Phytochemical Study and Biological Activity of Three Fern Species of the Asplenium Genus Growing in Bulgaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venelin Petkov ◽  
Iva Slavova ◽  
Desislava Teneva ◽  
Tzvetelina Mladenova ◽  
Plamen Stoyanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Phytochemical Study

Background: Ferns are underestimated as medicinal plants, and their use in traditional medicine is limited despite their diversity. Most of the research on their healing properties and phytochemical composition related to their biological activity has been focused on the secondary metabolites synthesized by ferns. Objective: In this study, we aimed to make an in-depth chemical characterization of three ferns widely spread in Bulgaria – Asplenium ceterach L., Asplenium scolopendrium L., and Asplenium trichomanes L. Methods: Micro elemental analysis was carried out using ICP-MS. Standard laboratory methods were used to determine the content of proteins, fats, and fatty acids. Chromatographic methods were applied to quantify some secondary metabolites. Two antioxidant methods and two antimicrobial tests were used to evaluate the biological properties of the ferns tested. Results: Micro elemental analysis showed that these ferns could be a useful source of zinc and iron. Protein content slightly varied among the species (13.6% – 18.4% of the dried plant weight). Thevariation in oil content was negligible (3.1% – 4.0%, dry weight base); oil composition was dominated by saturated fatty acids. Some principal classes of secondary metabolites, individual phenolic acids, and flavonoids were quantified. The extract obtained from Asplenium ceterach L. demonstrated the highest antioxidant capacity. Fern extracts showed moderate antimicrobial activity against six of the 14 microorganisms tested. Conclusion: The results obtained may reveal new areas of application for ferns and are a solid basis for comparison with the same species growing in other geographical and climatic conditions, which may affect their healing properties.

scholarly journals Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on the production and quality of oil in Jatropha curcas L. under the dry and warm climate conditions of Colombia

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Montenegro R. ◽  
Stanislav Magnitskiy ◽  
Martha C. Henao T.
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Oil Composition

This study was conducted to assess fruit and seed yield, oil content and oil composition of Jatropha curcas fertilized with different doses of nitrogen and potassium in Espinal (Tolima, Colombia). The yields ranged from 4,570 to 8,800 kg ha-1 of fruits and from 2,430 to 4,746 kg ha-1 of seeds. These yields showed that the fertilizer dose of 150 kg ha-1 N + 120 kg ha-1K increased fruit production by 92% and seed production by 95%, which represents an increase of about 100% in oil production, which increased from 947 to 1,900 kg ha-1. The total oil content in the seeds ranged from 38.7 to 40.1% (w/w) with a high content of the unsaturated fatty acids oleic (> 47%) and linoleic acid (> 29%). The highest content of oleic acid in the seed oil was from the unfertilized control plants and plants with an application of 100 kg ha-1 of N and 60 kg ha-1 of K, with an average of 48%. The lowest content of oleic acid was registered when a low dose of nitrogen and a high level of potassium were applied at a ratio of 1:2.4 and doses of 50 kg ha-1 N + 120 kg ha-1 K, respectively. Low contents of the saturated fatty acids palmitic (13.4%) and stearic (7.26%) were obtained, making this oil suitable for biodiesel production. The nitrogen was a more important nutrient for the production and quality of oil in J. curcas than potassium under the studied conditions of soil and climate.

scholarly journals Evaluation of nuts morphology and composition of fatty acids in certain Iranian Pistacia vera L. (Anacardiaceae) cultivars

2021 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mojdeh MAHDAVI ◽  
Fariba SHARIFNIA ◽  
Fahimeh SALIMPOUR ◽  
Akbar ESMAEILI ◽  
Mohaddeseh LARYPOOR
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Pistacia Vera ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Nutrient Value ◽  
Press Method ◽  
Total Oil ◽  
Palmitic Acids

