AbstractIn human microbiota, the prevention or promotion of invasions can be crucial to human health. Invasion outcomes, in turn, are impacted by the composition of resident communities and interactions among resident microbes. Microbial communities differ from communities composed of other types of organisms in that many microbial interactions are mediated by chemicals that are released into or consumed from the environment. We ask what determines invasion outcomes in such microbial communities. Here, we use a model based on chemical-mediated interactions among microbial species to assess the impact of positive and negative interactions on invasion outcomes. We classified invasion outcomes as resistance, augmentation, displacement, or disruption depending on whether the richness of the resident community was maintained or dropped and whether the invader was maintained in the community or went extinct. We found that as the number of invaders increased relative to size of the resident community, resident communities were increasingly disrupted. As facilitation of the invader by the resident community increased, resistance outcomes were replaced by displacement and augmentation. By contrast, as facilitation increased among residents, displacement outcomes shifted to resistance. When facilitation of the resident community by the invader was eliminated, augmentation outcomes were replaced by displacement outcomes, while when inhibition of residents by invaders was eliminated, there was little change in the frequency of invasion outcomes. These results suggest that a better understanding of the chemical-mediated interactions within resident communities and between residents and invaders is crucial to predicting the success of invasions into microbial communities.
The Impact of Helminths on the Human Microbiota: Therapeutic Correction of Disturbed Gut Microbial Immunity
