scholarly journals Feeding strategies for improving ruminant productivity in the post-COVID 19 pandemic era particularly for small holders

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-94
Author(s):  
Dennis P. Poppi ◽  
Kusmartono Kusmartono ◽  
Kasmyati Kasmyati ◽  
Simon P Quigley ◽  
Karen J Harper
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Feed Resources ◽  
Local Fluctuations ◽  
Small Holders ◽  
Funded Project ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
By Products

COVID-19 has highlighted the need for robust cattle supply chains using local feed resources. Higher Income Over Food Costs (IOFC) are usually achieved when live weight gains are high and the cost of the ingredients are low. There is a need to formulate rations with high metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) to achieve the high live weight gain. Rations can be formulated locally by farmer co-operatives, entrepreneurs and local commercial enterprises to take advantage of cheaper prices for local ingredients. To do this, rations need to be altered quickly to take advantage of local fluctuations in prices and availability of ingredients. A recent ACIAR funded project has developed a least cost ration (ACIAR LCR) system to formulate rations to meet minimum ME and CP contents for beef cattle using locally available ingredients. The use of cassava and its various products in combination with protein sources, such as tree legumes and high protein by-products, have markedly improved IOFC.

Determination apparent digestibility pomegranate seed using in vivo method

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 222-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Feizi ◽  
A. Ghodratnama ◽  
M. Zahedifar ◽  
M. Danesh Mesgaran ◽  
M. Raisianzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Pomegranate Seed ◽  
The Cost ◽  
By Products ◽  
Nutrients Digestibility

Pomegranate by-products (peel and seed) contain about 40-45 percent of the fruit’s weight, but little information is available on their nutritive value. Chemical analysis of the pomegranate seed (PS) show that it contains average of 10-12 percent of crude protein. PS also contain a little amount of tannin (about 2.7 percent). Since feed accounts for 75-85% of the total costs of meet production and the use of them in feeding ruminant may decrease the cost of feeding. The objective of this experiment was also to determine nutrients digestibility of PS.

Kola-pod husk as a partial substitute for maize in layer diets

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 121-121
Author(s):  
O. Olubamiwa ◽  
E. A. Iyayi ◽  
E.A. Ayodele ◽  
B.A. Adebowale
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Laying Hen ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Feed Resources ◽  
Alternative Feed ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk ◽  
Small Holder ◽  
By Products ◽  
Rural Poultry

The continued search for alternative feed resources for poultry in Africa is necessitated by the competition between people and poultry for cereal grains. Several farm and agro-industrial by-products have been evaluated for this purpose in West-Africa. One of such by-products, cocoa-pod husk (CPH) has shown promise in laying hen diets in Ghana and Nigeria (Osei et al., 1991; Sobamiwa, 1998). Another farm by-product sharing several similarities with CPH but of higher crude protein and lower crude fibre contents is Kola-pod husk (KPH). Nigeria produces 70% of world kola (Cola nitida Vent) and consequently the bulk of KPH which is estimated at 210,000 tones annually (Ogutuga, 1975). The present study investigates the partial replacement of maize with KPH in laying hen diets in South Western Nigeria. This is the region of kola production and it is characterized by small holder rural poultry farms which could easily adopt the findings of this study.

Feeding dried poultry waste for intensive beef production

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Oliphant
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Poultry Waste ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Considerable Saving ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost

SUMMARYDried poultry waste was substituted for soya and fish meals in an intensive beef ration to ascertain if it was a satisfactory alternative source of nitrogen and in an attempt to reduce the cost of production. The experiment was conducted over 3 years in each of which groups of autumn-born British Friesian male castrates were taken from 150 kg live weight to slaughter at 400 kg on various rations. The treatment rations were made isonitrogenous with the control (14·5% crude protein). When the crude protein of the poultry manure was low (24%) it was necessary to include 27·6% in the diet and poor performances resulted. For manures of 30 % crude protein, or when urea was added to equalize the nitrogen content of diets containing up to 17·5% manure, performance was not markedly different from that shown with control diets. There was a considerable saving in the food cost at the prices ruling when the experiment was conducted and it was concluded that the use of dried poultry manure could increase the profitability of intensively produced beef.

scholarly journals Effects of feed processing on the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in pig diets containing wheat bran or wheat middlings

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 557-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo Valaja ◽  
Hilkka Siljander-Rasi ◽  
Markku Mäkinen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Processing ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
By Products

