scholarly journals PRELIMINARY FORMULATION STUDY OF LYCOPENE SELF-ASSEMBLE NANOPARTICLES VIA BOX-BEHNKEN DESIGN IMPARTING AN EFFICIENT DRUG DELIVERY: STATISTICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE APPROACH

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 455-463
Author(s):  
Mohammad Yusuf ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Cumulative Release ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Chitosan Concentration ◽  
Dependent Variables

Lycopene, a structurally polyene conjugated antioxidant,is frequentlyutilized for the treatment of ailments induced by augmentedoxidative stress.Its colossal structure and poor water-solubilityfailed to show the requisite clinical outcomes. To overcome these drawbacks a formulation study introducing Lycopene as Chitosan-phosphatidylserineself-assembled nanoparticles (LNP)to correlatethe dependent and independent variables employing Box-Behnken design has been performed. LNP formulation was achieved byinjection technique, using chitosan’s intrinsic property of towards Phosphatidylserine for self-assembly. Independent variables, i.e., chitosan concentration (X1), Phosphatidylserine (X2), and injecting rate (X3) were correlatedagainst dependent variables (responses) nanoparticle size, cumulative release,and lycopene encapsulation. Prepared nanocrops were stable, under 300 nmparticle size, Zeta potential below +30 mV, close PDI to 0.3, and exhibited invitro 69-76% cumulative release. Overall, the formulation strategy was fruitful to develop a formulation in the future for efficient drug delivery.

scholarly journals Optimization of Chitosan–Alginate Microparticles for Delivery of Mangostins to the Colon Area Using Box–Behnken Experimental Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamarza Mulia ◽  
Ameninta Cesanina Singarimbun ◽  
Elsa Anisa Krisanti
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Release Profile ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Cumulative Release ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Sequential Release

Chitosan-alginate microparticles loaded with hydrophobic mangostins present in the mangosteen rind extract have been formulated and optimized for colon-targeted bioactive drug delivery systems. The chitosan–mangostin microparticles were prepared using the ionotropic gelation method with sodium tripolyphosphate as the cross-linking agent of chitosan. The chitosan–mangostin microparticles were then encapsulated in alginate with calcium chloride as the linking agent. The mangostin release profile was optimized using the Box–Behnken design for response surface methodology with three independent variables: (A) chitosan–mangostin microparticle size, (B) alginate:chitosan mass ratio, and (C) concentration of calcium chloride. The following representative equation was obtained: percent cumulative release of mangostins (10 h) = 59.51 − 5.16A + 20.00B − 1.27C − 1.70AB − 5.43AC − 5.04BC + 0.0579A2 + 10.25B2 + 1.10C2. Cumulative release of 97% was obtained under the following optimum condition for microparticle preparation: chitosan–mangosteen particle size < 100 µm, alginate:chitosan mass ratio of 0.5, and calcium chloride concentration of 4% w/v. The alginate to chitosan mass ratio is the statistically significant variable in the optimization of sequential release profile of mangostins in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Furthermore, a sufficient amount of alginate is necessary to modify the chitosan microparticles and to achieve a complete release of mangostins. The results of this work indicate that the complete release of mangostins to the colon area can be achieved using the chitosan–alginate microparticles as the bioactive delivery system.

scholarly journals Development and Optimization of Acriflavine-Loaded Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles Using Box–Behnken Design for Burn Wound Healing Applications

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Touseef Nawaz ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Barkat Ali Khan ◽  
Asif Nawaz ◽  
Talib Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Burst Release ◽  
Burn Wound ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Dependent Variables

Nanoparticles are used increasingly for the treatment of different disorders, including burn wounds of the skin, due to their important role in wound healing. In this study, acriflavine-loaded poly (ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles (ACR-PCL-NPs) were prepared using a double-emulsion solvent evaporation method. All the formulations were prepared and optimized by using a Box–Behnken design. Formulations were evaluated for the effect of independent variables, i.e., poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) amount (X1), stirring speed of external phase (X2), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) concentration (X3), on the formulation-dependent variables (particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and encapsulation efficiency) of ACR-PCL-NPs. The zeta potential, PDI, particle size, and encapsulation efficiency of optimized ACR-PCL-NPs were found to be −3.98 ± 1.58 mV, 0.270 ± 0.19, 469.2 ± 5.6 nm, and 71.9 ± 5.32%, respectively. The independent variables were found to be in excellent correlation with the dependent variables. The release of acriflavine from optimized ACR-PCL-NPs was in biphasic style with the initial burst release, followed by a slow release for up to 24 h of the in vitro study. Morphological studies of optimized ACR-PCL-NPs revealed the smooth surfaces and spherical shapes of the particles. Thermal and FTIR analyses revealed the drug–polymer compatibility of ACR-PCL-NPs. The drug-treated group showed significant re-epithelialization, as compared to the controlled group.

