the most common symptom (62.9%). Complications were reported in 51 (72.9%) patients during the course of disease. 19 (27.1%) patients were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). A significant increase in the C-reactive protein level and neutrophil count was observed in the deceased patients as compared to the surviving patients. D-dimer values of ≥0.2 mg/L were significantly associated with mortality (P=0.01). We identified two independent risk factors associated with death, ICU admission (P=0.007) and D-dimer (P=0.003).ConclusionPakistani cancer patients with COVID-19 infection reported poor prognosis. Intensive surveillance of clinicopathological characteristics of cancer patients infected with COVID-19 especially D-dimer values may play a pivotal role in the outcome of the disease.

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Clinical Characteristics of Diabetic Patients with COVID-19

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2020/1652403 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Guozhen Li ◽

Qin Deng ◽

Jiali Feng ◽

Fang Li ◽

Nian Xiong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymphocyte Count ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Antidiabetic Drugs ◽

Hospital Death ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

The Difference ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

D Dimer

Background. Since December 2019, novel coronavirus- (SARS-CoV-2) infected pneumonia (COVID-19) has rapidly spread throughout China. This study is aimed at describing the characteristics of COVID-19 patients in Wuhan. Methods. 199 COVID-19 patients were admitted to Wuhan Red Cross Hospital in China from January 24th to March 15th. The cases were divided into diabetic and nondiabetic groups according to the history of taking antidiabetic drugs or by plasma fasting blood glucose level at admission, and the difference between groups were compared. Results. Among 199 COVID-19 patients, 76 were diabetic and 123 were nondiabetic. Compared with nondiabetics, patients with diabetes had an older age, high levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), D-dimer, white blood cell, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and total bilirubin (TBIL), lower levels of lymphocyte, albumin and oxygen saturation (SaO2), and higher mortality (P<0.05). The two groups showed no difference in clinical symptoms. Diabetes, higher level of D-dimer at admission, and lymphocyte count less than 0.6×109/L at admission were associated with increasing odds of death. Antidiabetic drugs were associated with decreasing odds of death. Treatment with low molecular weight heparin was not related to odds of death. Conclusion. The mortality rate of COVID-19 patients with diabetes was significantly higher than those without diabetes. Diabetes, higher level of D-dimer, and lymphocyte count less than 0.6×109/L at admission were the risk factors associated with in-hospital death.

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