scholarly journals Peel Color and Blemishes in ‘Granny Smith’ Apples in Relation to Canopy Light Environment

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 899-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques R. Fouché ◽  
Stephanie C. Roberts ◽  
Stephanie J.E. Midgley ◽  
Willem J. Steyn
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
Canopy Position ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
East West ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentrations

The dark green apple cultivar, Granny Smith (GS), makes up 25% of the South African apple industry. However, production of GS is becoming unprofitable as a result of a high incidence of sunburn, red blush, and pale green fruit that decreases the proportion of Class 1 fruit that is suitable for export to more lucrative markets. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between canopy position and external fruit quality with the ultimate aim to devise pruning and training strategies to maximize export yield. During early fruit development [26 days after full bloom (DAFB)], chlorophyll concentrations were the highest in fruit from higher light environments. Good green color at harvest relied on exposure of fruit to high irradiance at this stage because 50% shading between 14 and 56 DAFB significantly decreased dark green color at harvest. Exposed fruit from the northern side of east–west rows received the highest irradiance throughout the season [53% of full sun photosynthetic photon flux (PPF)] and had the highest fruit surface temperature (on average 5 °C above ambient). A high proportion of exposed fruit from either side of the row developed red blush. Only 22% to 39% of exposed fruit from the outer canopy did not develop sunburn or red blush. Partially shaded fruit from the southern side of east–west rows received ≈5% of full sunlight and had the highest chlorophyll concentrations and darkest green color at harvest. Deeply shaded inner canopy fruit received ≈2% of full sunlight, had low chlorophyll concentrations, and were lighter green in color. The 10% darkest green fruit received moderately high irradiance (25% to 45% of full sun PPF) during early fruit development (until ≈80 DAFB) but became progressively shaded (3% of full sun PPF) during the latter half of the season. Fruit that developed sunburn and the lightest green fruit were exposed to high (1300 μmol·m−2·s−1) and extremely low (50 μmol·m−2·s−1) light, respectively, throughout their development. In conclusion, maximum chlorophyll synthesis and dark green color require an open canopy during the first half of fruit development, whereas shading is necessary during the latter half of fruit development to avoid the occurrence of sunburn, red blush, and photothermal destruction of chlorophyll. GS may benefit significantly from the installation of shade netting if combined with rigorous pruning and vigor control.

scholarly journals Genes for Retention of Green Fruit Color through Maturity of Acorn Squash

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 602c-602
Author(s):  
Harry S. Paris
Keyword(s):  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
Color Retention ◽  
Recessive Genes ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Light Green

Most cultivars of acorn squash (Cucurbita pepo), such as `Table Queen', have fruit that are light green when young, become dark green by intermediate age, and remain dark green through maturity, carrying genotype D/D l-l/l-1 L-2/L-2. Many other forms of C. pepo that carry this genotype, the most familiar being the Halloween and pie pumpkins, turn orange at maturity. The genetic basis for green color retention of acorn squash was investigated by crossing `Table Queen' with `Vegetable Spaghetti', `Fordhook Zucchini', and accession 85k-9-107-2 (the parental, filial, backcross, and testcross generation progenies being grown out in the field and observed and scored for fruit color at maturity, between 40 and 44 days past anthesis). The results indicated that the three stocks crossed with `Table Queen' carry two recessive genes, designated mature orange-1 (mo-1) and mature orange-2 (mo-2), which act in concert to result in complete loss of green color before maturity in 1-1/1-1 plants. `Table Queen' is Mo-l/Mo-1 Mo-2∼o-2. Genes D and mo-2 are linked, ≈15 map units apart.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Persistent-Green Color in Asparagus Officinalis, L.

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
H. Irizarry ◽  
J. Howard Ellison ◽  
Portia Orton
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Difference ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Asparagus Officinalis ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Pigment System ◽  
Plant Pigment ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Or Genes ◽  
Color Gene

Two mature, dark-green asparagus plants (one female and one male) termed "persistent-green" were selected in a New Jersey asparagus field on November 11, 1959, when the other plants were yellow or brown. The two persistent-green plants were crossed; each of them was crossed also with normal plants for the genetic study of this character. A secondary part of this study was to determine the effect of the color gene or genes on the plant-pigment system by means of spectrophotometric analyses. An attempt also was made to identify the persistent-green mutants in the seedling stage. The study of the phenotypes of 17 F1, F2, and reciprocal BC1 progenies indicated that persistent-green color in asparagus is inherited as a single recessive gene. There was a large quantitative difference in chlorophyll and carotene between the persistent-green and normal plant complexes in October, but not in July. Apparently the persistent-green mutants retain chlorophyll and carotene much later in the season than do the normal plants. No qualitative difference in pigment was found in either July or October. Asparagus seedlings were easily classified as to persistent-green (green foliage) or normal (yellow foliage) in the greenhouse when the plants were 6 weeks old.