The effects of feed processing on the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acid and the utilisation of nitrogen (N) in diets containing wheat by-products were studied in five castrated male pigs (live weight 40-109 kg). A T-cannula was surgically fitted into the caecum of the pigs at a live weight of 27 kg using the steered ileo-caecal valve technique. The experiment was conducted with a 6 x 5 cyclic change-over design in which six diets were arranged 2x3 factorially. The corresponding factors were type of wheat by-product in the diets: wheat bran (152 g/kg) or wheat middlings (328 g/kg), and method of feed processing: steam pelleting, expanding or extrusion. The other dietary feed ingredients were barley and soya bean meal. The feed-processing method or dietary wheat by-product had no effect on the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and crude protein. The pigs on diets containing wheat middlings tended to retain more N per intake (p

scholarly journals Performance of Holstein heifers fed sugarcane silages treated with urea, sodium benzoate or Lactobacillus buchneri

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
André de Faria Pedroso ◽  
Luiz Gustavo Nussio ◽  
Waldomiro Barioni Júnior ◽  
Armando de Andrade Rodrigues ◽  
Daniele Rebouças Santana Loures ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Lactobacillus Buchneri ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Daily Gain

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of heifers fed sugarcane silages produced with and without additives. Thirty-two Holstein heifers were randomly assigned, in a block design, to evaluate rations (46% silage; 54% concentrate; 12% crude protein) containing silages treated with (fresh basis) urea (0.5%), sodium benzoate (0.1%) or Lactobacillus buchneri (3.64x10(5) cfu g-1 ). Inoculation with L. buchneri improved daily gain (1.24 vs. 0.94 kg day-1 ), and the addition of benzoate resulted in better feed conversion (7.6 vs. 9.4 kg of dry matter per kg of live weight), in relation to the untreated silage (control). Treatments did not affect dry matter intake (mean of 2.19% of live weight). Rations containing silages treated with benzoate or L. buchneri showed lower cost per kg of weight gain. Treatment with urea did not improve animal performance, but the cost per kg of weight gain was lower than that of the control ration.

scholarly journals Fattening of Young Beef Cattle on Hay Diets

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Tatarkina ◽  
Ekaterina Ponomareva ◽  
Firdus Safin
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Young Cattle ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Perennial Legumes ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Feed Unit

The article presents the results of studies on the use of hayfood rations from perennial legumes prepared in packaging film for feeding young cattle. The diets of feeding young cattle are balanced according to the main elements of nutrition, which made it possible to obtain average daily gains at the level of 10220–1244 grams. The nutritional value of the diets was almost the same in the groups and amounted to 9.33–9.39 energetic feed unit. It was found that animals treated with alfalfa and goat senator digested dry matter better by 7.83 and 3.4 %, crude protein by 5.41 and 1.87 %; crude fat by 19.89 and 4.67 %, crude fiber by 16.46 and 14.10 % compared with calves receiving clover hay, respectively. Using silage diets from these crops improves energy metabolism. The coefficient of productive use of metabolic energy by animals of the 3rd experimental group was 43.91 %, which is 5.15 % more than in the 1st experimental group, by 8.60 % from the 2nd experimental group. Animals of the 3 experimental groups were characterized by a higher slaughter yield, in comparison with other groups. The cost of feed per unit of increase in live weight of animals in group 2 was 9.19 energetic feed unit, which is 0.9 energetic feed unit and 1.73 energetic feed unit less than in 1 and 3 groups.

scholarly journals EFEKAT ENZIMA PROTEAZE NA PRINOS I UDEO JESTIVIH PRATEĆIH PROIZVODA KLANJA PILIĆA HIBRIDA MASTER GRIS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Doskovic ◽  
◽  
Snežana Bogosavljevic-Boškovic ◽  
Zdenka Škrbic ◽  
Miloš Lukic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
By Products

The effect of supplemental protease (Ronozyme ProAct) in broiler diet on the weights and percentage yields of slaughter by-products of male and female medium-growing Master Gris broiler chickens was analysed. Fattening period lasted for 63 days. Broilers were assigned to 3 experimental groups, each consisting of 100 birds. Experimental groups differed in protease levels used in their diets: control broilers (C) received complete feeds (starter, grower and finisher) without supplemental protease; chickens in the experimental group E-I were given a diet containing 0.2% protease and crude protein levels reduced by 4% compared with the control group, whereas experimental E-II broilers were fed a diet supplemented with 0.3% protease and containing crude protein levels reduced by 6% compared with C birds. The analysis of the results showed that feeding treatments had a very small effect on the weights and proportion yields of edible by-products (with difference only in the percentage yield of liver relative to live weight between C and E-I broilers, P<0.05), whereas sex was found to affect almost all slaughter by-products (except abdominal fat weight and the percentage yield of gizzard relative to live weight, P>0.05).

