scholarly journals The 2020 Reform of the Water and Sanitation Services Sector in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-88
Author(s):  
C. M. Nunes ◽  
A. A. Anderaos ◽  
Cintia Leal Marinho de Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Water Companies

With over 100 million people without access to sewage collection and treatment and over 35 million lacking access to piped drinking water, the water and sanitation services (WSS) sector in Brazil ranks last among all the infrastructure sectors. Despite previous efforts to reach universal coverage, the gap remains wide. In order to reduce this gap, the Brazilian Parliament approved the reform of the WSS sector in July 2020. This paper examines the state of the water and sanitation services in Brazil before 2020 as well as the potential effects of the recently approved reform. It demonstrates that the sector’s primary issues are the fragmented institutional arrangements and regulations, the low levels of investments by the public sector, including those made by State-owned water companies, and the barriers to entry for the private sector. The paper also discusses the new provisions included in the reform designed to remedy those issues. The authors believe that the reform has the potential to promote significant changes in the structure of the WSS towards providing a universal and equitable service in Brazil, but at a slower pace than the reformers anticipated.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KINERJA BPSPAMS TIRTO SUMBER MULYO SEBAGAI PERTIMBANGAN MENJADI UNIT BUMDES DI DESA MIJEN KECAMATAN KEBONAGUNG KABUPATEN DEMAK

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-102
Author(s):  
Astohar Astohar ◽  
Dhian Andanarini Minar Savitri ◽  
Yuyun Ristianawati ◽  
Prihansantyo Siswo Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
Village Level ◽  
Management Group ◽  
The Village

BPSPAMS Tirto Sumber Mulyo Mijen Village is one of the BPSPAMS in the District Kebonagung which has the task of managing water and sanitation at the village level. In the management of water and sanitation facilities at the village level it is necessary to assess the performance so that it can be evaluated for future follow-ups for the strategy or position of the management group that has been included in the BUMDes  Maju Lancar unit. This performance appraisal standard uses the performance appraisal standard from the 2020 Technical Guidelines for SPAMS Management. The results of the performance appraisal show that in general the performance of BPSPAMS Tirto Sumber Mulyo is in the medium category. Partially, it shows the performance of planning in the low category, in the high-performance administration and finance, on the performance of drinking water and sanitation services in the medium category and for the performance of the partnership in the low category. The hope in the future for improving the performance of BPSPAMS together with BUMDes Maju Lancar needs to collaborate or increase cooperation with external parties such as academics, practitioners and government institutions that can increase benefits and benefits for the public

Securing 2020 vision for 2030: climate change and ensuring resilience in water and sanitation services

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Howard ◽  
Katrina Charles ◽  
Kathy Pond ◽  
Anca Brookshaw ◽  
Rifat Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Drinking-water supply and sanitation services are essential for human health, but their technologies and management systems are potentially vulnerable to climate change. An assessment was made of the resilience of water supply and sanitation systems against forecast climate changes by 2020 and 2030. The results showed very few technologies are resilient to climate change and the sustainability of the current progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) may be significantly undermined. Management approaches are more important than technology in building resilience for water supply, but the reverse is true for sanitation. Whilst climate change represents a significant threat to sustainable drinking-water and sanitation services, through no-regrets actions and using opportunities to increase service quality, climate change may be a driver for improvements that have been insufficiently delivered to date.

scholarly journals TRENDS IN ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION IN MALAWI: PROGRESS AND INEQUALITIES (1992-2017)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Cassivi ◽  
Elizabeth Tilley ◽  
E.O.D. Waygood ◽  
Caetano Dorea
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Agenda 2030 ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractBillions of people globally gained access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation in the last decades, following effort towards the Millennium Development Goals. Global progress remains a general indicator as it is unclear if access is equitable across groups of the population. Agenda 2030 calling for “leaving no one behind”, there is a need to focus on the variations of access in different groups of the population, especially in the context of least developed countries including Malawi. We analyzed data from Demographic Health Survey (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) to describe emerging trends on progress and inequalities in water supply and sanitation services over a 25-year period (1992 - 2017) and to identify the most vulnerable population in Malawi. Data were disaggregated with geographic and socio-economic characteristics including regions, urban and rural areas, wealth and education level. Analysis of available data revealed progress in access to water and sanitation among all groups of the population. The largest progress is generally observed in the groups that were further behind at the baseline year, which likely reflects good targeting in interventions/improvements to reduce the gap in the population. Overall, results demonstrated that some segments of the population - foremost poorest Southern rural populations - still have limited access to water and are forced to practise open defecation. Finally, we suggest to include standardized indicators that address safely managed drinking water and sanitation services in future surveys and studies to increase accuracy of national estimates.

