scholarly journals Axillary Bud Development of Poinsettia `Eckespoint Lilo' and `Eckespoint Red Sails' (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) Is Inhibited by High Temperatures

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 920-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Faust ◽  
Royal D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Lateral Shoots

The effect of temperature on axillary bud and lateral shoot development of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) `Eckespoint Lilo' and `Eckespoint Red Sails' was examined. Rooted `Eckespoint Lilo' cuttings were transplanted and placed into growth chambers maintained at 21, 24, 27, or 30 °C for 2 weeks before apex removal. The percentage of nodes developing lateral shoots after apex removal was 68%, 69%, 73%, or 76% at 21, 24, 27, or 30 °C, respectively. Cuttings were removed from the lateral shoots, rooted, and placed into a 21 °C greenhouse, and the apices were removed. The percentage of nodes developing into lateral shoots on cuttings taken from plants held at 21, 24, 27, and 30 °C were 74%, 65%, 66%, and 21%, respectively. Of the cuttings in the 30 °C treatment, 83% of the nodes not producing a lateral shoot had poorly developed axillary buds or no visible axillary bud development. Visual rating of axillary bud viability decreased from 100% to 0% when `Eckespoint Red Sails' plants were transferred from a 21 °C greenhouse to a greenhouse maintained at 27 °C night temperature and 30 °C for 3 hours followed by 33 °C for 10 hours and 30 °C for 3 hours during the 16-hour day. Transfer from the high-temperature greenhouse to a 21 °C greenhouse increased axillary bud viability from 0% to 95%. Axillary buds of leaves not yet unfolded were sensitive to high temperatures, whereas those of unfolded leaves (i.e., fully developed correlatively inhibited buds) were not. Sixteen consecutive days in the high-temperature treatment were required for axillary bud development of `Eckespoint Red Sails' to be inhibited.

scholarly journals 778 PB 392 AXILLARY BUD DEVELOPMENT OF `RED SAILS' POINSETTIA IS INHIBITED BY HIGH DAY TEMPERATURES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 544d-544
Author(s):  
James E. Faust ◽  
Royal D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Temperature Environment ◽  
High Temperature Environment

Poor lateral branching sometimes occurs when certain poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) cultivars are pinched. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of high temperatures on axillary bud development. In Expt. 1, `Red Sails' plants were grown in a high-temperature environment (HTE) of 27°C at night (8 hr) and 30°C (3 hr), 33°C (10 hr), and 30°C (3 hr) in the day for two months, then transferred to a 20°C environment. In Expt. 2, plants grown at 20°C were transferred into the same HTE described above for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 days and were then moved back into the 20°C environment. Axillary buds were examined for viability at the end of each experiment. In Expt. 1, only 8% of the lateral buds forming in the HTE were viable, while 80% of the buds forming in leaf axils of leaves unfolding after the plants were transferred to the 20°C environment were viable. In Expt. 2, 80% of buds produced in axils of the first four leaves to unfold after the start of the experiment were viable in all the treatments. However, the percentage of viable buds in the axils of leaf numbers 5 to 8 was 100, 100, 100, 96, 56, and 0 for the plants placed in the HTE for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 days, respectively. These data indicate day temperatures of 30 to 33°C adversely affect lateral shoot development of `Red Sails' poinsettia.

scholarly journals (74) Effect of Temperature on Axillary Bud Formation and Polyamine Contents of Nonbranching Chrysanthemum

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1014C-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeun Joo Huh ◽  
Seoung Youl Choi ◽  
Hak Ki Shin ◽  
Chun Ho Pak
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Polyamine Content

Nonbranching chrysanthemums [Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura] are preferred because they require less labor in disbudding. High temperature is responsible for this phenotype of not having axillary buds or poor lateral shoot development. This study attempted to find out the effect of temperature and identify the involvement of endogenous polyamine contents in axillary bud formation of nonbranching chrysanthemum cv. Iwanohakusen. Plants were treated at 22, 26, 30, 34, and 38 °C for 9 hours midday for 2 months. Polyamine content [putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm)] was analyzed 1 month after treatment and axillary buds were counted when the flowers opened. Results revealed that viable axillary buds decreased remarkably at 30 and 34°C. It was also found out that not only low temperature, but also the excessively high temperature of 38 °C induced axillary bud formation. Exposure to 38 °C increased the Put contents and resulted in high Put/(Spd + Spm) ratio as 22 °C, 26 °C. Temperature of 30, 34 °C lowered Put/(Spd + Spm) ratio. Results further showed that not polyamine contents, but polyamine ratio (Put/Spd + Spm) or transformation of Put to Spd and Spm may be involved in the axillary bud formation in nonbranching chrysanthemum.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Microbial Inactivation and Acrylamide Production in High-Temperature Heat Treatments

