scholarly journals WHICH IS MORE EFFECTIVE, A MIND MAP OR A CONCEPT MAP LEARNING STRATEGY?

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 520-531
Author(s):  
I Wayan Redhana ◽  
Kadek Widiastari ◽  
Achmad Samsudin ◽  
Irwanto Irwanto

A mind map and a concept map learning strategy are two learning strategies that are often used to improve students’ learning achievement. This study aimed to describe the differences in learning achievement between students who studied with a mind map learning strategy and those who used the concept map learning strategy, as well as the students’ responses toward the learning strategy applied. This type of study was a quasi-experiment with a pretest-posttest control group design. The methods used in this study were a test and a questionnaire. Data of students’ learning achievement were analyzed using inferential statistics of covariance analysis, while data of students’ responses were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The results of the study indicated that there were significant differences in the learning achievement between students who used the mind map learning strategy and those who studied with the concept map learning strategy. Those who used the mind map learning strategy had better achievements than those using the concept map learning strategy. In addition, the students’ responses were more positive toward the mind map learning strategy than to the concept map learning strategy.

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Megawati Megawati ◽  
Suherman Suherman ◽  
Purnama Ningsih

This research aims to examine the demonstration method on chemistry learning through colloid materials to learning achievement and interest of students at class XI Science of SMA Negeri 1 Kasimbar. This research was a true experimental design with pretest-posttest control group design. Sampling was carried out based on special considerations (purposive sampling) with 21 students in class XI science 2 as a sample of experimental class and 21 students of class XI science 1 as control class. This research instruments were a learning achievement test and questionnaire. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistical analysis, namely test questionnaire data, as well as inferential statistical analysis to test the hypothesis using two-party t-test. Analysis of questionnaire data of students’ learning interests showed that the experimental class was in the agree to category with a percentage of 78.05% while the control class was in the agree category with a percentage of 60.63%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the demonstration method in chemistry learning on colloidal material affects the learning achievement learning interest of students class XI Science of SMA Negeri 1 Kasimbar.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-216
Author(s):  
Yeni Rafika ◽  
Welly Anggraini ◽  
Rifda El Fiah

Abstract: This study aims to compare the Mind Mapping and ARIAS learning models (Assurance, Relevance, Interest, Assessment, Satisfaction) to the understanding of physics concepts in class VIII students at SMP Negeri 1 Bukit Kemuning. This study is a Quasi Experiment Design with research villages using the Pretest-Posttest Design Control Group. The selection of samples using Purposive Sampling techniques. The research samples were experimental class I (VIII 4) which applied the Mind Mapping learning model and experimental class II (VIII 6) which applied the ARIAS learning model (Assurance, Relevance, Interest, Assessment, Satisfaction). Data collection instruments used were test instruments for understanding concepts (pretest and posttest) with essay questions. Based on the research results that have been calculated by the t-test with a significant level of α = 0.05 (5%) that tcount = 1.725 and ttable = 1.708 which indicates that tcount> ttable, to obtain conclusions Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected which means there is a comparison of models Mind Mapping and ARIAS on understanding the concepts of physics of students in SMP Negeri 1 Bukit KemuningAbstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan model pembelajaran Mind Mapping dan ARIAS(Assurance, Relevance, Interest, Assessment, Satisfaction) terhadap pemahaman konsep fisika pada peserta didik kelas VIII di SMP Negeri 1 Bukit Kemuning. Penelitian ini merupakan Quasi EksperimentDesign dengan desain penelitian menggunakan Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Pemilihan sampel menggunakan teknik Sampling Purposive. Sampel penelitian yakni kelas eksperimen I (VIII 4) yang diterapkan model pembelajaran Mind Mapping dan kelas eksperimen II (VIII 6) yang diterapkan  model pembelajaran ARIAS(Assurance, Relevance, Interest, Assessment, Satisfaction). Instrumen pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu instrumen tes untuk pemahaman konsep (pretest dan posttest) dengan bentuk soal essai. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dihitung dengan uji-t dengan taraf signifikan α = 0,05 (5%) bahwa thitung = 1,725 dan ttabel = 1,708 yang menunjukkan bahwa thitung> ttabel , sehingga diperoleh kesimpulan Ha diterima dan H0 ditolak yang artinya terdapat perbandingan model Mind Mapping dan ARIAS terhadap pemahaman konsep fisika peserta didik di SMP Negeri 1 Bukit Kemuning


2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
Sri Yunita Ningsih ◽  
Gustimalasari Gustimalasari

