scholarly journals Evolution of terminology in the Amharic language

2020 ◽  
pp. 167-182
Author(s):  
Svetlana L. Kravchenko ◽  

In the present article several aspects of development of the terminology of the Amharic language in recent decades are discussed. The period of drastic alterations in the life of the Ethiopian society is characterized by the emergence and rapid development of terminological units used to describe new phenomena and concepts. The activation of prefixal and suffixal formation methods of terminological units plays an important role in the enrichment of the terminology of the modern Amharic language. Great amount of complex words is formed based on original Amharic vocabulary by Amharic word formation models as well as on the basis of loanwords.

2020 ◽  
Vol 9.1 (85.1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna Denysovets ◽  

The article focuses on the theoretical aspects of the interaction and competition of specific and foreign word-forming resources in the modern Ukrainian language. The views of linguists on the trend of development of the latest derivation system are outlined. It is emphasized that the symbiosis of native-Ukrainian and foreign-language word-formation means is generated and is based on the tendency to democratization and intellectualization of language in the context of globalization of social processes. Possibilities of functioning of productive foreign affixes in their interaction with specific counterparts are considered. Such forms contribute to the active creation of occasional and stylistically neutral derivatives and are markers of the current state of development of the Ukrainian language. It is substantiated that the analysis of new word-forming phenomena caused by globalization influences, processes of mastering new borrowings partly lacks objectivity, critical linguistic assessment, professional recommendations on the need and expediency of their use. The purpose of the study is to analyze the theoretical aspects of the interaction and competition of specific and foreign word-forming resources in the modern Ukrainian language. It is substantiated that new phenomena and processes in Ukrainian word formation are largely due to extralinguistic factors, including globalization influences, active borrowings from the lexicon and sectoral terminology of the Ukrainian language, changes in socio-political nature in Ukraine, awakening of national-linguistic consciousness of the Ukrainian elite. etc., as well as linguistic factors, primarily the development of intralinguistic processes aimed at strengthening the indigenous word-forming variants and preserving the identity of national word-formation. It is determined that under the influence of globalization tendencies the Ukrainian language practice was flooded with complex units (direct borrowings and innovations), combining two nouns, the first of which expresses an attributive meaning. It has been observed that the parallel functioning of genetically heterogeneous but close in meaning prefixes has led to the development of unequal relationships between word-forming types, as well as discussions about their differentiation and qualification – prefixes, prefixoids, prefixoid bases, prepositional components, international components, etc. Ukrainian soil function as prefixes. It is determined that the new phenomena recorded in the Ukrainian language practice and in the word-forming structure of the Ukrainian literary language of the last two decades are heterogeneous, and dynamic processes are diametrically opposite: some of them are aimed at strengthening historically formed Ukrainian word-forming variants, preserving national identity. word-forming types of the Russian language and their replacement by Ukrainian; others, in particular those under globalization, especially active lexical borrowing, imposed on it word-formation patterns of complex words, abbreviations, and other derivatives of the English language.


Author(s):  
Natalia Nikolina ◽  
Larisa Ratsiburskaya ◽  
Venera Fatkhutdinova

The article considers both new functional characteristics of known word-forming formants and new derivational formants. In modern Russian speech, there has been discovered such a new phenomenon, as the mobility of borrowed elements which can be qualified as affixes (ап, аут, ин, овер). Well-known formants of Greek and Latin origin have proved to perform new pragmatic-stylistic functions: prefixoids нано-, кибер-, крипто-; suffix -оид. These formants are mostly characteristic of terms, but, as the study showed, they can participate in the creation of expressive derivatives. The article uses the material of neologisms in fiction and media texts to identify new formants: prefixes мега-, нон-, он-, оф-; suffixes -инг, -раст; suffixoids -гейт, -оголик; movable formants ап, аут, ин, овер. The appearance of new formants and new semantic and pragmatic characteristics of the known formants reflects the dynamics of the word-formation system of the Russian language, due to the processes of internationalization, "ameroglobalization" in different languages at the turn of the 20 th – 21 th centuries. Neo-derivatives testify to the specifics of knowledge and experience acquisition with the help of word-formation methods and means relevant for a certain period of time. The results of the study contribute to derivatology, neology, pragmalinguistics and can be useful for lecturers and students of higher educational institutions majoring in "Philology" and "Journalism".