Starch:fibre ratio of concentrates for dairy cows

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 32-32
Author(s):  
J D Sutton ◽  
J A Bines ◽  
D J Napper ◽  
S V Morant
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
High Quality ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
High Starch ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
By Products ◽  
Standard Ration ◽  
Friesian Cows

In a previous experiment it was found that when concentrates were given in large amounts with a fixed ration of hay, cows receiving starchy concentrates gave more milk but with a lower fat concentration than cows receiving the same amount of high quality fibrous concentrates of a similar metabolisable energy (ME) concentration. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the effects of varying the starch:fibre ratio of the concentrates on milk yield and composition and on hay intake.Sixty-one Friesian cows in their second or later lactation were given a standard ration for the first two weeks of lactation and were then allocated to one of eight experimental treatments for the following 18 weeks. All the cows were given 13.5 kg/d of one of four concentrates of similar crude protein and estimated ME concentrations. The concentrates varied from high starch (S) based on barley, wheat and cassava to high fibre (F) based on high-quality by-products (citrus pulp, molassed sugar beet pulp and wheatfeed) with two intermediate types (SF and FS).

Nutrient interactions in pig nutrition I. Factors affecting the response to vitamin B12 in growing pigs

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Carpenter ◽  
J. Duckworth ◽  
I. A. M. Lucas ◽  
D. H. Shrimpton ◽  
D. M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
By Products

1. Growth and feed conversion efficiency of pigs between weaning and 100 lb. live weight were improved by adding a vitamin B12 a supplement to simplified all-plant rations containing, principally, barley and groundnut meal. This response was obtained with less than one-third of the U.S. recommended allowance of vitamin B12 in the rations of growing pigs.2. No such response was obtained when a vitamin B12 supplement was added to rations containing milling by-products and grass meal.3. When pigs were fed to a scale based on live weight, those that received an all-plant ration (containing milling by-products and grass meal, and relying on groundnut meal as the main source of supplementary protein to give a total content of 18·4 to 18·8% crude protein) gave 90–93% as good growth as pigs that were fed rations of similar total digestible nutrient content containing 14·5–15·5% crude protein and 3·6 or 7·0% white fish meal. Calculations suggest that such groundnut meal rations may be slightly deficient in lysine, but probably not deficient in tryptophan or ‘cystine + methionine’.4. When pigs were fed to appetite, those that received rations containing 3·6% white fish meal and no milling by-products or grass meal, ate significantly more than those that had either ‘milling by-products + grass meal’ or no fish meal in their rations; they grew proportionately faster, with no improvement in the efficiency of feed conversion.5. The carcasses of pigs that had received all-plant rations from weaning to bacon weight were of good quality, and their measurements did not differ from those of pigs that had received fish meal to 100 lb. live weight.

scholarly journals Effect of feed restriction and different crude protein sources on the performance, health status and carcass traits of growing rabbits

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Uhlířová ◽  
Z. Volek ◽  
M. Marounek ◽  
E. Tůmová
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
White Lupin ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Ad Libitum

<p>We evaluate the effect of the crude protein source (CP) in combination with 2 feeding strategies (AL: ad libitum or R: restricted) on the performance, health status and carcass traits of growing-fattening rabbits (between 33 and 75 d of age). Two experimental diets were formulated; the first containing soybean meal (SBM: 70 g/kg) as the main CP source and the second containing white lupin seeds (WLS: 105 g/kg) as the main CP source. A total of 160 weaned Hyplus rabbits (774±10 g live weight) were randomly allocated to the experimental groups, combination of feeding strategy and diet (AL SBM, R SBM, AL WLS and R WLS; 40 rabbits per group with 4 rabbits per cage), for 42 d. The feeding programme was applied as follows: both the AL SBM and AL WLS rabbits were fed ad libitum for the entire fattening period, whereas the R SBM and R WLS rabbits were subjected to feed restriction between 33 and 47 d of age (75% of the ad libitum intake). Afterwards, all restricted rabbits were fed ad libitum until 75 d of age. Regardless of the CP source, the feed restriction reduced the final live weight by 83 g, chilled carcass weight by 65 g, and dressing out percentage by 0.9 percentage points (P&lt;0.05). There was a higher chilled carcass weight (+114 g; P=0.001) and reference carcass weight (+91 g; P=0.001) in rabbits fed with WLS diet than in rabbits fed with SBM diet. No dead or morbid rabbits were observed in restricted rabbits during the restriction period. There was no effect of the diet on the health of rabbits. However when the rabbits of AL SBM and AL WLS group were compared did we observe a lower number of rabbits at sanitary risk in AL WLS group (2 vs. 12 rabbits, P=0.006). In conclusion, the growth performance was not affected by the crude protein source, and no interaction between dietary CP source and feeding regime was observed. Feed restriction regime did not improve sanitary risk index throughout the entire period.</p>

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