Human Gut Microbiome: A New Frontier in Cancer Diagnostics & Therapeutics

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vibha Rani ◽  
Shivani Singhal ◽  
Kumkum Sharma ◽  
Rohan Vaid ◽  
Kanishka Aggarwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Cancer Diagnostics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Treatment Administration

: The field of oncology is vast and ever-growing. The present cancer therapeutics is continually exhibiting various drawbacks, which opens the door for exploring better novel therapeutic techniques. One such emerging technique is the manipulation of gut microbiota to induce a positive curative effect in the body. The dynamic gut microbiota of our body houses an astonishing number of microorganisms, mainly bacteria. The balance of the gut microbiota is essential for good health as imbalances may result in dysbiosis leading to various diseases such as cancer. The gut microbiota can be manipulated by using prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, and antibiotics for better therapeutic outcomes, as well as to improve the quality of life of patients undergoing conventional cancer treatment. Administration of bacteria as a probiotic agent accompanied with prebiotics obtained from a wide variety of herbs has been used effectively to enhance the treatment of various cancers. Although the theoretical basis of Gut therapy can be ascertained, further clinical trials will be essential to determine the scope and limitations fully. The present review provides a glimpse of conventional and novel cancer therapeutics and their drawbacks, along with the role of the gut microbiome and its modulation to design new pharmaceutics against cancer.

scholarly journals Adopting seasonal regimen (Ritucharya) to modulate the seasonal variation in gut microbiome

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepthi. R ◽  
Vandana Rani M ◽  
Delvin T. Robin ◽  
Anusree Dileep
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Leaky Gut ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Application Prospects

AbstractThe science of Ayurveda with its strong and unique fundamentals holds its domain forever amidst all scientific and medical advancements. The concept of Shadkriyakala (the different phases of disease formation) holds relevance in preventive medicine and public health management as it provides ample chance to halt the disease process at each stage by timely intervention. In this review, we would like to bring to the limelight the relevance of Ritucharya (seasonal regimen) in primary prevention by modulating the gut microbiota. The modern gut microbiome researches now help us to better explore the Ayurveda theories of Agni (digestive fire) and Ama (metabolic toxins) preached centuries back. Ayurveda firmly proclaims that no disease ever arises without the derangement of Agni (digestive fire). The whole preventive and treatment methodology in Ayurveda focuses upon the modulation and management of “Agni” (digestive fire). When the functioning of Agni is deranged, Ama (metabolic toxin) is produced and it vitiates the doshas which spread throughout the body and manifest as varied diseases. A biomedical perspective of our reviews suggests that dysbiosis of microbial flora can cause a leaky gut by which the toxins of deranged digestive metabolism enter the bloodstream. Consequently, an inflammatory response occurs within the body which expresses out as diseases opportunistically. We meticulously reviewed the influence of extrinsic factors namely diet and climate on human gut microbiota, and our analysis emphasises the application prospects of Ritucharya (seasonal regimen), in regulating the dynamic host-microbe interaction.

Effects of theabrownin on serum metabolites and gut microbiome in rats with a high-sugar diet

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 7063-7080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suijuan Yue ◽  
Dan Zhao ◽  
Chunxiu Peng ◽  
Chao Tan ◽  
Qiuping Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Serum Metabolites ◽  
High Sugar

In a high sugar diet mode, TB reduced the body weight and TG and improved HOMA-IR mainly by targeting the gut microbiota. A strong correlation between cecal microorganisms and serum metabolites, obesity and HOMA-IR was observed.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota influence tumor development and Alter interactions with the human immune system

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanshan Ge ◽  
Xinhui Wang ◽  
Yali Guo ◽  
Junting Yan ◽  
Aliya Abuduwaili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Human Immune System

AbstractRecent scientific advances have greatly enhanced our understanding of the complex link between the gut microbiome and cancer. Gut dysbiosis is an imbalance between commensal and pathogenic bacteria and the production of microbial antigens and metabolites. The immune system and the gut microbiome interact to maintain homeostasis of the gut, and alterations in the microbiome composition lead to immune dysregulation, promoting chronic inflammation and development of tumors. Gut microorganisms and their toxic metabolites may migrate to other parts of the body via the circulatory system, causing an imbalance in the physiological status of the host and secretion of various neuroactive molecules through the gut-brain axis, gut-hepatic axis, and gut-lung axis to affect inflammation and tumorigenesis in specific organs. Thus, gut microbiota can be used as a tumor marker and may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of malignant tumors.

scholarly journals Alterations of Gut Microbiome in Untreated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL); Future Therapeutic Potentials

Blood ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 5455-5455
Author(s):  
Mohammed Kawari ◽  
Mahmood Akhtar ◽  
Mohamed Sager ◽  
Zakaria Basbous ◽  
Ibrahim Baydoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis

