Explaining Performance on P&P versus Computer Mode of Administration for the Verbal Section of the Graduate Record Exam

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lora Ann Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Computer Anxiety ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Graduate Record Examination ◽  
Mode Of Administration ◽  
Computer Version ◽  
Test Mode ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
Graduate Record Exam

The present study attempted to find the effects of trait and computer anxiety upon performance on paper-and-pencil and computer forms of verbal sections of the Graduate Record Examination. Scores for neuroticism, extraversion, computer anxiety, GRE via paper-and-pencil, and GRE via computer were collected for forty college undergraduates. Analyses revealed significant interactions for computer anxiety and extraversion with test mode. Contrary to the hypothesis, results found extraverts and those scoring low in computer anxiety obtained significantly lower scores on the computer version than their counterparts. Explanations for the findings and implications for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Testing Writing on Computers

1997 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Russell ◽  
Walt Haney
Keyword(s):  
Test Validity ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
School Students ◽  
Mode Of Administration ◽  
Community Interest ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
Written Test

Computer use has grown rapidly during the past decade. Within the educational community, interest in authentic assessment has also increased. To enhance the authenticity of tests of writing, as well as of other knowledge and skills, some assessments require students to respond in written form via paper-and-pencil. However, as increasing numbers of students grow accustomed to writing on computers, these assessments may yield underestimates of students' writing abilities. This article presents the findings of a small study examining the effect that mode of administration -- computer versus paper-and-pencil -- has on middle school students' performance on multiple-choice and written test questions. Findings show that, though multiple-choice test results do not differ much by mode of administration, for students accustomed to writing on computer, responses written on computer are substantially higher than those written by hand (effect size of 0.9 and relative success rates of 67% versus 30%). Implications are discussed in terms of both future research and test validity.

Comparing the Impact of Online and Paper-and-Pencil Administration of the Self-Determination Inventory: Student Report

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-144
Author(s):  
Sheida K. Raley ◽  
Karrie A. Shogren ◽  
Graham G. Rifenbark ◽  
Mark H. Anderson ◽  
Leslie A. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Assessment Development ◽  
Disability Status ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The Self-Determination Inventory: Student Report (SDI: SR) was developed to measure the self-determination of adolescents and was recently validated for students aged 13–22 with and without disabilities across diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds. The SDI: SR is aligned Causal Agency Theory and its theoretical conceptualizations of self-determined action. The validation of the SDI: SR was undertaken in two forms: online, computer-based and paper-and-pencil. The present study examined overall self-determination scores of student participants (with and without disabilities) who took the SDI: SR via the online and paper-and-pencil format to inform future research and practice using the SDI: SR. Findings suggest that the same set of items can be utilized across administration formats, but that there appear to be differences in overall SDI: SR scores when online and paper-and-pencil formats are utilized although these differences are not influenced by disability status. Implications for future research and practice are discussed to provide direction to the field related to assessment development and use of the SDI: SR in educational contexts.

scholarly journals Understanding anthropomorphism in service provision: a meta-analysis of physical robots, chatbots, and other AI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Blut ◽  
Cheng Wang ◽  
Nancy V. Wünderlich ◽  
Christian Brock
Keyword(s):  
Computer Anxiety ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Service Robots ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Service Type ◽  
Antecedents And Consequences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Processing Service ◽  
Number Of Firms

AbstractAn increasing number of firms introduce service robots, such as physical robots and virtual chatbots, to provide services to customers. While some firms use robots that resemble human beings by looking and acting humanlike to increase customers’ use intention of this technology, others employ machinelike robots to avoid uncanny valley effects, assuming that very humanlike robots may induce feelings of eeriness. There is no consensus in the service literature regarding whether customers’ anthropomorphism of robots facilitates or constrains their use intention. The present meta-analysis synthesizes data from 11,053 individuals interacting with service robots reported in 108 independent samples. The study synthesizes previous research to clarify this issue and enhance understanding of the construct. We develop a comprehensive model to investigate relationships between anthropomorphism and its antecedents and consequences. Customer traits and predispositions (e.g., computer anxiety), sociodemographics (e.g., gender), and robot design features (e.g., physical, nonphysical) are identified as triggers of anthropomorphism. Robot characteristics (e.g., intelligence) and functional characteristics (e.g., usefulness) are identified as important mediators, although relational characteristics (e.g., rapport) receive less support as mediators. The findings clarify contextual circumstances in which anthropomorphism impacts customer intention to use a robot. The moderator analysis indicates that the impact depends on robot type (i.e., robot gender) and service type (i.e., possession-processing service, mental stimulus-processing service). Based on these findings, we develop a comprehensive agenda for future research on service robots in marketing.