<p>Fruits of various Pistachio (<em>Pistacia vera</em> L.) cultivars are widely used in food industries for its inimitable color, taste and nutrient value.<strong> </strong>We elevated fruit morphology and kernel fatty acids composition of eleven Iranian cultivars of pistachio. Oils of kernels were extracted using cold press method, and composition of the oil fatty acids in the methyl ester form was detected using gas chromatography (GC). For morphological study, nine qualitative and quantitative traits were evaluated. The quantitative ones widely differed among the studied cultivars, and ANOVA test revealed the significant variations (<em>p</em> = 0.00) for all of them. Moreover, the qualitative traits varied among the cultivars. We characterized 11 fatty acid components representing about 99.56 to 100 % of the total oil composition. The principal fatty acids for all the cultivars were: oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids, while their amounts differed among the cultivars. In this regard, unsaturated fatty acids comprised the major oil part, 87.46 to 88.89 %. Oleic acid (53.11-70.99 %) and palmitic acid (9.09 to 10.55 %) were detected as the unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in all the evaluated cultivars. The quality index of oils were determined according to oleic/ linoleic acids ratio, which highly varied among the cultivars. According to UPGMA tree and PCO plot, we divided the investigated cultivars into four chemotypes, and each of them was characterized by the certain oil composition.</p>

scholarly journals Sesquiterpene lactones – occurrence and biological properties. A review

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-95
Author(s):  
KATARZYNA OLESIŃSKA
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Sesquiterpene Lactones ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Carbon Pathways

Sesquiterpene lactones are secondary metabolites commonly found in higher plants as well as mosses, lichens, and fungi. Currently, over 5000 of such compounds have been identified with a majority isolated from Asteraceae plants. They are characterised by different chemical structures associated with the presence of various carbon pathways and functional groups, which exert an impact on their pharmacological activity. These colourless substances are soluble in fats, alcohols, or water. They are often bitter ingredients regarded as bitter compounds. They are accumulated mainly in leaves, flower parts and seeds; less frequently, they are present in roots. Sesquiterpene lactones exhibit multidirectional biological activity: some of them have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, analgesic, antiparasitic, antifungal, and bacteriostatic effects. Therefore, high hopes are placed on the medical and pharmaceutical use of these substances. Lactone compounds are also regarded as a potential source of new active substances used in agriculture to combat plant pathogens

scholarly journals Transcriptomics of developing wild sunflower seeds from the extreme ends of a latitudinal gradient differing in seed oil composition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Henry Barnhart ◽  
Edward V McAssey ◽  
Emily Dittmar ◽  
John M. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Seed Oil Composition

Seed oil composition, an important agronomic trait in cultivated sunflower, varies latitudinally across the native range of its wild progenitor. This pattern is thought to be driven by selection for a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids in southern populations compared to northern populations, likely due to the different temperatures experienced during seed germination. To investigate whether these differences in fatty acid composition between northern and southern populations correspond to transcriptional variation in the expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, we sequenced RNA from developing seeds of sunflowers from Texas, USA and Saskatchewan, Canada (the extreme ends of sunflower's latitudinal range) grown in a common garden. Over 4,000 genes were found to be differentially expressed between Texas and Canada, including several genes involved in lipid metabolism. Many differentially expressed oil metabolism genes colocalized with known oil QTL. The genes producing stearoyl-ACP-desaturases (SAD) were of particular interest because of their known role in the conversion of fully saturated into unsaturated fatty acids. Two SAD genes were more highly expressed in seeds from Canadian populations, consistent with the observation of increased levels of unsaturated fatty acids in seeds from that region. We also constructed a gene co-expression network to investigate regional variation in network modules. The results of this analysis revealed regional differentiation for eight of twelve modules, but no clear relationship with oil biosynthesis. Overall, the differential expression of SAD genes offers a partial explanation for the observed differences in seed oil composition between Texas and Canada, while the expression patterns of other metabolic genes suggest complex regulation of fatty acid production and usage across latitudes.

scholarly journals Studies on Arsenic Absorption, Adsorption, Accumulation and Analysis of Biofuel Compounds in Microalgae for the Use of Arsenic Detoxification and Biofuel Productions

2020 ◽  
pp. 532-547
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Spectroscopic Method ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Arsenic Adsorption ◽  
Edax Analysis ◽  
Oil Derivatives ◽  
Arsenic Detoxification ◽  
Microalgal Species