scholarly journals Differentiation in Leaf Physiological Traits Related to Shade and Drought Tolerance Underlies Contrasting Adaptations of Two Cyclobalanopsis (Fagaceae) Species at the Seedling Stage

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai-Ying Wang ◽  
Guang-You Hao ◽  
Jing-Jing Guo ◽  
Zhi-Hui Liu ◽  
Jiao-Lin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Leaf Hydraulics ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Distinct Distribution

Adaptation and acclimation of tree seedlings to different combinations of light and water conditions can determine the species-specific patterns of distribution along environmental gradients and the underlying physiological mechanisms are fundamental to the understanding of such patterns. Seedlings of two Cyclobalanopsis species naturally occurring in southwest China, with distinct distribution and regeneration characteristics, were grown under 100%, 50% and 4% sunlight conditions and traits related to shade and drought tolerance were studied. Particularly, we investigated whether leaf hydraulics, photosynthetic traits and their functional coordination play an important role in determining seedling environmental adaptation and acclimation of the two species. Seedlings of C. helferiana showed characteristics adapted to high irradiance while C. rex had traits adapted to partially shaded environments. Cyclobalanopsis helferiana had significantly higher maximum net photosynthetic rate (Amax), light compensation point and light saturation point than C. rex and the contrasts were particularly large when they were grown under full sunlight. Cyclobalanopsis helferiana showed the highest Amax when grown under 100% sunlight, while C. rex exhibited the highest Amax at 50% sunlight. Similarly, under full sunlight conditions C. helferiana showed significantly higher leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) than C. rex, i.e., 13.37 vs. 7.09 mmol m−2 s−1 MPa−1 (p < 0.01). The correlation between Kleaf and Amax followed a unified positive correlation across different light treatments of both species. Moreover, leaves of C. helferiana showed greater resistance to drought-induced hydraulic dysfunction and to desiccation than C. rex. The contrasts in functional traits between the two Cyclobalanopsis species are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a trade-off between shade tolerance and drought tolerance. Findings of the present study contribute to a deeper understanding of mechanisms of divergence between closely related (congeneric) species with respect to key ecophysiology associated with natural regeneration.

scholarly journals Viability of peach palm by-product, Spirulina platensis, and spinach for the enrichment of dehydrated soup

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1259-1267
Author(s):  
Paulo Ricardo Los ◽  
Deise Rosana Silva Simões ◽  
Roberta de Souza Leone ◽  
Beatriz Cervejeira Bolanho ◽  
Taís Cardoso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Peach Palm ◽  
Brazilian Legislation ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Market Niche ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Pale Yellow Color

Abstract: The objective of this work was to develop dehydrated soup formulations using flour from peach palm by-product (PPB), Spirulina platensis or spinach, as well as to evaluate their composition by physical, chemical, instrumental, and sensory methods. Four formulations were developed: standard, PPB flour, PPB flour and S. platensis, and PPB flour and spinach. The samples were analyzed for proximate composition, chlorophyll content, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, color, viscosity, water absorption, and microbiological parameters. The sensory characterization was performed by the check-all-that-apply method. The soups containing spinach or S. platensis presented the highest protein contents of 3.3 and 4.6 g 100 g-1, respectively. The soups formulated with the microalgae S. platensis showed higher contents of fibers, lipids, and antioxidants. Changes were observed in the color and viscosity of the soups. The standard dehydrated soup was characterized as shiny, creamy, with seasoning flavor and fragments, and a pale-yellow color; the formulation with spinach, as grainy, with an herb odor and flavor, seasoning fragments, and a dark-green color; and with S. platensis, with herb flavor, seasoning fragments, and a dark-green color. The developed formulations are within the microbiological standards for food established by the Brazilian legislation. The sensory analysis revealed a new market niche, and the soups containing PPB and S. platensis showed good acceptability. Peach palm flour, Spirulina platensis, and spinach are alternatives for the nutritional enrichment of dehydrated soups with high protein, ash, fiber, and antioxidant contents.

scholarly journals Growth, photosynthesis and stress indicators in young rosewood plants (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) under different light intensities

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Francisco de Carvalho Gonçalves ◽  
Denize Caranhas de Sousa Barreto ◽  
Ulysses Moreira dos Santos Junior ◽  
Andreia Varmes Fernandes ◽  
Paulo de Tarso Barbosa Sampaio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
The Family ◽  
Protection Mechanisms ◽  
Intense Exploitation