Abstract. This research has been made to know skill of student’s concept by using active learning strategy everyone is teacher here (ETH). Beside that this study aims to measure student’s concept understanding with statistical test between Experimental Class (Active Learning Strategy Everyone Is Teacher Here) and control class (Conventional Learning ). The population was seventh grade of SMPN 3 Lirik consist 94 students in three classes. Sample was took randomly, experiment class ( VII.2 ) and control class ( VII.I ) This research was experiment, the form of this research was Quasi Experimental Design with randomized subject posttest only control group design. based on statistic data processing has been retrieved - t hitung -3,159 smaller than - t table was -2,000 and based on t test has been retrieved -thitung < -t table so Ho rejected and Ha received. So that the writer conclude that skill of math student’s concept understanding by using active learning Strategy Everyone Is Teacher Here (ETH) is better than conventional concept understanding.Keywords: Everyone Is A Teacher Here, Concept Understanding


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
Hadibyono Hadibyono

This study aimed to know the effect of cyclical e-evaluation of learning achievement in chemistry at second class even semester in Multimedia of SMK Negeri 12 Surabaya. A set of learning was developed by modification of the development of the 3-P model of learning that adapted from Ibrahim. Planning applied in taking data is modification from design "The Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design, Using Matched Subjects". Statistical result of calculation using t test  sample correlated, shows there are influence cyclical e-evaluation is having  to achievement of student learning chemistry  at SMK in significance. Cyclical e-evaluation can be used as an alternative of recording of students' cognitive abilities, so that teachers can know the student's cognitive condition easily and quickly. Cyclica l e- evaluation can also encourage students to learn more intense because the students knew directly the score obtained and they will be directed by feedback.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh e-evaluation bersiklus terhadap prestasi belajar kimia pada siswa kelas XI semester II jurusan Multimedia SMK Negeri 12 Surabaya. Perangkat dikembangkan dengan modifikasi pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran model 3-P yang diadapatasi dari Ibrahim. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam mengambil data adalah modifikasi dari rancangan “The Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design, Using Matched Subjects”. Data statistik hasil perhitungan menggunakan uji t sampel berhubungan, menunjukkan ada pengaruh e-evaluation bersiklus terhadap prestasi belajar kimia siswa SMK secara signifikan. E-evaluation bersiklus dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif perekaman kemampuan kognitif siswa, sehingga guru dapat mengetahui kondisi kognitif siswa dengan mudah dan cepat. E-evaluation bersiklus juga dapat mendorong siswa untuk belajar lebih intens karena siswa langsung tahu perolehan skornya dan mereka akan terarahkan oleh balikan atau feedback yang tersedia


2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Suib Awrus ◽  
Wisdiarman Wisdiarman

IMPLEMENTASI DISCOVERY LEARNING PADA PEMBELAJARAN SENI BUDAYA BIDANG SENI RUPA:  EKSPERIMEN PADA SISWA KELAS VII SLTPAbstractThe aim of this research was to find out the effect of using discovery learning strategy on the students’ performance in the Arts and Culture subject at SMPN 18 Padang. It was a quasi-experimental research which applied Pretest- Posttest Control Group Design. The population of this research were all students registered in the first semester in the academic year 2014/2015, and the samples were chosen purposively (purposive sampling). The source of the data was the written test administered to the students. The data obtained then were analyzed statistically. The test consisted of multiple choice questions on theories of arts and culture. T-test was used to prove the hypothesis of this research. The finding of the research showed that the students taught by using discovery learning strategy performed better than those taught by using conventional teaching strategy. Keywords: discovery learning strategy, arts and culture, learning resultsabstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan discovery learning strategy terhadap kinerja siswa pada mata pelajaran Seni Rupa dan Budaya di SMPN 18 Padang. Ini adalah penelitian kuasi-eksperimental yang menerapkan Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa yang terdaftar pada semester pertama tahun akademik 2014/2015, dan sampelnya dipilih secara purposive (purposive sampling). Sumber data adalah tes tertulis yang diberikan kepada siswa. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis secara statistik. Tes terdiri dari pertanyaan pilihan ganda tentang teori seni dan budaya. T-test digunakan untuk membuktikan hipotesis penelitian ini. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa yang diajar dengan menggunakan strategi pembelajaran penemuan dilakukan lebih baik daripada yang diajarkan dengan menggunakan strategi pengajaran konvensional.Kata kunci: strategi pembelajaran penemuan, seni dan budaya, Hasil belajar


2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Putu Deli Januartini ◽  
Ketut Agustini ◽  
I Gede Partha Sindu

 AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui (1) pengaruh signifikan penggunaan model pembelajaran Think Pair Square dan Think Pair Share terhadap hasil belajar siswa, (2) hasil belajar yang lebih baik antara model pembelajaran Think Pair Square  atau  Think Pair Share, (3) motivasi belajar siswa, (4) respon siswa.Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimen semu dengan rancangan Post Test Only Control Group Design. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas X. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah kelas X1 dengan model Think Pair Square, kelas X3 dengan model Think Pair Share dan X5 dengan model Direct Instruction.Data hasil belajar dianalisis melalui uji prasyarat dengan hasil ketiga kelompok berdistribusi normal dan homogen serta uji hipotesis menggunakan Anova Satu Jalur dengan hasil terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan penggunaan model pembelajaran Think Pair Square, Think Pair Share dan Direct Instruction. Kemudian uji lanjut t-Scheffe dengan hasil terdapat perbedaan hasil belajar penggunaan model pembelajaran Think Pair Square, Think Pair Share dan Direct Instruction. Dilihat dari rata-rata hasil belajar maka disimpulkan model Think Pair Square lebih baik dengan hasil belajar lebih tinggi. Hasil analisis angket Think Pair Square diketahui respon sangat positif dan tingkat motivasi belajar sangat tinggi, Think Pair Share diketahui respon positif dan tingkat motivasi belajar sangat tinggi. Kata kunci:  Think Pair Square, Think Pair Share, Direct Instruction, hasil belajar, motivasi belajar, dan respon siswa. AbstractThe purpose of this study were to determine (1) the significant influence of the application of think pair square and think pair share learning model on student’s learning achievement, (2) better learning achievement between think pair square and think pair share learning model, (3) student’s motivation, (4) the student’s responses.The research was a quasi-experimental design experiment with post test only control group design. The population of study was all the students in grade X. The sample were as X1 class with the application of Think Pair Square learning model, X3 class with the application of Think Pair Share learning model, and X5 class with the application of Direct Instruction learning model.The data was collected by cognitive and psychomotor tests. The student’s learning achievement were analyzed by the prerequisite test with the results of the three groups at normal distribution and homogenous, and the hypothesis tested by One Way Anova which means there is a significant effect on the application of think pair square, think pair share, and direct instruction learning models. Then it was conducted a further test t-Scheffe with the results there are differences in the learning achievement between think pair square, think pair share, and direct instruction learning models. According to the average result we made a conclusion that Think Pair Square was better learning models with higher student’s learning achievement. The questionnaires results shows that Think Pair Square was very high positiveresponse and very high learning motivation, Think Pair Share was high positive response and very high learning motivation. Keywords :   Think Pair Square, Think Pair Share, Direct Instruction, learning achievement, learning motivation, and student response. 


2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-54
Author(s):  
I Made Yuda Suryawan ◽  
I Wayan Santyasa ◽  
I Gede Aris Gunadi

ABSTRAKSI: Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan pengaruh interaktif antara model pembelajaran dan motivasi berprestasi terhadap prestasi belajar Fisika. Penelitian menggunakan kuasi eksperimen dengan desain pre-test dan post-test non-equivalent control group design. Populasi penelitian adalah siswa Kelas X MIPA SMAN (Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri) 1 Kubutambahan di Bali, Indonesia, yang terdiri dari empat kelas atau 130 orang. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan analisis kovarian dua jalur. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa prestasi belajar siswa diakibatkan oleh perbedaan model pembelajaran. Prestasi belajar yang lebih tinggi diraih oleh siswa yang menerima perlakuan model PBL (Problem Based Learning atau Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah). Perbedaan prestasi belajar siswa juga diakibatkan oleh perbedaan motivasi berprestasi. Prestasi belajar yang lebih tinggi diraih oleh siswa yang memiliki MBT (Motivasi Berprestasi Tinggi). Akhirnya, ada pengaruh interaktif antara model pembelajaran dan motivasi berprestrasi terhadap prestasi belajar siswa. KATA KUNCI: Model Pembelajaran; Prestasi Belajar; Motivasi; Matapelajaran Fisika. ABSTRACT: “Effectiveness of the Problem Based Learning Model and Student Achievement Motivation in Gaining the Physics Learning Achievements”. The research describes the interactive influence between model of learning and achievement motivation toward Physics learning achievement. The research used a quasi experimental study with pre-test and post-test non-equivalent control group design. The population of this study were the students of Class X Mathematics and Sciences at the Public Senior High School 1 Kubutambahan in Bali, Indonesia, consisted of four classes or 130 people. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and two-ways analysis of covariance. The results of this study reveal that the student achievement is due to the differences in learning models. Higher learning achievement was achieved by students who received treatment of PBL (Problem Based Learning) model. The differences in student achievement are due to also the differences in achievement motivation. Higher achievement of learning achieved by students who have high achievement motivation. Lastly, there are the interactive influences between learning model and achievement motivation towards the student achievement.KEY WORD: Learning Model; Learning Achievement; Motivation; Physics Subject.    About the Authors: I Made Yuda Suryawan, S.Pd. adalah Mahasiswa Jurusan Pendidikan Fisika FMIPA UNDIKSHA (Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha) di Singaraja 81116, Bali, Indonesia. Prof. Dr. I Wayan Santyasa dan Dr. I Gede Aris Gunadi adalah Dosen di Jurusan Pendidikan Fisika FMIPA UNDIKSHA di Singaraja 81116, Bali, Indonesia. Untuk kepentingan akademik, alamat emel penulis adalah: [email protected], [email protected], dan [email protected] Citation: Suryawan, I Made Yuda, I Wayan Santyasa I Gede Aris Gunadi. (2019). “Keefektifan Model Problem Based Learning dan Motivasi Berprestasi Siswa dalam Pencapaian Prestasi Belajar Fisika” in MIMBAR PENDIDIKAN: Jurnal Indonesia untuk Kajian Pendidikan, Volume 4(1), Maret, pp.35-54. Bandung, Indonesia: UPI [Indonesia University of Education] Press, ISSN 2527-3868 (print) and 2503-457X (online). Article Timeline: Accepted (November 10, 2018); Revised (January 15, 2019); and Published (March 30, 2019).