scholarly journals DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF DOXORUBICIN HCL PRONIOSOMES BY-DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT

2019 ◽  
pp. 90-95
Author(s):  
SRIKANTH ◽  
ANAND KUMAR Y. ◽  
MALLIKARJUNA SETTY C.
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Design Of Experiment ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Dependent Variables

Objective: The present research work was designed to formulate and optimize doxorubicin HCl proniosomes by design of experiment (DoE). Methods: A 4-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design was used to explain multiple linear regression analysis and contour 3D plot responses. The independent variables selected were tween 20, cholesterol, hydration volume and sonication time; dependent variables percentage entrapment efficiency (PEE), mean vesicle size (MVS). Based on the Box-Behnken design 29 trial runs were studied and optimized for PEE and MVS. Further "Model F-Value" was calculated to confirm the omission of insignificant terms from the full-model equation to derive a multiple linear regression analysis to predict the PEE and MVS of niosomes derived from proniosomes. 3D plots were constructed to show the influence of independent variables on dependent variables. Results: PEE of doxorubicin HCl proniosomes was found to be in the range of 40.21-87.5%. The polynomial equation for PEE exhibited a good correlation coefficient (0.5524) and the "Model F-Value" of 7.41 implies the model is significant. P-values less than 0.0500 indicate model terms are significant. The MVS of doxorubicin HCl proniosomes was found to be in the range of 325.2 nm to 420.25 nm. The mathematical model generated for MVS (R2) was found to be significant with model F-value of 54.22. There is only a 0.01% chance that a "Model F-Value" this large could occur due to noise (P<0.0500) and R2 value of 0.9004. Conclusion: The DoE of Box-Behnken design demonstrated the role of the derived equation, 3D plot in predicting the values of dependent variables for the preparation and optimization of doxorubicin HCl proniosomes. The results suggest that doxorubicin HCl proniosomes can act as a promising carrier.

Development and Evaluation of Chia Seed Mucilage-based Buccal Mucoadhesive, Sustained Release Tablet of Venlafaxine

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 3536-3543
Author(s):  
Pankaj P Nerkar ◽  
Hitendra Mahajan ◽  
Pradum Ige ◽  
Rima Solanki
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Magnesium Stearate ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Chia Seed ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Design Software ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Seed Mucilage

In the present study we performed extraction of chia seed mucilage, formulation, and evaluation of buccal mucoadhesive tablet containing extracted mucialge and venlafaxine, an commonly used antidepressant. Tablets were prepared using a formulation mixture of calcium phosphate, talc and magnesium stearate. Tablets were prepared by experimental factorial design software, using central composite design; where the concentration of chia seeds mucilage and that of magnesium stearates were independent variables. Drug release, friability and mucoadhesive strength were studied as dependent variables. Tablets were characterized for post compression profile. The optimized formulation showed the maximum drug release as 99.4% in 6 h, friability of 0.53% and mucoadhesive strength of 20.3 g. These features appear to be adequate for developing a buccal mucoadhesive drug delivery system for venlafaxine.  

scholarly journals FORMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF MUCOADHESIVE MICROSPHERES OF VALSARTAN BY USING BOX-BEHNKEN DESIGN

2019 ◽  
pp. 371-379
Author(s):  
CHIMAN LAL ◽  
RAJEEV GARG ◽  
GHANSHYAM DAS GUPTA
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Cellulose ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Stability Study ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Evaporation Technique ◽  
Drug Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Carbopol 934P

Objective: The purpose of this study was to formulate and optimize mucoadhesive microspheres of antihypertensive drug (valsartan) within ethyl cellulose as a carrier polymer and carbopol 934P as a mucoadhesive polymer for controlling the release of valsartan. Methods: The emulsion solvent evaporation technique was used for preparation of microspheres of valsartan and the Box-Behnken design was employed with thee independent variables that is amount of ethyl cellulose (X1) and amount of carbopol 934P (X2) and stirring speed (X3) and evaluate four dependent variables such as percentage mucoadhesion, Q1 h, t90% and drug entrapment efficiency. Results: The optimum conditions were found to be X1= 200 mg, X2= 107 mg and X3= 1200rpm. The optimized batch exhibited a high drug entrapment efficiency of 85.63±1.384%, percentage mucoadhesion was 66.76±0.986% and drug release was also sustained for more than 12 h. Conclusion: The analysis of variance showed a significant effect of independent variables. The scaning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the microspheres were spherical and free-flowing. The microspheres of valsartan were stable after thee month stability study at accelerated condition.

scholarly journals Optimization of guacamole formulation made with avocado powder and fresh avocado