Aniba rosaeodora is an Amazonian tree species that belongs to the family Lauraceae. Due to intense exploitation for extraction of essential oils (mainly linalol), A. rosaeodora is now considered an endangered species. On the other hand, there is little information about its ecophysiology which would be useful to support future forest planting programs. Hence, the effect of different light intensities on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of young plants of A. rosaeodora was studied. Nine-month-old plants were subjected to four light treatments (T1= 10 a 250 µmol.m-2.s-1 / control; T2=500 to 800, T3=700 to 1000 and T4=1300 to 1800 µmol.m-2.s-1 / full sunlight). Allometric variables, gas exchange, contents of pigments and chlorophyll a fluorescence were analysed. As to the relative growth rates, it was found that plants of A. rosaeodora showed higher biomass accumulation when grown under intermediary irradiance conditions (T2). The best photosynthetic performance was achieved under conditions of T3. When growth was correlated with photosynthesis, it was found that plants under treatments T2 and T3 presented better responses in comparison with the lowest (T1) and highest (T4) light extremes. The highest pigment contents were obtained for plants in the shade (T1) and the lowest for those exposed to full sunlight (T4). The photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was found that only plants in the shade treatment (T1) presented no stress from high irradiance. These findings suggest that both treatments (T1 and T4) altered the function of the A. rosaeodora plants, inhibiting photosynthesis and growth. Plants of A. rosaeodora developed photo-protection mechanisms under full sunlight. However, the species presented better photosynthetic response and biomass gain under intermediary irradiance conditions, displaying relative physiological plasticity, during the seedling phase.

Effects of CO2 enrichment on growth of Liquidambarstyraciflua and Pinustaeda seedlings under different irradiance levels

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie C. Tolley ◽  
B. R. Strain
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Mathematical growth analysis techniques were used to assess the effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment on growth and biomass partitioning of Liquidambarstyraciflua L. (sweetgum) and Pinustaeda L. (loblolly pine) seedlings. Plants were grown from seed under high (1000 μmol•m−2•s−1) and low (250 μmol•m−2•s−1) photosynthetic photon flux density at CO2 concentrations of 350, 675, and 1000 μL•L−1 for 84 or 112–113 days. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration significantly increased height, leaf area, basal stem diameter, and total dry weight of sweetgum seedlings grown under high irradiance and to a lesser extent under low irradiance. Increases in dry matter accumulation were associated with early CO2 enhancement of net assimilation rate, but increases in amount of leaf surface area contributed more towards maintenance of larger size as seedlings aged. For sweetgum seedlings in particular, reduction of growth by low irradiance under normal atmospheric CO2 was compensated for by growing plants with elevated CO2. In contrast, elevated CO2 concentration produced no significant increase in growth of loblolly pine seedlings.

Composition and Spectral Investigation for Tetranitro Iron Phthalocyanine

2016 ◽  
Vol 859 ◽  
pp. 175-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Ying Li ◽  
Zhao Yang Zeng ◽  
Shan Shan Du
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Synthesis ◽  
Microwave Assisted Synthesis ◽  
Iron Phthalocyanine ◽  
Single Variable ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Green Vegetation ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Green Paint

Because of the dark green color similar to vegetation, tetranitro iron phthalocyanine has great potentiality in military camouflage application. Tetranitro iron phthalocyanine was synthesized in the method of improved microwave-assisted synthesis. By single-variable controlling principle, the optimal synthesis conditions in laboratory for tetranitro iron phthalocyanine composing was determined. The spectra difference under different conditions between tetranitro iron phthalocyanine and green vegetation was analyzed. The possibility for using tetranitro iron phthalocyanine as green paint in camouflage was discussed

scholarly journals Some Interesting Traits of European and Asian Fragaria Species

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 439A-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Bors ◽  
J. Alan Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Cold Winter ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Fragaria Species

Several interesting attributes have been observed while working with European and Asian species of Fragaria. F. nilgerrensis has shown immunity to aphids and leaf diseases. F. iinumae produces runners that frequently have unusual tap roots. F. moschata demonstrated excellent winter hardiness in a water-logged field during an unusually long cold winter (1995–96) in southern Ontario, excellent leaf disease resistance, and high susceptibility to Botrytis. When grown in the greenhouse, F. moschata fruit taste like a concord grape. F. pentaphylla (Guelph P-1 and P-2) displayed unusually bright red-colored fruit that were uniformly wedged, firm, but lacking flavor. F. pentaphylla P-1 is extremely vigorous and immune to leaf diseases. F. nubicola and F. daltoniana are the smallest and least-vigorous plants in the Univ. of Guelph's collection, yet they appear to confer hybrid vigor to their progeny when crossed to other species. F. daltoniana's leaf has a waxy cuticle and dark green color similar to F. chiloensis. F. viridis has a spicy, cinnamon-like flavor. When F. viridis is crossed to most other diploids, powdery mildew and leaf diseases are prevalent. F. orientalis crosses easily to synthetic tetraploids, has a flavor similar to F. viridis and F. nubicola, but is extremely susceptible to viruses. Aroma is quite variable in F. vesca with the most desirable originating from Russian accessions.

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