2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-110
Author(s):  
Vilma Symanczyk Joppe

Abstract The paper deals with the insertion of spaces and hyphens in German. It summarizes the existing optimality-theoretic approach and extends it to capture the use of hyphens. Hyphenation is often excluded in the literature on the writing of complex words, as forms with hyphens are thought to be mere variants of solid forms. The paper offers an alternative view in which hyphens are treated as an intermediate form between solid and open forms and are placed as a result of conflict between constraints which demand or forbid insertion of spaces. The analysis focuses on the products of nominal compounding, which is one of the most productive processes of word formation in German. Firstly, it is shown for which types of compounds hyphenation is optional and obligatory according to the official rules of orthography. Based on this, constraints are postulated, which do not only decide in which cases hyphenation is allowed but also in which positions the hyphens must be placed in the respective compound. Finally, the hyphenation of phrasal compounds and other complex compounds is modeled.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Kaledin

Among the many new phenomena observed in Russia over the past decade is the rapid development of financial law, which has occupied a very modest place among other branches of law and legal sciences for many years. Until then, the legislation containing the rules of financial law had been few, with mainly government decrees and instructions from the central financial and credit authorities. Financial law did not generate much interest as a subject of study and scientific research. There has been a different picture in recent years. The legislative basis for regulating financial relations is actively being formed, and interest in financial law has increased sharply from management structures in all areas of economic activity, state authorities and local self-government bodies and citizens, especially entrepreneurs. Среди многих новых явлений, наблюдаемых в России последнего десятилетия, можно отметить бурное развитие финансового права, занимавшего долгие годы в числе других отраслей права и юридических наук весьма скромное место. До этого времени законодательные акты, содержащие нормы финансового права, были немногочисленны, здесь действовали в основном правительственые постановления и инструкции центральных финансово-кредитных органов. Финансовое право не вызывало большого интереса как предмет изучения и научных исследований. В последние годы наблюдается иная картина. Активно формируется законодательная основа регулирования финансовых отношений, резко возрос интерес к финансовому праву со стороны управленческих структур во всех областях хозяйственной деятельности, органов государственной власти и местного самоуправления и граждан, особенно предпринимателей.


2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Fiorentino ◽  
Ella Fund-Reznicek

Recent masked priming studies suggest that complex words are rapidly segmented into potential morphological constituents during initial visual word recognition. Much of this evidence involves affixation or other formally regular operations, leaving open the question of whether these effects rely heavily on the identification of a closed-class affix or other formal regularity. In two masked priming experiments with English transparent and opaque bimorphemic compound primes consisting solely of open-class morphemes, we find significant constituent priming, but no significant priming for purely orthographic overlap. We conclude that masked morphological priming generalizes across word-formation types to include compounds with no affix or other regular form. These results provide new evidence for across-the-board morphological-level segmentation during visual word recognition and for morpheme-based compound processing.


1970 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 213-227
Author(s):  
Pierre Larcher

According to early Arab lexicographers, the Koranic personage of Lūṭ (the biblical Loth) is at the origin of a lexical family of Classical Arabic. The object of the present article is to reflect, as a linguist, on the formation and interpretation of each member of this rather large family, whose core is liwāṭ. Besides two nouns directly derived from Lūṭ, it includes several verbs formed thereon as well as a number of nominal forms associated with such verbs. The scope of this case study lies in calling into question the formal and semantic relations currently regarded as the best established in the field of lexical derivation in Classical Arabic.Key-words: Classical Arabic ; lexicology ; derivation from proper nouns ; word-formation ; lexical semantics


The article examines the morphology of the Karakalpak language, which belongs to the Kipchak group of the Turkic language family. The forms of word formation in the Karakalpak language, their sequences and the affixes added to the core are analyzed. On the basis of the analyzed affixes and suffixes, a complex mathematical model of word formation in the Karakalpak language was developed. On the basis of the developed mathematical model, an algorithm for creating a complex word in the Karakalpak language was developed. Using the developed mathematical model, a four-stage scheme was created for creating complex words of the Karakalpak language.