scholarly journals Online Learning in the Era of COVID-19: Computer Anxiety and Mental Health Among College Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-50
Author(s):  
Nahal Salimi ◽  
Bryan Gere
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Online Learning ◽  
Computer Anxiety ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Poor General Health ◽  
General Mental Health

The recent outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has brought significant changes to higher education. In response to the pandemic, many colleges, and universities around the world, especially in developed countries, are embracing online or distance education. Transitioning to online learning that involves the use of information technology such as the internet and digital platform for course delivery has increased dramatically (World Economic Forum, 2020). However, these sudden changes have left some to speculate that the shift to online learning will change students’ level of anxiety, stress, which could result in poor academic performance and low achievement of learning objectives. The purpose of this descriptive cross-sectional study is to investigate undergraduate and graduate students’ perceptions of their mental health and computer anxiety in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive statistics such as simple percentages and averages were calculated. Also, a one-way ANOVA was used for analyzing the collected data. Results indicate that general mental health was significantly correlated with computer anxiety. The results also indicate that computer anxiety and perceived stress predicted poor general health. Demographic factors, such as sex, and academic discipline were significant predictors of computer anxiety, but age was not a significant predictor of computer anxiety. Also, the results show that chronic physical disabilities are a significant predictor of computer anxiety, and overall mental health, however, the presence of learning disabilities was not a significant predictor of computer anxiety. Implications and considerations for future research are discussed.

A Measure of Individual Sense of Competence

1975 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis R. Wagner ◽  
John J. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Content Validity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Internal Reliability ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
Sense Of Competence ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Paper And Pencil

A paper-and-pencil instrument to measure an individual's “sense of competence” or his basic psychological feelings of confidence and competence resulting from mastery of his environment is developed in this research. The content validity of the instrument is demonstrated based on the interpretation of four factors extracted from factor analysis and the subsequent analytic oblique solution. The predictive validity of the instrument is strongly supported by two separate studies conducted by two different groups of researchers. Internal reliability is also tested and found to be satisfactory. Finally, the implications of the new instrument for future research, especially in organizational and work settings, are discussed.

Understanding Learner Trait, Test and Computer Anxiety in the Context of Computer-Based Testing

2011 ◽  
pp. 134-145
Author(s):  
Elena C. Papanastasiou ◽  
Aimilia Tzanavari ◽  
Patricia Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Test Anxiety ◽  
Computer Anxiety ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Learner Performance ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Computer Based Testing ◽  
The Subject

Testing is an integral part of the learning process that aims to estimate the learner’s abilities as accurately and efficiently as possible. This estimation frequently is influenced by factors such as the learner’s emotional state and traits. This chapter looks into the area of Computer-based Testing (CBT), visiting the relevant literature on the subject, and then investigates the particular emotional states of learner trait, test and computer anxiety in that context. A study was carried out and revealed that although both trait and test anxiety as variables do not significantly affect learner performance, computer anxiety does. Finally, future research trends in this area are outlined.

Using Prospect Theory to Explore the Digital Divide

2013 ◽  
pp. 49-61
Author(s):  
Porche Millington ◽  
Lemuria D. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Prospect Theory ◽  
Computer Anxiety ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Psychological Skills ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
The Impact

The growing popularity of Internet-based technology in both the public and private sector has led to a disparity known as the digital divide. The digital divide is described as the gap between those who have access to the Internet and other Internet-based technologies and those who do not (Wattal, Hong, Mandviwalla, & Jain, 2011). J. van Dijk (1999) outlines the digital divide as four types of access barriers: material, psychological, skills, and usage. This chapter reviews the four types of access divides and uses prospect theory as a means to highlight the impact of computer anxiety and computer self-efficacy on psychological access. Suggestions for future research are provided.