DYNA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (209) ◽  
pp. 126-134
Author(s):  
Misael Cortes ◽  
Francy Stephanie Orrego Vargas ◽  
Eduardo Rodríguez Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Production System ◽  
World Market ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The World

Guacamole is a very desired product in the world market. This research aims to develop a formulation of guacamole prepared with avocado powder (AP), fresh avocado (FA) and spices as main ingredients, using response surface methodology. The independent variables were: dry solids of guacamole (DSG) (20.2 - 30.3%), dry solids contributed by FA in the guacamole (DSFA) (0 - 50%), and lime color (0 -0.03%).Dependent variables were: moisture (Xw), pH, acidity, peroxide index (PI), viscosity (η), zeta potential (ζ) and color (CIE-L*a*b*). The best formulation was obtained by multiple optimization: DSG (20.9%), DSFA (28.9%) and lime color (0.029%), and its properties were:Xw (78.3%), pH (5.1), acidity (0.4%), PI (0.787 meq H2O2/kg), η (2952.2 cP), ζ (27.0 mV) and color (L*: 51.0, a*: -5.8, b*: 31.2). The AP is a raw material with industrial potential, which facilitates the production system of guacamole and its control.

scholarly journals Optimizing the Formulation of Soyabean- Peanut Beverage of Chocolate-Flavored with Acceptable Rheological Properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 981-983
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Cocoa Powder ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Dependent Variables

This paper aims to evaluate the rheological properties for the preparation of chocolate flavored soybean-peanut beverage from the different combination of soybean, peanut and cocoa powder. A Box-Behnken design with three independent variables (soybean, peanuts and chocolate) and the dependent variables (acidity, brix and viscosity) produced 12 formulations. The optimized formulation determined from the data contained soy beans 40.76g/100g, peanuts 38.28g/100g and chocolate 5.66 g/100g. It was also observed that soy protein provides better result than soy flour and influence beverage characteristics.

scholarly journals PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ETODOLAC BEARING EMULSOMES

2020 ◽  
pp. 166-172
Author(s):  
VIVEK GILL ◽  
ARUN NANDA
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Sustained Release ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Phospholipid Ratio ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Experimental Values

Objective: Emulsomes are novel vesicular drug delivery system with an internal solid lipid core surrounded by one or more bilayers of phospholipids. Etodolac is a potent anti-inflammatory drug and is a drug of choice for the treatment of various diseases. The present study is focused on the development of emulsomes using etodolac as drug candidates having improved drug loading with sustained-release effect for patient compliance. Methods: Emulsomes formulation composed of solid lipids (tristearin), phospholipids, cholesterol, stearylamine, and drug (etodolac) were prepared by lipid film hydration method followed by sonication to produce emulsomes of the nanometric size range. All the formulations were optimized by using box-behnken design of experiment considering 3 factors viz. drug to phospholipid ratio (A), tristearin to phospholipid ratio (B), stearylamine to phospholipid ratio (C) at 3 levels lower (-1), middle (0) and upper (+1). The response of the independent variables (A, B, C) was studied on the dependent variable viz. particle size (Y1), zeta potential (Y2), and entrapment efficiency (Y3). The responses were analyzed by design expert software to find out the optimized values of variables within the design space. Results: Compatibility with excipients was established by FTIR studies. The developed emulsomes were spherical shape vesicles as analyzed by TEM. The optimized batch (OB) was evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency with experimental values 383.1 ± 11.7 nm, 47.2 ± 1.3 mV and 80.1 ± 3.2% and predicted values 390.394 nm, 45.000 mV and 81.642 %, respectively. The experimental values were found in reasonable agreement with predicted values by the design of the experiment. In vitro drug release study showed sustained release of the drug (88.69 % after 24 h). Conclusion: Etodolac loaded emulsomes is a novel drug delivery system and found to reliable in terms of various characteristic parameters like particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and drug release. 3-factors 3-levels Box-behnken design of the experiment is a suitable design for the optimization of emulsomes.

ANALISA PENGARUH IKLIM ORGANISASI DAN KOMPETENSI TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI PT HUTAMA KARYA

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Wardhana, MM.
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Climate ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Free Variable ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Correlational Approach ◽  
Survey Research Methods ◽  
The Relationship

This study entitled "Analysis of Effect of Climate Organization and Competence Againt Employee PT. Hutama Karya ". The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the relationship between the free variable that organizational climate (X1) and competence (X2) with the dependent variable is employee performance (Y), either partially or simultaneously, This study used survey research methods with the correlational approach and predictive, which aims for the relationship and influence between independent and dependent variables. The sampling technique can be done randomly (simple random sampling) of 852 employees, which is considered to resprentatif is 89 people. And to solve problems, to analyze and examine the relationship and influence between the independent variables on the dependent variable used models kausalistik through regression analysis with SPSS 14.0

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