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2535
Author(s):  
Jose Lucas Peñalver-Soto ◽  
Alberto Garre ◽  
Arantxa Aznar ◽  
Pablo S. Fernández ◽  
Jose A. Egea
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Microbial Inactivation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Microbiological Safety

In food processes, optimizing processing parameters is crucial to ensure food safety, maximize food quality, and minimize the formation of potentially toxigenic compounds. This research focuses on the simultaneous impacts that severe heat treatments applied to food may have on the formation of harmful chemicals and on microbiological safety. The case studies analysed consider the appearance/synthesis of acrylamide after a sterilization heat treatment for two different foods: pureed potato and prune juice, using Geobacillus stearothermophilus as an indicator. It presents two contradictory situations: on the one hand, the application of a high-temperature treatment to a low acid food with G. stearothermophilus spores causes their inactivation, reaching food safety and stability from a microbiological point of view. On the other hand, high temperatures favour the appearance of acrylamide. In this way, the two objectives (microbiological safety and acrylamide production) are opposed. In this work, we analyse the effects of high-temperature thermal treatments (isothermal conditions between 120 and 135 °C) in food from two perspectives: microbiological safety/stability and acrylamide production. After analysing both objectives simultaneously, it is concluded that, contrary to what is expected, heat treatments at higher temperatures result in lower acrylamide production for the same level of microbial inactivation. This is due to the different dynamics and sensitivities of the processes at high temperatures. These results, as well as the presented methodology, can be a basis of analysis for decision makers to design heat treatments that ensure food safety while minimizing the amount of acrylamide (or other harmful substances) produced.

scholarly journals Phosphoproteomic analysis of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) reveals starch and sucrose metabolism functions during bolting induced by high temperature

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244198
Author(s):  
Xiaoxiao Qin ◽  
Panpan Li ◽  
Shaowei Lu ◽  
Yanchuan Sun ◽  
Lifeng Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Sucrose Metabolism ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L

High temperatures induce early bolting in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), which decreases both quality and production. However, knowledge of the molecular mechanism underlying high temperature promotes premature bolting is lacking. In this study, we compared lettuce during the bolting period induced by high temperatures (33/25 °C, day/night) to which raised under controlled temperatures (20/13 °C, day/night) using iTRAQ-based phosphoproteomic analysis. A total of 3,814 phosphorylation sites located on 1,766 phosphopeptides from 987 phosphoproteins were identified after high-temperature treatment,among which 217 phosphoproteins significantly changed their expression abundance (116 upregulated and 101 downregulated). Most phosphoproteins for which the abundance was altered were associated with the metabolic process, with the main molecular functions were catalytic activity and transporter activity. Regarding the functional pathway, starch and sucrose metabolism was the mainly enriched signaling pathways. Hence, high temperature influenced phosphoprotein activity, especially that associated with starch and sucrose metabolism. We suspected that the lettuce shorten its growth cycle and reduce vegetative growth owing to changes in the contents of starch and soluble sugar after high temperature stress, which then led to early bolting/flowering. These findings improve our understanding of the regulatory molecular mechanisms involved in lettuce bolting.

scholarly journals The effect of temperature upon radioactive disintegration

1912 ◽  
Vol 86 (586) ◽  
pp. 240-253 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Active Matter ◽  
Radium Emanation ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
Method Of Measurement ◽  
Positive Effect