Introduction: Gut dysbiosis is an imbalance of the gut microbiome. The presence of dysbiosis can be a cause of systemic inflammation in the body or can be a contributing factor to it. Chronic systemic inflammation is a common feature of CLL, creating an environment in which CLL cells have a survival advantage. NF-κB and STAT3, master transcriptional regulators of pro-inflammatory markers, like IL-1 and IL-6, are reported to be involved in this process as are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), key innate immunity receptors that are implicated in CLL pathophysiology. With increasing evidence for the role of dysbiosis in chronic inflammation, as well as the role of systemic inflammation in CLL, it seems relevant to prove the presence and the possible role of microbiome in the pathophysiology of CLL, to unravel the complex interaction between microbiome, nutrition and the host in patients with CLL. Our research investigate the hypothesis that dysbiosis i.e. the loss of "health-promoting" commensal gut microbes and/or the overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria distinguishes untreated patients with CLL versus aged-matched unaffected individuals. Methodology: Eight untreated CLL patients were with no history of gastrointestinal disorders, other malignancies and have not been on antibiotics for 4 weeks prior to samples collection. Two of them were not followed for logistical reasons. Six healthy volunteers matched for sex and age were also enrolled in the study. Stool samples from six patients and additional six matched healthy controls were collected and stored in a -40 freezer immediately until they were used for DNA isolation. Total genomic DNA was extracted using the Qiamp DNA stool mini kit and sequenced using Next Generation Sequencing and then analysis were done as per the manufacturer recommendations. Results: Our data indicates a reduced diversity and variability in bacterial phyla of gut microbiota in CLL patients as compare to healthy controls. Lower diversity with increase in certain bacterial types is a well-accepted sign of gut dysbiosis, which have been shown in many disorders such as; type-2 diabetes, obesity, and various autoimmune and neurological diseases. An increase in Proteobacteria numbers has been recognized as the signature of gut dysbiosis which we confirmed in our cohort of patients. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes were also the most abundant bacterial phyla in CLL patients of our study which were reported previously in breast cancer patients. An elevated Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio with altered gut microbiota in CLL patients compared with healthy subjects was also suggested in clinical studies involving obese individuals with insulin resistance. We have observed in CLL patients of this study relative increase in the numbers of Firmicutes and reduction in Bacteriodetes which is considered to be an inverted ratio as compared to healthy individuals which were also reported in ulcerative colitis, colonic and ileal crohn's disease as compared to healthy subjects. . Our finding of gut dysbiosis in this study is linked the association between CLL, inflammatory processes and dysbiosis. The microbiota may play a role in promoting malignancy through chronic inflammation, by disturbing the balance of cell proliferation, death and by initiating unwanted innate and adaptive immune responses. Conclusion: Restoring gut microbiota might open a new avenue for future researches as potential therapeutic intervention in CLL patients. Figure Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

More than just a gut instinct–the potential interplay between a baby's nutrition, its gut microbiome, and the epigenome

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (12) ◽  
pp. R1065-R1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Mischke ◽  
Torsten Plösch
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Transcriptional Networks ◽  
Adult Obesity ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Early Nutrition ◽  
Major Target

Substantial evidence links early postnatal nutrition to the development of obesity later in life. However, the molecular mechanisms of this connection must be further elucidated. Epigenetic mechanisms have been indicated to be involved in this process, referred to as metabolic programming. Therefore, we propose here that early postnatal nutrition (breast and formula feeding) epigenetically programs the developing organs via modulation of the gut microbiome and influences the body weight phenotype including the predisposition to obesity. Specifically, the early-age food patterns are known to determine the gross composition of the early gut microbiota. In turn, the microbiota produces large quantities of epigenetically active metabolites, such as folate and short chain fatty acids (butyrate and acetate). The spectrum of these produced metabolites depends on the composition of the gut microbiota. Hence, it is likely that changes in gut microbiota that result in altered metabolite composition might influence the epigenome of directly adjacent intestinal cells, as well as other major target cell populations, such as hepatocytes and adipocytes. Nuclear receptors and other transcription factors (the PPARs, LXR, RXR, and others) could be physiologically relevant targets of this metabolite-induced epigenetic regulation. Ultimately, transcriptional networks regulating energy balance could be manipulated. For these reasons, we postulate that early nutrition may influence the baby epigenome via microbial metabolites, which contributes to the observed relationship between early nutrition and adult obesity.

scholarly journals Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Minerals in Relation to a Healthy Gut Microbiome

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6803
Author(s):  
Viktor Bielik ◽  
Martin Kolisek
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sport Nutrition ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Wide Range

Adequate amounts of a wide range of micronutrients are needed by body tissues to maintain health. Dietary intake must be sufficient to meet these micronutrient requirements. Mineral deficiency does not seem to be the result of a physically active life or of athletic training but is more likely to arise from disturbances in the quality and quantity of ingested food. The lack of some minerals in the body appears to be symbolic of the modern era reflecting either the excessive intake of empty calories or a negative energy balance from drastic weight-loss diets. Several animal studies provide convincing evidence for an association between dietary micronutrient availability and microbial composition in the gut. However, the influence of human gut microbiota on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of trace elements in human food has rarely been studied. Bacteria play a role by effecting mineral bioavailability and bioaccessibility, which are further increased through the fermentation of cereals and the soaking and germination of crops. Moreover, probiotics have a positive effect on iron, calcium, selenium, and zinc in relation to gut microbiome composition and metabolism. The current literature reveals the beneficial effects of bacteria on mineral bioaccessibility and bioavailability in supporting both the human gut microbiome and overall health. This review focuses on interactions between the gut microbiota and several minerals in sport nutrition, as related to a physically active lifestyle.