A randomised crossover comparative study of e-diary (electronic diary) versus paper and pencil collection of quality of life data in patients with locally advanced and metastatic non small cell lung cancer

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 18536-18536
Author(s):  
A. E. Ring ◽  
S. Burbridge ◽  
K. Cheong ◽  
D. Meddis ◽  
L. Underhill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Mode Of Administration ◽  
Life Data ◽  
Paper Questionnaire ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
The Individual

18536 Background: Electronic diaries have been developed and facilitate collection of quality of life data. However there is concern that their use may alter the properties of the validated quality of life questionnaires which have traditionally been collated using a paper and pencil methodology. This study aimed to compare the results of e-diary and paper and pencil collection of FACT-L and EQ-5D quality of life data, and to ascertain patient preferences for the different modes of collection. Methods: Fifty patients with previously treated locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC were randomised in a 1:1 ratio to either complete a paper version of the questionnaires (FACT-L and EQ-5D) followed by the e-diary (Palm Tungsten W;CRF inc. Helsinki), or e-diary followed by paper questionnaire. Patient preference, ease of use and time for completion were recorded on a separate paper questionnaire. Results: The majority (88%) of the FACT-L and all (100%) of the EQ-5D individual question responses were within ± 1 point by the two methods, although for FACT-L 29% of patients had a total score greater than ± 6 points different by the two methods. There was no significant difference in FACT-L group mean total score for the two methods. The mean completion time was shorter for the paper and pencil than the e-diary (p < 0.0001). However, most patients stated that they preferred the e-diary to paper and pencil (60% vs. 12%). Conclusions: This study suggests that the mode of administration of the FACT-L and EQ-5D had a relatively small effect on the group mean responses given to the questionnaires. However data at the individual patient level looks quite variable between mode of administration. The group results obtained using the e-diary should therefore be comparable to the originally validated paper method, with the advantages of improved patient acceptability and ease of reliable interfacing with trial databases. However care need to be taken in interpreting data at the individual level. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

The Influence of Social Aversion and Institution-Based Trust on Computer Self-Efficacy, Computer Anxiety and Antecedents to IT Use

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth White Baker ◽  
Jason Bennett Thatcher ◽  
Michael Gundlach ◽  
D. Harrison McKnight
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Computer Anxiety ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Model ◽  
It Use ◽  
It Usage ◽  
Computer Self Efficacy

Prior research has shown that proximal states are important mechanisms through which distal states relate to IT usage. In particular, the influence of distal traits tied to social activity has not been incorporated into the nomological network surrounding information technology (IT) use. Addressing this literature gap, the authors develop their research model using Social Cognitive Theory and examine how two distal traits, social aversion (SA) and institution-based trust (TRIT), influence computer self-efficacy (CSE) and other proximal state-like differences related to IT use. The authors' results show that SA and TRIT demonstrated influence on CSE and CA at the general and specific levels of analysis, and that CSE mediates the influence of SA and TRIT on PU and PEOU, yet does not fully mediate the influence of CA on PU and PEOU. The implications of their findings for research and practice are discussed, as well as avenues for future research.

Emotional states before and after impulsivity

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 819-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shang-Ping Lin ◽  
Hui-Chuan Shih ◽  
Yu-Chen Huang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Method ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Analytical Results ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Paper And Pencil

Past research has demonstrated that people often feel regret and guilt after being impulsive. However, using a paper-and-pencil experimental method, the authors found people to become impulsive more easily when they feel careless, and less impulsive when feeling joy or anxiety. Post-affects of impulsivity include joy, satisfaction, and – surprisingly – lack of regret and lack of guilt. This has significant implications both theoretically and practically. Analytical results are discussed and future research directions are then suggested.

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