Within the last few years the influence of high temperature on the activity of radium emanation, of the active deposit, and of radium C has been examined in detail by several authors. The conclusions arrived at have been conflicting, some workers affirming a positive effect of tem­perature, others denying it. This lack of agreement is due, however, to a difference in the method of measurement of the active matter under investigation. Those workers who measured the activity by γ-rays are all agreed that temperature has no effect whatever, while those who measured by β-rays found always an effect of some kind, in many cases of considerable magnitude, and often, indeed, of a very surprising nature. While, however, the fact that there is a β-ray effect is admitted by all, there is still a lack of agreement between the results of the experiments of different workers, and even of different experiments of the same worker, which is hardly to be expected if the effects were due to a definite change in the properties of the disintegrating atoms at high temperatures. In view, therefore, of the uncertainty which has arisen on a point of such great theoretical importance, a systematic investigation was necessary to obtain definite results, whether positive or negative. This the author, at the request of prof. Rutherford, has carried out.

Study on the Mechanism of Woven Cotton Fabric during Steam Ironing

2015 ◽  
Vol 671 ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Wu ◽  
Shuai Tong Liang ◽  
Xue Mei Ding
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Basic Parameters

Cotton fabrics are very popular textile products to consumers due to their soft hand and comfortable wearing performance. However, the severe wrinkles on cotton fabrics will frequently happen after washing or wearing. As the growth of the market and demand of consumers, the sales of the steam ironing machine which can remove wrinkles to some extent is getting better. At present, the research is inadequate on the wrinkling mechanism during steam ironing. Therefore, in this paper, we aimed to investigate how cotton woven fabrics’ performance influences on the smoothness appearance after steam ironing. To further analyze wrinkling mechanism, fabrics’ wrinkle recovery rates which comprehensive characterize the physical and mechanical properties were tested with PhabrOmeter, including wrinkle recovery rates at normal temperature and after high temperature treatment. Then, the effect of temperature to fabrics’ wrinkle recovery rates and its relationship with fabrics’ smoothness appearance after ironing were studied. The results indicate that there are no significant correlations between the fabric basic parameters with smoothness appearance after ironing. The effect of temperature during ironing can improve the wrinkle recovery rates about 6%-21%. And no significant correlation is showed between smoothness appearance after ironing and wrinkle recovery rates. Keywords: Steam Ironing; mechanism; fabric parameters; wrinkle recovery rate.

scholarly journals Metabolome Profiling of Heat Priming Effects, Senescence, and Acclimation of Bread Wheat Induced by High Temperatures at Different Growth Stages

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 13139
Author(s):  
Sachiko Matsunaga ◽  
Yuji Yamasaki ◽  
Ryosuke Mega ◽  
Yusuke Toda ◽  
Kinya Akashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Beta Alanine ◽  
Full Maturity

Our previous study described stage-specific responses of ‘Norin 61’ bread wheat to high temperatures from seedling to tillering (GS1), tillering to flowering (GS2), flowering to full maturity stage (GS3), and seedling to full maturity stage (GS1–3). The grain development phase lengthened in GS1 plants; source tissue decreased in GS2 plants; rapid senescence occurred in GS3 plants; all these effects occurred in GS1–3 plants. The present study quantified 69 flag leaf metabolites during early grain development to reveal the effects of stage-specific high-temperature stress and identify markers that predict grain weight. Heat stresses during GS2 and GS3 showed the largest shifts in metabolite contents compared with the control, followed by GS1–3 and GS1. The GS3 plants accumulated nucleosides related to the nucleotide salvage pathway, beta-alanine, and serotonin. Accumulation of these compounds in GS1 plants was significantly lower than in the control, suggesting that the reduction related to the high-temperature priming effect observed in the phenotype (i.e., inhibition of senescence). The GS2 plants accumulated a large quantity of free amino acids, indicating residual effects of the previous high-temperature treatment and recovery from stress. However, levels in GS1–3 plants tended to be close to those in the control, indicating an acclimation response. Beta-alanine, serotonin, tryptophan, proline, and putrescine are potential molecular markers that predict grain weight due to their correlation with agronomic traits.

scholarly journals Screening and identification of genes affecting grain quality and spikelet fertility during high-temperature treatment in grain filling stage of rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Ryoung Park ◽  
Eun-Gyeong Kim ◽  
Yoon-Hee Jang ◽  
Kyung-Min Kim
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Spikelet Fertility ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Grain Filling Stage

