Some Further Evidence on Homicide and a Regional Culture of Violence

1976 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Regional Culture ◽  
Southern Culture ◽  
Usual Practice ◽  
Nonwhite Population ◽  
Culture Of Violence ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

Gastil's theory and investigation of homicide and the Southern tradition of violence are briefly examined [1]. Although his attempt to construct a quantitative index of Southerness and relate it to states' homicide rates provides a decided improvement over the usual practice of simply comparing “Southern” and “Northern” states, his analysis suffers from the use of homicide figures issued by the U.S. Public Health Service as an index of his dependent variable, criminal homicide. Inspection of these figures shows them to encompass “causes of death” ranging from premeditated murder to legal executions. To avoid this difficulty and provide a more refined analysis, alternative data for first and second degree murder and murder and nonnegligent manslaughter are examined. These data and Gastil's Southerness index along with eight socioeconomic and demographic variables are fit into a correlation analysis. Results of this analysis show a very substantial positive association between Southerness and rate for all three offenses. While on the surface these findings appear consistent with Gastil's hypothesis, when a number of socioeconomic and demographic factors are introduced into the analysis as control variables, Southerness proves to only have a slight independent effect on rate. That is, the substantial correlation between Southerness and offense rates is primarily a result of the association between Southerness and factors like educational attainment, income, percentage nonwhite population, population density, etc., all of which have been previously linked to levels of homicide. Overall, little support is found for Gastil's and other's notion of a Southern Culture of violence.

scholarly journals Association between educational level and vegetable use in nine European countries

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2174-2182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritva Prättälä ◽  
Samu Hakala ◽  
Albert-Jan R Roskam ◽  
Eva Roos ◽  
Uwe Helmert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The Mediterranean

AbstractObjectiveThe relationship of socio-economic status and vegetable consumption is examined in nine European countries. The aim is to analyse whether the pattern of socio-economic variation with regard to vegetable consumption is similar in all studied countries with high v. low vegetable availability and affordability, and whether education has an independent effect on vegetable consumption once the effects of other socio-economic factors have been taken into account.DesignThe data for the study were obtained from national surveys conducted in Finland, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, France, Italy and Spain, in 1998 or later. These surveys included data on the frequency of use of vegetables. Food Balance Sheets indicated that the availability of vegetables was best in the Mediterranean countries. The prices of vegetables were lowest in the Mediterranean countries and Germany.ResultsEducational level was positively associated with vegetable consumption in the Nordic and Baltic countries. In the Mediterranean countries, education was not directly associated with the use of vegetables but, after adjusting for place of residence and occupation, it was found that those with a lower educational level consumed vegetables slightly more often. Manual workers consumed vegetables less often than non-manual workers, but otherwise there was no systematic association with occupation.ConclusionsThe Mediterranean countries did not show a positive association between educational level and vegetable consumption. The positive association found in the Northern European countries is linked to the lower availability and affordability of vegetables there and their everyday cooking habits with no long-standing cultural tradition of using vegetables.

Money and happiness: does age make a difference?

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 1289-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHANG-MING HSIEH
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTAlthough the factors that influence people's perception of happiness have long been a focus for scholars, research to date has not offered conclusive findings on the relationships between income, age and happiness. This study examined the relationship between money and happiness across age groups. Analysing data from United States General Social Surveys from 1972 to 2006, this study finds that even after controlling for all the major socio-demographic variables, income (whether household income or personal equivalised income) had a significant positive association with happiness for young and middle-age adults, but it was not the same case with older adults. After controlling for the major socio-demographic variables, there was no evidence of a significant relationship between income (whichever definition) and happiness for older adults. The results also showed that the effect of household income on happiness was significantly smaller for older adults than for young or middle-age adults in the model controlling for major socio-demographic variables. The relationship between household income and happiness no longer differed significantly across age groups after social comparison variables were included. The relationship between equivalised income and happiness did not vary significantly by age group after controlling for the major socio-demographic variables.

Cross-Cultural Insight into the Association between Religiousness and Authoritarianism

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergej Flere ◽  
Rudi Klanjšek
Keyword(s):  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Eastern Orthodox ◽  
Main Study ◽  
Religious Salience ◽  
Extrinsic Orientation ◽  
Insight Into

The current study investigated the possible existence of a relationship between authoritarianism and religiousness and the possible strength of this potential relationship. The study involved samples from four cultural environments known to differ substantially in terms of religious salience and content: Slovenia (predominantly Catholic), Serbia (predominantly Eastern Orthodox), Bosnia and Herzegovina (predominantly Muslim), and the United States (predominantly Protestant). Religiousness was assessed by way of religious orientation (including intrinsic and extrinsic orientation) as proposed by Allport (1950), whereas authoritarianism was tapped by a modified Lane scale (1955). Results from zero-order correlations indicated a strong and positive association between authoritarianism and all types of religious orientation, regardless of the sample analyzed. Residualizing the main study constructs by demographic variables did not alter the results. The association changed only when each dimension of religious orientation was controlled for the effect of other dimensions. Results did not lend support to the hypothesis that authoritarianism is more strongly linked to those who are more extrinsically oriented.