Author(s):  
С.Ю. Дубровина

В современных русских говорах, несмотря на воздействие на них норм литературного языка, межкультурную контактность и деформацию в результате воздействия средств массовой информации, постепенное исчезновение диалектов в условиях цивилизации медиа, сохраняется лексическое ядро, в котором особое место занимает лексика нравственно-религиозной сферы. Наличие этого лексического пласта выделяет русский язык среди других в отношении аксиологической акцентированности земного и небесного. В настоящей статье обобщены наблюдения автора, касающиеся состава, семантики, сложения лексических гнезд, составляющих макрополе народного православия, формальной стороны словопроизводства единиц соответствующей лексики на общерусском фоне с привлечением материала, собранного автором статьи в Тамбовской области. Выделены разновидности структурных типов номинаций, определены особенности и приоритеты словообразовательной креативности. Для достижения целей исследования применялись методы сопоставительного, лексического, словообразовательного, компонентного анализа. Despite the influence exerted on them by the literary norms of the Russian language, despite the intercultural contacts promoted by mass media, and despite gradual annihilation of dialects provoked by media-propelled civilization, modern Russian dialects preserve their pivotal lexemes which are mostly related to the sphere of morality and religion. This lexical stratum, the axiological significance of the celestial and the earthly realms, distinguishes the Russian language from other languages. The present article summarizes the author’s ideas related to word formation, to the composition and semantics of lexical clusters of the macrofield of public orthodoxy. The analysis involves the material collected by the author in the Tambov Region. It singles out structural types of nominations, defines the peculiarities and priorities of creative word-formation. To achieve the aim of the research, the author employs such methods as comparative analysis, lexical analysis, word-formation analysis, and componential analysis.


Author(s):  
Boichuk M.I.

