scholarly journals Comparative Effects of Yellow Root (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.) Decoctions with Water and Brackish Water on Kidneys and Uterus in Wistar Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Suwijiyo Pramono ◽  
Risqika Y.T. Paramidhita ◽  
Marini Marini ◽  
Moch. Saiful Bachri
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltration ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Histological Features ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Biochemical Examination

Yellow root (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.) is a medicinal plant used traditionally in Borneo, Indonesia, for several diseases. Nevertheless, it contains berberine alkaloids that are considered harmful. Empirically, based on local wisdom people do not boil yellow roots with water but with brackish water. This study aimed to determine the effects of yellow root decoctions made using water and brackish water on blood biochemical and histopathological profile of kidneys and uterus in Wistar rats after subchronic treatment. Overall, 70 Wistar female rats were divided into seven groups of which three groups were given yellow root water decoctions and three groups were given yellow root brackish water decoctions with doses equivalent to 1.25 g/kg BW, 2.5 g/kg BW and 5 g/kg BW of dried yellow root, whereas the control group was only given Aquadest. After 28 days of treatments, blood samples were obtained for biochemical examination followed by a surgical examination to observe the histological features of the organs. The results revealed significant differences in the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels between group that was given water decoction of the yellow root and the control group. On the other hand, the groups that were given brackish water decoction revealed no significant changes, except at  the highest dose. Furthermore, histopathological features of rats treated using all doses of the yellow root water decoctions revealed organ damage compared with the normal group, manifested as hemorrhage, degeneration, and necrosis of the kidneys, as well as epithelial damage and inflammatory infiltration of the uterus.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN HISTOLOGIK AORTA TIKUS WISTAR DENGAN DIET LEMAK BABI SETELAH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK DAUN PEPAYA

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Friska W. F. Panjaitan ◽  
Marie M. Kaseke ◽  
George N. Tanudjaja
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Foam Cells ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histological Features ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Lard Diet ◽  
Control Group Group