2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
Nandhini Hudha Anggarasari

Abstraksi Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan strategi pembelajaran sosiodrama dan presentasi. Dugaan awal yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini adalah ada perbedaan antara strategi pembelajaran sosiodrama dan presentasi. Strategi pembelajaran sosiodrama lebih efektif dalam penyerapan informasi pada mahasiswa daripada pembelajaran presentasi. Subjek penelitian adalah semua mahasiswa yang ada di kelas psikologi perkembangan di A dan B. Peneliti memberikan posttest setiap selesai melakukan presentasi dan sosiodrama di masing-masing kelas, kemudian mereview proses pembelajaran. Posttest dilakukan dalam 12 kali pertemuan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimen Posttest Only, Equivalent Control Group Design, yaitu subjek yang diberi perlakuan merupakan keseluruhan subjek dalam kelompok tersebut. Metode analisis data dilakukan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan fasilitas program SPSS versi IBM 22,00 dan analisis data deskriptif dari hasil observasi. Teknik analisis uji U-Mann Whitney test menunjukkan skor p > 0,05 yang artinya tidak ada perbedaan antara menggunakan strategi pembelajaran sosiodrama dan presentasi. Namun, dari hasil rata-rata nilai posttest kelas, ditemukan bahwa kelas yang menggunakan metode sosiodrama memiliki nilai rata-rata yang lebih tinggi daripada metode presentasi. Kata kunci : strategi pembelajaran, sosiodrama, presentasi  Abstract This study aims to determine the differences in learning strategies sociodrama and presentation. Initial allegations put forward in this study is there is a difference between learning strategies sociodrama and presentation. Sociodramas more effective learning strategies in the uptake of information on student learning rather than presentation. Subjects numbered are all students in the class in the A and B. Researchers gave posttest after each presentation and sociodramas in each class, and then reviewing the learning process. Posttest conducted in 12 meetings. The method used was experimental posttest Only, Equivalent Control Group Design, the subject being treated is a whole subject in the group. Methods of data analysis performed in this study using the facilities of IBM SPSS version 22.00 and descriptive data analysis of the results of observation. Engineering test analysis Mann Whitney U-test showed score p> 0.01, which means there is no difference between the use of learning strategies sociodrama and presentation. However, the results of the average posttest value, it was found that the class using sociodramas method has an average value higher than the method of presentation. Keywords: learning strategies; sociodramas; presentation  