Advancing integrity in urban water and sanitation: WIGO report 2021

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Webb
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
The Media ◽  
Global Population

As the proportion of the global population living in urban areas increases, major challenges in providing safe drinking water and sanitation services need to be overcome, particularly in marginalised communities and informal settlements where services are already deficient. Strategies to provide water and sanitation are often undermined by corruption and integrity failures in the management of public resources, ‘petty corruption’ at the interface between individuals and institutions, and issues of inequitable and discriminatory planning and pricing. In the Water Integrity Global Outlook (WIGO 2021), WIN outlines successful strategies, tools and processes to reduce corruption and improve integrity by governments, utilities, the private sector, regulatory bodies, the media, NGOs and ultimately citizens, to drive improvements in the provision of reliable water and sanitation services.

scholarly journals Estimating effects of improved drinking water and sanitation on cholera

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Leidner ◽  
Naveen C. Adusumilli
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Statistical Relationship ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Adequate Provision ◽  
Related Mortality

Demand for adequate provision of drinking-water and sanitation facilities to promote public health and economic growth is increasing in the rapidly urbanizing countries of the developing world. With a panel of data on Asia and Africa from 1990 to 2008, associations are estimated between the occurrence of cholera outbreaks, the case rates in given outbreaks, the mortality rates associated with cholera and two disease control mechanisms, drinking-water and sanitation services. A statistically significant and negative effect is found between drinking-water services and both cholera case rates as well as cholera-related mortality rates. A relatively weak statistical relationship is found between the occurrence of cholera outbreaks and sanitation services.

scholarly journals Factors that determine the sustainability of the basic sanitation service in Manizales

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Cristina Castano-Isaza ◽  
María Arango-Ospina ◽  
Diana Cardenas-Villamizar
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
The Social ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Secondary Information ◽  
The City

Sewage treatment is one of the great challenges in water management. In this regard, 80% of wastewater is discharged into water sources without any treatment, thus ignoring the fundamental right of access to water and sanitation and its implications for the well-being and development of populations. Colombia since the 50's began the strategy of improving water and sanitation. Seven decades of design and implementation of policies in favor of the expansion of coverage in aqueduct, sewerage and sanitation services, with significant advances for aqueduct and sewerage services and with great challenges facing the need to focus and optimize efforts to be more efficient and make the sanitation. The study and understanding of sustainable basic sanitation was carried out through the search for secondary information carried out in sectoral reports and research documents, where factors that positively or negatively affected the provision of the sanitation service were identified. On the other hand, the understanding of the social and political dynamics of the territory allows in the context of the city of Manizales to identify and analyze the perceptions from the three pillars of sustainability, natural environment, social environment and economic environment of two interest groups in the company Aguas de Manizales SA ESP, provider of the aqueduct and sewerage service in the city, through the application of a user survey and the carrying out of focus groups with institutions and community leaders. Lastly, solutions and strategies are proposed that eliminate causes or reduce the impacts that make it impossible to consolidate the public sanitation service or to maintain it over time.

scholarly journals Le Droit À L’eau: Un Droit Fondamental Des Autres Droits De L’homme

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Ziad Tak
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Services ◽  
National Level ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
The Right

The right to water is a right for all and must be implemented in a nondiscriminatory manner in accordance with the conditions and limits laid down by some particular laws and regulations. In order to make the right to drinking water and sanitation a reality, water and sanitation services must be made affordable to the population as a whole. Property and access to other human rights such as the right to housing, food or health services should also be made available to the population. Internationally, several countries have recognized the right to drinking water and sanitation, but have not actually implemented it at the national level. The objective of this study is to show the importance of the implementation of the right to drinking water, so that it can be made available to all. Since the most widely traded studies on human rights were dominated by political and judicial character, I tried in this study to broaden the meaning of human rights and to provide more Rights. This is despite the fact that it has not been compensated by specific legal texts. As a result, the problem of the study is focused on water as a fundamental need of human, and access to water is part of its fundamental rights.

scholarly journals Experiments with mathematical models to simulate hepatitis A population dynamics under different levels of endemicity

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1531-1539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Alves de Guimaraens ◽  
Cláudia Torres Codeço
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Different Levels

Heterogeneous access to sanitation services is a characteristic of communities in Brazil. This heterogeneity leads to different patterns of hepatitis A endemicity: areas with low infection rates have higher probability of outbreaks, and areas with higher infection rates have high prevalence and low risk of outbreaks. Here we develop a mathematical model to study the effect of variable exposure to infection on the epidemiological dynamics of hepatitis A. Differential equations were used to simulate population dynamics and were numerically solved using the software StellaTM. The model uses parameters from serological surveys in the Greater Metropolitan Rio de Janeiro, in areas with different sanitation conditions. Computer simulation experiments show that the range of infection rates observed in these communities are characteristic of high and low levels of hepatitis A endemicity. We also found that the functional relationship between sanitation and exposure to infection is an important component of the model. The analysis of the public health impact of partial sanitation requires a better understanding of this relationship.

scholarly journals Achieving Sustainable Development Goals in water and sanitation sectors in India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Sarkar ◽  
Girija K. Bharat
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Government ◽  
Systems Thinking Approach

Abstract India, with over 1.37 billion population and housing one-sixth of the world's inhabitants, has a significant role to play in the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper analyses the policies and programmes of the Government of India, towards the achievement of Targets 6.1 and 6.2 of SDG-6 that focus on safe drinking water and sanitation. The alignment of the policies and programmes is discussed in correlation of the output, outcome, and impacts on these targets of SDG 6. The Swachh Bharat (Clean India) Mission (SBM) launched in 2014 led the country with more than 98% of households having access to toilets. The Jal Jeevan Mission has the ambitious target of universal coverage of drinking water supply. While these programmes have led to the overall development, a vast scope of improvement in these sectors exists especially considering the growing population, economic activity, urbanisation, and climate change impacts. Analysis also shows that adequate quantitative and qualitative data on the implementation of the various policies and programmes would be instrumental in synergising the implementation of the SDGs. A systems-thinking approach for sustaining the efforts of the ongoing programmes and ensuring equitable benefits of development in the water and sanitation sectors in India is recommended.

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