Abstract: Papaya leaves contain several antioxidants (flavonoid, tanin, and vitamin C) which have antiatherogenic effects that may inhibit the progression of an atherosclerotic lesion. One of the risk factors causing atherosclerosis is the consumption of food containing highly saturated fatty acids e.g. lard. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) accumulate within the intima and then are oxidized (LDL-ox). This LDL-ox is ingested by macrophages, resulting in foam-cell formation (early lesion of atherosclerosis). This study aimed to find out the histological features of the aorta of wistar rats having lard diets without the addition of the papaya leaf extract; having lard diets along with the papaya leaf extract; and having lard diets followed by papaya leaf extract. This was an experimental study on 16 wistar rats divided into 4 groups: group I without treatment (negative control group), group II lard diet for 14 days (positive control group), group III lard diet with papaya leaf extract for 14 days (treatment group I), and group IV lard diet for 14 days, and then followed by papaya leaf extract for 14 days (treatment group II). It was found that the aorta of group I showed adipose cells in the intima and media layers; group II and III showed foam cells in both layers; and group IV showed foam cells in fewer numbers than group II. Conclusion: The aorta histological features of wistar rats given lard diets for 14 days, with or without papaya leaf extract, showed foam cells in the intima and media layers. Papaya leaf extraxt added to lard diets had no effect on decreasing foam cells (no protective effect), meanwhile papaya leaf extract following lard diets showed a reduction of foam cells (therapeutic effect). Keywords: papaya leaf, lard dietary, foam cells, wistar rat.   Abstrak: Daun pepaya mengandung antioksidan (flavonoid, vitamin C) yang berefek anti-aterogenik, sehingga diharapkan dapat menghambat perkembangan lesi aterosklerosis. Salah satu faktor risiko penyebab aterosklerosis yaitu makanan yang berkandungan tinggi asam lemak jenuh, antara lain lemak babi. Konsumsi lemak jenuh berlebihan dapat mengganggu fungsi sel endotel, sehingga lipoprotein berdensitas rendah (LDL) dapat masuk dan menjadi LDL teroksidasi (LDL-oks). Makrofag menangkap LDL-oks dan menjadi sel busa (lesi dini aterosklerosis). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran histologik aorta tikus wistar dengan diet lemak babi tanpa pemberian ekstrak daun pepaya, diet lemak babi bersamaan pemberian ekstrak daun pepaya, dan setelah diet lemak babi dilanjutkan pemberian ekstrak daun pepaya. Penelitian ini bersifat eksperimental. Subyek penelitian terdiri dari 16 ekor tikus wistar yang dibagi menjadi empat kelompok: kelompok I tanpa perlakuan (kelompok kontrol negatif); kelompok II dengan diet lemak babi selama 14 hari (kelompok kontrol positif); kelompok III dengan diet lemak babi serta pemberian ekstrak daun pepaya selama 14 hari (kelompok perlakuan I); dan kelompok IV dengan diet lemak babi selama 14 hari, dilanjutkan pemberian ekstrak daun pepaya selama 14 hari (kelompok perlakuan II). Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan gambaran histologi aorta kelompok I tampak perlemakan; pada kelompok II terdapat sel-sel busa; pada kelompok III masih terdapat sel-sel busa; dan pada kelompok IV terdapat sel-sel busa, namun dalam jumlah yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan pada gambaran kelompok II. Simpulan: Tikus wistar dengan diet lemak babi selama 14 hari, baik dengan maupun tanpa ekstrak daun pepaya, memperlihatkan gambaran histologik adanya sel-sel busa pada tunika intima dan tunika media aorta. Pemberian ekstrak daun pepaya bersamaan dengan diet lemak babi tidak berefek menurunkan jumlah sel busa (tidak ada efek protektif) sedangkan pemberian ekstrak daun pepaya setelah diet lemak babi berefek mengurangi jumlah sel-sel busa yang terbentuk (efek terapi). Kata kunci: daun pepaya, diet lemak babi, sel-sel busa, tikus wistar.

scholarly journals Effects of Maternal Deprivation on Anxiety, Depression, and Empathy in Male and Female Offspring of Wistar Rats in the Face of Novel Objects

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1093
Author(s):  
Solmaz Khalifeh ◽  
Fariba Khodagholi ◽  
Mehrad Moghtadaei ◽  
Ali Behvarmanesh ◽  
Afshin Kheradmand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Novel Objects ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Background: Early life stress (ELS) models such as maternal deprivation (MD) are used to in¬vestigate behavioral changes in rodents under stressful situations. MD is a situation in which rat pups are separated from the dam; MD has different paradigms. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects of maternal deprivation on anxiety, depression, and empathy in adult Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: MD was applied to pups as per specifically designed protocol to compare rats of the control group with maternal deprivation rats and also the group, which faced novel objects. Each group consisted of eight rats. In this study, separation started from postnatal day (PND) 14 for various periods up to PND 60. EPM test was undertaken to measure anxiety; moreover, FST was used to indicate levels of depression. Also, changes in the empathy ratio were also demonstrated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey’s post hoc analysis, and t-test were applied to analyze the results. Results: MD-treated rats showed a significant decrease in anxiety and empathy indexes compared with those in the control group (P<0.05). However, MD significantly increased depression in both male and female rats (P<0.05). Final¬ly, exposure to novel objects decreased depression but did not have any effect on anxiety and empathy levels in MD rats (P<0.05). Conclusion: ELS may lead to various states of mood and behavior in adulthood. According to the findings of this study, depression increases due to MD, though both anxiety and empathy decrease in both male and female Wistar rats. Moreover, ex¬posure to novel objects decreases depression, while anxiety and empathy do not change signifi¬cantly with exposure to novel objects. [GMJ.2019;8:e1093]