2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bambang Hariadi

Abstract: This study was aimed to examine the effect of the instructional learning strategy (webbased STAD-type cooperative and text-based STAD-type cooperative learning strategies) and learning styles towards student learning achievement. This quasi-experimental study used a non-equivalent control group version of the factorial design. The subjects were the first-semester undergraduate students of Information Systems at STIKOM Surabaya. Sixty-nine (69) students were involved, 34 of whom were the subjects of the experimental group and 35 were the subjects of the control group. The collected data were statistically analyzed by using the two-way analysis of variance technique (ANOVA) with the significance level of 0.05. The findings of this research indicate that there was a significant difference in learning achievement, for the General Management course, between groups of students taught with the web-based STAD-type cooperative learning strategies and those taught with the text-based STAD-type cooperative learning strategies. Based on the findings, the researcher suggests lecturers to implement the STAD-type cooperative learning strategies, and use the web-based and text-based strategies simultaneously (complementarily) in the form of blended learning. Keywords: learning strategy, STAD type cooperative, web based learning, learning styles, learning outcomes PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF BERBASIS WEB, GAYA BELAJAR, DAN HASIL BELAJAR MAHASISWA Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh strategi pembelajaran (kooperatif tipe STAD berbasis web vs kooperatif tipe STAD berbasis teks) dan gaya belajar terhadap hasil belajar mahasiswa. Penelitian kuasi eksperimen ini menggunakan desain faktorial versi nonequivalen control group design. Subjek penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa program studi Sistem Informasi semester I di STIKOM Surabaya yang berjumlah 69 mahasiswa, terdiri dari 34 mahasiswa untuk kelas eksperimen dan 35 mahasiswa untuk kelas kontrol. Data yang terkumpul diolah secara statistik dengan menggunakan teknik analisis varian dua jalur dengan menggunakan taraf signifikansi 0,05. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan hasil belajar mata kuliah Manajemen Umum yang signifikan antara kelompok mahasiswa yang dibelajarkan dengan strategi kooperatif tipe STAD berbasis web dan strategi kooperatif tipe STAD berbasis teks. Berdasarkan temuan penelitian ini disarankan untuk menerapkan strategi pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD dan menggunakannya secara bersamaan (saling melengkapi) antara yang berbasis web dengan yang berbasis teks dalam bentuk blended learning. Kata Kunci: strategi pembelajaran, kooperatif tipe STAD, web base learning, gaya belajar, hasil belajar


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
ARI IVAYANTI ARDIK SHOLIKHA

<p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pembelajaran model <em>reading-concept map-jigsaw</em> pada materi sistem ekskresi terhadap kompetensi 4C’s siswa SMA N 2 Ungaran. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian <em>Quasi Experiment</em> dengan desain penelitian <em>Non-Equivalent Control Group Design.</em> Populasi yang digunakan adalah seluruh kelas XI MIPA SMA N 2 Ungaran. Sampel yang digunakan adalah kelas XI MIPA 2 sebagai kelas kontrol dan XI MIPA 3 sebagai kelas eksperimen. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan <em>cluster random sampling. </em>Rata-rata nilai <em>posttest</em> kelas XI MIPA 2 adalah 80,76 dan kelas XI MIPA 3 adalah 90,21. Hasil uji<em> independent sample t test</em>  menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan rata-rata yang signifikan antara nilai <em>posttest</em> kelas eksperimen dan kontrol, dengan nilai signifikansi 0,000 &lt; 0,05. Uji <em>n-gain</em> dilakukan untuk mengetahui peningkatan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa, yang menunjukkan hasil rata-rata <em>n-gain</em> kelas XI MIPA 2 adalah 0,64 (sedang) dan rata-rata <em>n-gain</em> XI MIPA 3 adalah 0,81 (tinggi). Rata-rata nilai kuesioner keterampilan berpikir kreatif pada kelas XI MIPA 2 adalah 70,73 dan kelas XI MIPA 3 adalah 75,21. Hasil uji <em>independent sample t test</em> menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan rata-rata yang signifikan antara nilai kuesioner kelas eksperimen dan kontrol, dengan nilai signifikasi 0,008 &lt; 0,05. Rata-rata nilai observasi keterampilan komunikasi pada kelas XI MIPA 2 adalah 74,77 dan kelas XI MIPA 3 adalah 85,53. Rata-rata nilai observasi keterampilan kolaborasi pada kelas XI MIPA 2 adalah 77,03 dan kelas XI MIPA 3 adalah 83,88. Hasil uji<em> independent sample </em>t test menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan rata-rata yang signifikan antara hasil nilai observasi keterampilan komunikasi dan kolaborasi kelas eksperimen dan kontrol, dengan nilai signifikasi 0,000 &lt; 0,05. Hasil ini diperkuat dengan tanggapan guru dan siswa yang memberikan respon yang positif terhadap model pembelajaran <em>remap jigsaw.</em> Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan pembelajaran model <em>reading-concept map-jigsaw</em> pada materi sistem ekskresi berpengaruh terhadap kompetensi 4C’s siswa SMA N 2 Ungaran. </p><p><strong>Kata kunci</strong>: kompetensi 4C’s, model <em>reading-concept map-jigsaw</em>, sistem ekskresi.</p>


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