The article outlines the concept of “conversion”, which is defined as an affixless, derivational way of word formation, in which a new word formed from another part of the language does not acquire an external word-forming rearrangement. The concept of “word formation” has also been analyzed and the phonetic component of compounds of religious vocabulary characterized. The structural classification has been distinguished taking into account the structure of compoundings. It has been found that among the layer of religious vocabulary derivational connections of conversion occur between two, three or more words, and the main ways of direction of this process have been identified. Five main models of conversion of lexical units of the religious sphere have been determined, such as: Noun – Verb, which further is divided into three categories, Verb – Noun, Adjective – Noun, Noun – Adjective, Adjective – Verb. The process of substantivization of religious vocabulary as a variant of conversion has also been analyzed. Under substantivization we understand the process of changing the paradigm of the basic word and a part of speech. Analysis of religious vocabulary shows that the transition is from adjectives to nouns, the first acquires the characteristic features of the latter.The article presents an analysis of religious vocabulary based on the dictionary of O. O. Azarov “Comprehensive English-Russian dictionary of religious terminology” which allows to identify such productive models of word formation of religious vocabulary in English: Noun + Noun, Noun + Participle, Adjective + Noun, Noun + Preposition + Noun, Participle + Noun, Pronoun + Noun, Adjective + Participle. These models are most actively involved in the creation of religious vocabulary in English, as they have the largest number of words in their structure. Compounds of religious lexis are divided into root compounds and compound derivatives, the structural integrity of which allows to distinguish them from phrases. Considering the components of compound words, the main element can be both the first and second part. According to the relationship between the components, compounds are divided into endocentric and exocentric types. The first is expressed by a compound word, the meaning of which is derived from the sum of the meanings of the compound’s components, the latter includes complex words, the meaning of which is not determined by any of its constituent elements. Among the layer of religious vocabulary of the English language we distinguish the following endocentric models: Adj + N = N, V + N = N, Part I + N = N, Ger + N = N, N + N = N and exocentric models: Participle + N = Adj, N+Pro.=Adj, V+Prep.=N, Adv+Participle=Adj.Key words:compounding, endocentric and exocentric compound words, substantivization, conversion. У статті обґрунтовано поняття «конверсія», яке визначається як безафіксальний, дериваційний спосіб словотвору, за якого нове слово, що утворюється з іншої частини мови, не набуває зовнішньої словотвірної перебудови. Також у роботі проаналізовано поняття «словоскладання», охарактеризовано фонетичний складник композитів релігійної лексики та виділено структурну класифікацію з урахуванням структури композитів складених слів. З’ясовано, що серед пласту релігійної лексики конверсивні дериваційні зв’язки відбуваються між двома, трьома та більшою кількістю слів, та визначено основні способи спрямованості цього процесу. Виділяємо п’ять основних моделей конверсії лексичних одиниць релігійної сфери: Noun – Verb, яка своєю чергою поділяється на три категорії, Verb – Noun, Adjective – Noun, Noun – Adjective, Adjective – Verb. Також проаналізовано процес субстантивації релігійної лексики як варіант конверсії. Під субстантивацією розуміємо процес зміни парадигми твірного слова й частини мови. Аналіз релігійної лексики показує, що перехід відбувається від прикметників у іменники, прикметник набуває характерних ознак іменника. У статті представлено аналіз релігійної лексики на основі словника О.О. Азарова «Большой англо-русский словарь религиозной лексики», який дає змогу виокремити такі продуктивні моделі словоскладання релігійної лексики в англійській мові: Noun + Noun, Noun + Participle, Adjective + Noun, Noun + Preposition + Noun, Participle + Noun, Pronoun + Noun, Adjective + Participle.Ці моделі беруть найактивнішу участь у творенні релігійної лексики в англійській мові, оскільки налічують найбільшу кількість слів у своїй структурі. Композити релігійної лексики поділяються на власне складні та склад-нопохідні, структурна цілісність яких дозволяє відмежувати їх від словосполучень. Щодо компонентів складних слів, то головним елементом може бути як перша, так і друга частина. Відповідно до відносин між компонентами складні слова поділяються на ендоцентричний та екзоцентричний типи. Перший виражається складним словом, значення якого виводиться із суми значень компонентів композита, до останнього відносяться складні слова, значення яких не визначається жодним із його складових елементів. Серед пласту релігійної лексики англійської мови виокремлюємо такі ендоцентричні моделі: Adj + N = N, V + N = N, Part I + N = N, Ger + N = N, N + N = N та екзоцентричні моделі: Participle + N = Adj, N+Pro.=Adj, V+Prep.=N, Adv+Participle=Adj.Ключові слова:словоскладання, ендоцентричні та екзоцентричні складні слова, субстантивація, конверсія.


Author(s):  
Nataliia Alexandrovna Kameneva

This article is dedicated to the formation of English-language neologisms as a result of lexical and semantic nomination. The object of this research is the changes in the lexical system of modern English language based on the analysis of media and online publications. The subject of this research is the methods of formation of neologisms in the late XX and early XXI centuries. The author determines the most common methods of the formation neologisms in digital periodicals, online news websites, forums and blogs. Analysis is conducted on such methods of word formation as affixation, conversion, formation of complex words, shortening and hybridization, abbreviation, etc. It is noted that the majority of neologisms result from lexical nomination. The goal of this article lies in analysis of the formation of neologisms used in the English lexicon for a long period of time, and thus have acquired a certain official standing. Such lexical innovations have been included or are in the process of being included into the official English language. An attempt is made to reveal the key features of methods of formation of neologisms, which are of primary importance for the communicative and social activity in their broadest sense. Majority of neologisms in the language, which is over 70%, result from the lexical methods of word formation; while the share of neologisms formed via semantic derivation is only a few percent of the total number of lexical innovations.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document