Microalgae are autotrophic microorganisms that can grow slowly or rapidly and live in various climatic conditions due to their cellular structure. Microalgae can be used to produce energy in different processes. One of the best effective methods is to convert the algal oil derivatives in to biodiesel. The present investigation was done to study the arsenic absorption, adsorption and accumulation potential of three microalgal species isolated from highly arsenic contaminated areas for the use of arsenic detoxification. The present investigation was also done to analyze the biofuel compounds in microalgae for biofuel productions. The pure microalgal species such as Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus acutus and Oscillatoria acuminata were collected and isolated from various districts of West Bengal, India. The three potential microalgal species grown in BBM growth medium with various arsenic concentrations were harvested and subjected to fatty acids methyl esters extraction and transesterification to determine the biofuel compounds by GCMS for the production of biodiesel. High content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) were observed in all the arsenic treated microalgal samples over control samples. EDAX is an X-ray spectroscopic method used for determining arsenic elemental compositions in microalgal species. The EDAX analysis system worked as an integrated feature of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM combined with EDAX analysis helps to confirm the arsenic adsorption, uptake, accumulation and detoxification in microalgal species.

scholarly journals Effects of Genotype and Climatic Conditions on the Oil Content and Its Fatty Acids Composition of Carthamus tinctorius L. Seeds

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2048
Author(s):  
Kamel Zemour ◽  
Ahmed Adda ◽  
Amina Labdelli ◽  
Abdelkader Dellal ◽  
Muriel Cerny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Seed Oil Content ◽  
Semi Arid

Safflower seeds provide an oil rich in mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Its adaptation to drought and high temperatures makes it an alternative for the development of oleaginous crops in semi-arid areas. This study examines the oil content and the chemical composition of seed oil from three safflower accessions (Gila, Halab, Touggourt) cultivated over three years (2015, 2016, and 2017) in a semi-arid area in Tiaret (West of Algeria). Under these semi-arid conditions, characterized by low rainfall and high temperatures, seed oil content remained relatively high and was composed mainly of unsaturated fatty acids, with their ratio to saturated fatty acids reaching an average value of 9. Seed oil content varies between 22.8% and 28.4% among the genotypes and throughout the three years. The extracted oil consists essentially of unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and oleic acids, poly and monounsaturated, respectively. Their contents over the three years vary between 75% and 79.3% for linoleic acid and between 10.2% and 14.7% for oleic acid. The saturated fatty acids content of the oil reached a maximum value of 9%. They consist mainly of palmitic acid, of which the average genotypic content varies between 6.6% and 7.15% depending on all grown years. The results obtained may assist in better understanding the response of cultivars under rainfed conditions and could be helpful for breeders with regards to introduction into selection programs.

scholarly journals Reproductive performance of dairy cows fed a diet supplemented with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids – a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kacper Libera ◽  
Jan Włodarek ◽  
Ewelina Warzych ◽  
Adam Cieślak ◽  
Małgorzata Szumacher-Strabel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Biological Properties

AbstractThe aim of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge of reproductive performance of high-yielding dairy cows fed a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids (FAs), and to recommend a feeding schedule that can increase the success rate in reproduction. Dietary supplementation with fat, especially FA, has become an accepted strategy for supporting the fertility of high-yielding dairy cows. The two main categories of FAs, unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs), exert distinct effects on reproductive functions, with UFA having a conclusively beneficial impact. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are of particular importance on account of their biological properties. Standard feedstuffs (such as soybean) are rich in n-6 FAs, whereas few feedstuffs contain n-3 FAs. Neither the n-3 nor n-6 PUFAs are synthetized by the animal. Several field experiments have indicated that the recommended schedule of n-3 supplementation should last 160–170 days, from the eighth week before calving to 100 or 120 day postpartum. Supplementation of the diet thus covers the period from the late preantral stage of the follicle, the entire development of the antrum, oocyte ovulation, and fertilization, as well as the development of the preattachment embryo and its implantation. The following effects are among the important beneficial results of supplementation with n-3 FAs: a higher number of antral follicles suitable for ovum pick-up (OPU), larger dominant follicles and corresponding CL, better quality oocytes and embryos, and higher implantation rates resulting from improved uterine environment (e.g., reduced synthesis of luteolytic PGF2α). We conclude that dietary supplementation for high-yielding dairy cows with n-3 FAs supports ovarian functions and helps the embryo to survive in the adverse environment of the reproductive tract of the postpartum cow.