Abstract Background Recent temperature increases due to rapid climate change have negatively affected rice yield and grain quality. Particularly, high temperatures during right after the flowering stage reduce spikelet fertility, while interfering with sugar energy transport, and cause severe damage to grain quality by forming chalkiness grains. The effect of high-temperature on spikelet fertility and grain quality during grain filling stage was evaluated using a double haploid line derived from another culture of F1 by crossing Cheongcheong and Nagdong cultivars. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping identifies candidate genes significantly associated with spikelet fertility and grain quality at high temperatures. Results Our analysis screened OsSFq3 that contributes to spikelet fertility and grain quality at high-temperature. OsSFq3 was fine-mapped in the region RM15749-RM15689 on chromosome 3, wherein four candidate genes related to the synthesis and decomposition of amylose, a starch component, were predicted. Four major candidate genes, including OsSFq3, and 10 different genes involved in the synthesis and decomposition of amylose and amylopectin, which are starch constituents, together with relative expression levels were analyzed. OsSFq3 was highly expressed during the initial stage of high-temperature treatment. It exhibited high homology with FLOURY ENDOSPERM 6 in Gramineae plants and is therefore expected to function similarly. Conclusion The QTL, major candidate genes, and OsSFq3 identified herein could be effectively used in breeding rice varieties to improve grain quality, while tolerating high temperatures, to cope with climate changes. Furthermore, linked markers can aid in marker-assisted selection of high-quality and -yield rice varieties tolerant to high temperatures.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature, Light, and Storage Time on the Seed Germination of Pinus bungeana Zucc. ex Endl.: The Role of Seed-Covering Layers and Abscisic Acid Changes

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congcong Guo ◽  
Yongbao Shen ◽  
Fenghou Shi
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Inhibition Mechanism ◽  
Radicle Protrusion ◽  
Pinus Bungeana ◽  
And Storage

Pinus bungeana Zucc. ex Endl. is an endemic conifer tree species in China with high ornamental value. In order to investigate favorable conditions for seed germination and explore the germination inhibition mechanism of this species at high temperatures, the effects of temperature, light, and storage on the mean germination time (MGT), speed of germination (SG), and total germination percentage (TGP) are evaluated here. Seeds that have either been kept still or entered into a state of dormancy at high temperature are assessed here by a recovery experiment. Furthermore, the contribution of covering layers on thermo-inhibition is analyzed here, including the way they work. This has been realized by the structural observation and via the determination of the abscisic acid (ABA) content. The results show that seeds germinate to a high percentage (approximately 90%) at temperatures of 15 or 20 °C, with or without light, whereas higher temperatures of 25 or 30 °C impeded radicle protrusion and resulted in the germination percentage decreasing sharply (within 5%). Inhibition at high temperatures was thoroughly reversed (bringing about approximately 80% germination) by placing the ungerminated seeds in favorable temperatures and incubating them for an additional 30 days. Dry cold storage did little to reduce the temperature request for germination. Embryo coverings, especially the nucellar membrane, and ABA levels both had a dominant role in seed germination regulation in response to temperature. Under favorable temperature conditions, the levels of ABA significantly decreased. Germination occurred when the levels dropped to a threshold of 15 ng/g (FW (Fresh Weight)). Incubation at a high temperature (25 °C) greatly increased ABA levels and caused the inhibition of radicle protrusion.

Development of Axillary Buds from Johnsongrass Rhizomes

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Beasley
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Single Node ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Apical Meristems

Apical dominance, as maintained by above-ground foliage or individual rhizome apexes, is very marked in johnsongrass. (Sorghum halepense[L.] Pers.). Axillary bud development in single-node segments excised from individual rhizome pieces was least at the proximal end with increasing activity toward the distal end (apex end). Within serially excised, multi-node sections, axillary bud development was least at the proximal end and greatest at the distal end, and there was an overall increase in bud activity from proximal to distal ends of the rhizome pieces. This was true irrespective of whether the multi-node sections were cultured vertically (with buds oriented above the nodes) or were inverted (with buds oriented below the nodes). Lateral rhizomes exerted a dominating influence on the development of axillary buds from their parent rhizomes, as did the apical meristems of the parent rhizomes.

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