scholarly journals Association between sociodemographic variables and awareness of diabetic retinopathy among type 2 diabetic patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Kasim Yasar Kannappillil Muhammedali ◽  
V. Sahasranamam ◽  
Saji Nair Ambika
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Duration Of Diabetes

Background: Early detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most important factor in reducing the blinding complications due to diabetes. Study of the various socio-demographic factors affecting awareness of DR will help us to formulate effective screening programs for early detection. Objectives of the study were to find the sociodemographic determinants associated with awareness of DR and to evaluate the association of stage of DR with awareness about diabetic retinopathy.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 384 patients who had been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus in various medical camps and diabetic clinics at Thiruvananthapuram. Socio demographic variables and awareness were assessed using structured self-administered questionnaire. Dilated fundus evaluation was done and retinopathy classified. Data entered to excel sheet and analysis done using statistical software (SPSS version 20).Results: Among the 384 patients, 44.9% were diagnosed to have diabetic retinopathy. Among the diagnosed 41.6% had mild non proliferative DR (NPDR), 33.0% had moderate NPDR, 11.45% had severe NPDR. 13.4% of subjects were diagnosed to have proliferative DR. 53.1% of the subjects with diabetic retinopathy had clinically significant macular edema. There was no statistically significant association between the stage of DR to awareness. Among the socio demographic variables, significant positive association with level of awareness was obtained for duration of diabetes (OR=10.96; p=0.004)Conclusions: Duration of diabetes was significantly associated with level of awareness. There was no statistically significant association between the stage of diabetic retinopathy to awareness. This signifies the urgent need to intensify our diabetic retinopathy awareness programs.

scholarly journals Electrophysiological Prints of Grit

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria V. Aguerre ◽  
Carlos J. Gómez-Ariza ◽  
Antonio J. Ibáñez-Molina ◽  
M. Teresa Bajo
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Work Experiences ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Educational Backgrounds ◽  
High Consistency

While scientific interest in understanding the grit trait has grown exponentially in recent years, one important gap in the grit literature relates to its biological and neural substrate. In the present study, we adopted a hypotheses-driven approach in a large sample of young adults (N = 120) with diverse educational backgrounds and work experiences in order to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of grit both during rest and while performing a learning task. Additionally, we selected a measure of impulsiveness to better understand the neural similarities and differences between grit and related self-control constructs. Based on previous work that implicated the prefrontal cortex in grit, we hypothesized that high grit participants would have lower frontal theta/beta ratio (a broadly used index that reflects prefrontally-mediated top–down processes, which might indicate better control over subcortical information). Furthermore, we expected the perseverance of effort facet of grit to be linked to higher complexity during task engagement because previous research has shown complexity indexes (entropy and fractal dimension) to be linked to effort while performing cognitive tasks. Our results revealed that although there were no differences at rest as a function of grit, the participants with high grit and high consistency of interest scores exhibited lower frontal theta/beta ratios during the learning task. This pattern suggests that individual differences in grit might be more evident when top-down control processes are at work. Furthermore, there was a positive association between perseverance of effort and entropy at task, which might indicate more effort and engagement in the task. Finally, no association was found between the neural indexes (frontal theta/beta ratio, entropy, or fractal dimension) and impulsiveness, neither impulsiveness mediated between grit and brain measures. Finally, when controlling for impulsiveness and demographic variables (gender, age, education, and work experience) the effects at the facet level remained statistically significant. While there is still a long way to fully understand the neural mechanisms of grit, the present work constitutes a step toward unveiling the electrophysiological prints of grit.

Homicide and a Regional Culture of Violence

1971 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond D. Gastil
Keyword(s):  
Regional Culture ◽  
Culture Of Violence

scholarly journals Analysis of Factors Affecting Quality of Life in Patients Treated for Maxillofacial Fractures

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Maciej Sikora ◽  
Mikołaj Chlubek ◽  
Elżbieta Grochans ◽  
Anna Jurczak ◽  
Krzysztof Safranow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Maxillofacial Fractures ◽  
Initial Survey