scholarly journals Gut microbiome and CAR-T therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Bilal Abid ◽  
Nirav N. Shah ◽  
Theresa C. Maatman ◽  
Parameswaran N. Hari
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Hematologic Malignancies ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Car T Cells ◽  
Car T ◽  
Made In

AbstractConsiderable progress has been made in cancer therapeutics recently with targeted strategies that are efficacious and less toxic. Immunotherapy and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are increasingly being evaluated in a variety of tumors in the relapsed/refractory as well as frontline disease settings, predominantly in hematologic malignancies (HM). Despite impressive outcomes in select patients, there remains significant heterogeneity in clinical response to CAR T-cells. The gut microbiome has emerged as one of the key host factors that could potentially be modulated to enhance responses to immunotherapy. Several recent human studies receiving immunotherapy showed a significantly superior response and survival in patients with the more diverse gut microbiome. Currently, it is unknown if gut microbiota modulates anti-tumor responses to CAR T-cells. Based on molecular and immunological understanding, we hypothesize that strategically manipulating gut microbiota may enhance responses to CAR T-cells. In this review, we further discuss resistance mechanisms to CAR T-cells in HM, potential approaches to overcome resistance by harnessing gut microbiota and other related novel strategies.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiome and their metabolic impact: New frontier

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Dipendra Raj Pandeya
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
To Come ◽  
Health Complications ◽  
Host Metabolism

It has been shown that the dysbiosis of gut microbes may lead to obesity and other health complications. A combination of microbial sequencing and animal experiments may provide further insights into how the gut microbiota affects host metabolism and physiology and will aid in the diagnosis of microbiome related diseases and could potentially provide new means to prevent disease onset or to improve prognosis. The field of gut microbiome is rapidly developing and we expect that it will continue in the same pace in the years to come and the outcomes will help us to keep our life healthy.Ann. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2016:2(2); 1-3

scholarly journals Vitamin D, gut microbiota, and radiation-related resistance: a love-hate triangle

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruixue Huang ◽  
Jing Xiang ◽  
Pingkun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Radiation Resistance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Patient Response ◽  
Vitamin D Receptors ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractRadiation resistance is a serious issue in radiotherapy. Increasing evidence indicates that the human gut microbiome plays a role in the development of radiation resistance. Vitamin D is an important supplement for cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. Against this background, this paper reviewed research regarding the associations among vitamin D, microbiota dysbiosis, and radiation resistance. A hypothesis is developed to describe the relationships among vitamin D, the gut microbiota, and radiotherapy outcomes. Radiotherapy changes the composition of the gut microbiota, which in turn influence the serum level of vitamin D, and its distribution and metabolism in the body. Alteration of vitamin D level influences the patient response to radiotherapy, where the underlying mechanisms may be associated with the intestinal microenvironment, immune molecules in the intestines, gut microbiome metabolites, and signaling pathways associated with vitamin D receptors. Our understanding of the contribution of vitamin D and the gut microbiota to radiotherapy outcomes has been increasing gradually. A better understanding of the relationships among vitamin D, the gut microbiota, and radiotherapy outcomes will shed more light on radiation resistance, and also promote the development of new strategies for overcoming it, thus addressing an important challenge associated with the currently available radiotherapy modalities for cancer patients.

scholarly journals How Knowledge on Microbiota may be Helpful to Establish an Optimal Diet for Health Maintenance

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Mainardi ◽  
Paolo Carta ◽  
Michele Mainardi ◽  
Pasquale Striano
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Good Health ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Microbiota Diversity

In the last few years, gut microbiota has been identified to be an essential mediator in health and disease. In fact, it interacts with various organs and systems in the body, including brain, lung, liver, bone, cardiovascular system, and others. Microbiota-derived metabolites such as the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate are primary signals, which link the gut microbiota and physiology. Then, the findings on the roles of microbiota profoundly change not only the key concepts of biology and medicine, but also of nutrition. In fact, it is currently evident how the main task of nutrition is not to nourish us, but to maintain a comfortable environment for the intestinal microbiota. In this way, it works in symbiosis with us, correctly controlling the functioning of the organs, the physiological parameters and the cellular regenerative processes. It is also evident that the strength of reparative processes correlates with the ability of digestive system to process complex foods, which increases during weaning, a period of time in which the diversity of bacterial strains increases. Therefore, a task of food is to keep trained the digestive system, to which it corresponds an high microbiota diversity. Elderly leads to reduced microbiota diversity to which corresponds an intestinal frailty, responsible for the frailty of the elderly. In conclusion, a correct diet may not only keep us in good health but may also guarantee us longer longevity.

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