scholarly journals Oil Characterization and Lipids Class Composition of Pomegranate Seeds

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Amri ◽  
Houda Lazreg-Aref ◽  
Manel Mekni ◽  
Sinda El-Gharbi ◽  
Olfa Dabbaghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Class Composition ◽  
Phenolics Content ◽  
Pomegranate Seeds

This study aims to investigate the physicochemical characteristics, phenolics content, and oil composition of pomegranate oil seeds (PSO). Quality indices, pigments, phenolics content, and antioxidant activity were determined. PSO was fractioned into polar lipids: glycolipids (GL) and phospholipids (PL). Sterols profile and fatty acids composition of total lipids (TL), GL, and PL were determined by GC/FID. The free acidity, the peroxide value, and the specific extinction coefficients were, respectively, 1.69%, 3.42 in milliequivalents of active oxygen per kilogram of oil, 4.15, and 3.95. PSO is rich in phenols (93.42 mg/Kg) but poor in pigments. The sterols markers were β-sitosterol (77.94%), Δ5-avenasterol (7.45%), and campesterol (6.35%). Oil content was 12.2%, wherein 23.9% were GL and 24.35% were PL. TL were rich in unsaturated fatty acids (63.17%), while saturated fatty acids were more present in PL and GL (71.97% and 66.29%, resp.). Conjugated fatty acids were about 13.30%, 2.03%, and 4.91%, respectively, in TL, PL, and GL. The cis/trans ratio of TL, PL, and GL was, respectively, 49.82%, 42.91%, and 27.39%. Monounsaturated fatty acids were more bound in PL, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids were more bound in GL. PSO is a good source of essential fatty acids, phenolics compounds, phytosterols, and lipid-soluble fractions.

Lipids in Ruminant Nutrition and Its Effect on Human Health

2021 ◽  
pp. 344-367
Author(s):  
Eman H. Elsabaawy ◽  
Sawsan M. Gad
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Total Fat

Scientific evidence and nutritional guidelines recommend a reduction in total fat intake, particularly of saturated fatty acids, which are associated with an increased risk of obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and cancer. Nutritionists recommend a higher intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially n-3 PUFA at the expense of n-6 PUFA. Besides the beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids on human health, the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have attracted increased attention as a result of their health promoting biological properties. As milk and meat are the main sources of CLA for human consumption, increasing such important nutrient in animal products is strongly recommended. Fat supplementation is one of the methods of increasing PUFA content in ruminant products, and it has been shown that PUFA can be increased in milk by supplementation with vegetable oils and oil seeds. Vegetable oils as equivalent to oilseeds show similar effects on CLA content in ruminant products.

scholarly journals Grain Quality of Maize Cultivars as a Function of Planting Dates, Irrigation and Nitrogen Stress: A Case Study from Semiarid Conditions of Iran

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Maryam Rahimi Jahangirlou ◽  
Gholam Abbas Akbari ◽  
Iraj Alahdadi ◽  
Saeid Soufizadeh ◽  
David Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Irrigation Rate ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Maize Grain

Maize grain is an important source of human and animal feed, and its quality can be affected by management practices and climatic conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the concentration and composition of starch, protein and oil in grain of maize cultivars in response to different planting dates (20 June and 21 July), irrigation (12-day and 6-day intervals) and nitrogen rates (0 and 184 kg N ha−1). The first two principal components (PCs) accounted for 84.5% of the total variation. High N fertilization increased protein (by 6.0 and 10.9 g kg−1) and total nonessential amino acids (by 3.4 and 2.4 g kg−1) during 2018 and 2019, respectively. With the high irrigation rate, the high N rate increased oil, total unsaturated fatty acids, and starch and amylopectin, whereas with the low irrigation rate, there was no effect of the N rate. With earlier planting, total saturated fatty acids were higher. The findings highlight the complicated relationship between the different factors and how they affect quality characteristics of maize grain. There was a large impact of year, which to a great extent cannot be controlled, even in this environment where water supply was controlled and rainfall did not affect the results.

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