Maxillofacial fractures (MFF) belong to the major modern medicine and public health concerns. The recovery from MFF is associated with a number of social problems. The patient’s mood may be affected by the change in self-image and lack of satisfaction with life, in many cases leading to a deepening of mental health disorders, resulting in alcoholism, loss of job or conflicts in the area of family life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life of patients with MFF, with respect to demographic and medical variables. The mean age of the 227 patients was 36 years. The mandible was the most frequent MFF location (52.9%), followed by the zygomatic bone (30.8%) then the maxilla (16.3%). Bone fracture displacement occurred in 79.3% of patients. A comminuted fracture was found in 71% of patients. The quality of life of patients with MFF was significantly better in all analyzed domains 3 months after the end of hospitalization compared to the initial survey carried out shortly after implementation of the treatment. Among the demographic variables, older age had a statistically significant but weak positive association with the improvement of the quality of life of respondents in General health perception domain.

scholarly journals Impact of the DASH Diet on Intestinal Permeability and Inflammation Markers

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 542-542
Author(s):  
Pao-Hwa Lin ◽  
Stephan van Vliet ◽  
Chung-Yon Lin ◽  
Laura Svetkey ◽  
Crystal Tyson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Inflammation Markers ◽  
Multivariate Models ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Dash Diet ◽  
Feeding Study ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet consistently reduces blood pressure (BP), but the mechanism remains unclear. Emerging evidence suggests that intestinal dysbiosis leading to increased intestinal permeability (IP) and inflammation may contribute to elevated BP. Using data collected from a pilot controlled feeding study (DASH-Mechanism) designed to explore the mechanisms of the BP-lowering of DASH, we examined the impact of DASH on IP and inflammatory markers. Methods Randomized controlled feeding study where participants consumed a typical American diet for one week then were randomized to either continue the typical diet (control) or the DASH diet for two weeks. Data were collected at the end of the first week (baseline) and after two weeks of randomized feeding. Sera were analyzed for the IP marker-zonulin and for inflammatory markers hsCRP, IFN-g, IL-6 and TNF-a. Multivariate models were used to examine the effect of diet on the aforementioned biomarkers and the association of the change in biomarkers with change in BP. Results Twenty unmedicated participants with stage 1 hypertension completed the study. Sera for this analysis were available for 18 participants (9 in control and 9 in DASH; Race: 5 Whites, 12 Blacks and 1 other; systolic/diastolic BP:140.1 ± 12.3/86.8 ± 14.2 mmHg). DASH diet significantly reduced SBP/DBP (−10.3 ± 11.7/−10.9 ± 5.9 vs 3.9 ± 6.6/3.6 ± 10.5 mmHg in control, P < 0.01 for both). There was a non-significant reduction in zonulin with DASH (Control: −1.97 ± 8.70 ng/ml; DASH: −5.81 ± 10.49 ng/ml), and a significant positive association between change in zonulin from baseline and change in both SBP (P = 0.03) and DBP (P = 0.05). Controlling for collinearity, multivariate linear model showed that change in zonulin, diet and age (for DBP only) (all P < 0.05) affect change in BP significantly (overall model: SBP P = 0.015 and DBP P = 0.022). Changes in inflammation markers did not differ between arms and none was associated with change in BP. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the DASH diet may improve IP and such impact may be related to the BP lowering effect of DASH. Multivariate models also suggest independent effect of diet and zonulin on BP further implicates the potential role of IP in BP regulation. Investigation of the effect of DASH on the microbiota is warranted. Funding Sources AHA.

scholarly journals Continuity of care and clinical outcomes in the community for people with severe mental illness

2018 ◽  
Vol 214 (5) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair Macdonald ◽  
Dimitrios Adamis ◽  
Tom Craig ◽  
Robin Murray
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Continuity Of Care ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Long Term Conditions ◽  
Community Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Generalised Estimating Equations

BackgroundHigh continuity of care is prized by users of mental health services and lauded in health policy. It is especially important in long-term conditions like schizophrenia. However, it is not routinely measured, and therefore not often evaluated when service reorganisations take place. In addition, the impact of continuity of care on clinical outcomes is unclear.AimsWe set out to examine continuity of care in people with schizophrenia, and to relate this to demographic variables and clinical outcomes.MethodPseudoanonymised community data from 5552 individuals with schizophrenia presenting over 11 years were examined for changes in continuity of care using the numbers of community teams caring for them and the Modified Modified Continuity Index (MMCI). These and demographic variables were related to clinical outcomes measured with the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS). Data were analysed using generalised estimating equations and multivariate marginal models.ResultsThere was a significant decline in MMCI and significant worsening of HoNOS total scores over 11 years. Higher (worse) HoNOS scores were significantly and independently related to older age, later years and both lower MMCI and more teams caring for the individual in each year. Most HoNOS scales contributed to the higher total scores.ConclusionsThere is evidence of declining continuity of care in this 11-year study of people with schizophrenia, and of an independent effect of this on worse clinical outcomes. We suggest that this is related to reorganisation of services.Declaration of interestNone.

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