Taurine ameliorates 5-flourouracil-induced intestinal mucositis, hepatorenal and reproductive organ damage in Wistar rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
AK Al-Asmari ◽  
AM Al-Zahrani ◽  
AQ Khan ◽  
HM Al-Shahrani ◽  
M Ali Al Amri
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Anticancer Drugs ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group I ◽  
Intestinal Mucositis ◽  
Cellular Integrity

5-Fluorouracil is one of the most commonly used anticancer drugs for the treatment of various types of cancer but has potential adverse effects such as intestinal mucositis, renal, hepatic, and reproductive organ toxicity. Attention has been given to approaches to reduce the side effects and improve the therapeutic effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs. In this study, we have investigated the protective effect of taurine (Tau) on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) induced adverse effects in Wistar rats. Animals were divided into four groups with six animals ( n = 6) in each group. Group I received vehicle only and served as control group. Groups II, III, and IV animals were given oral gavage of 5-FU at 50 mg/kg body weight for 4 days. Tau was given to the animals of groups III and IV 30 min prior to 5-FU administration. We observed marked elevation in the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity after 5-FU administration, which was reversed by Tau pretreatment. Histological observation of liver, kidney, intestine, testis, and prostate revealed that 5-FU administration resulted in anomalies like distortion of normal cellular architecture, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and loss of cellular integrity. These histopathological changes were markedly suppressed by Tau treatment. In conclusion, biochemical and histological findings of this study suggest that Tau has strong preventive potential against complications of anticancer drug 5-FU and hence Tau may play an important role in combinational chemotherapy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs.

scholarly journals Nociceptive and Neuronal Evaluation of the Sciatic Nerve of Wistar Rats Subjected to Compression Injury and Treated with Resistive Exercise

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Sobral Antunes ◽  
Keli Lovison ◽  
Jhenifer Karvat ◽  
Ana Luiza Peretti ◽  
Lizyana Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Lesion Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Compression Injury ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltration

Background. To investigate the climb stairs resistance exercise on nociception and axonal regeneration in the sciatic nerve of rats.Methods. 24 Wistar rats were divided: control group (CG—no injury), exercise group (EG—no injury with physical exercise), lesion group (LG—injury, but without exercise), and treated group (LEG—injury and physical exercise). LG and LEG were subjected to sciatic nerve compression with hemostat. From the 3rd day after injury began treatment with exercise, and after 22 days occurs the removal of a nerve fragment for morphological analysis.Results. Regarding allodynia, CG obtained values less than EG(p=0.012)and larger than LG and LEG(p<0.001). Histological results showed that CG and EG had normal appearance, as LG and LEG showed up with large amounts of inflammatory infiltration, degeneration and disruption of nerve fibers, and reduction of the myelin sheath; however LEG presented some regenerated fibers. From the morphometric data there were significant differences, for nerve fiber diameter, comparing CG with LG and LEG and comparing axon diameter and the thickness of the myelin of the CG to others.Conclusion. Climb stairs resistance exercise was not effective to speed up the regenerative process of axons.

scholarly journals Effect of microencapsulation on Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii viability in the gastrointestinal tract and level of some blood biochemical factors in wistar rats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Ghorbani-Choboghlo ◽  
Donya Nikaein ◽  
Ali-Reza Khosravi ◽  
Reza Rahmani ◽  
Zohreh Farahnejad
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Probiotic Treatment ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT     Background and Objectives: Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in an adequate amount, confer a health benefit on the host through the gut. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a widespread yeast found in nature. This microor- ganism has been used as a probiotic agent in recent years. In this study, the effect of microencapsulation on survival rate of S. cerevisiae var. boulardii in the simulated gastrointestinal tract medium and the impact of microencapsulated S. cerevisiae var. boulardii on some serum biochemical factors in a rat model was evaluated. Materials and Methods: 30 male wistar rats were divided into three groups (control, rats receiving microencapsulated S. cerevisiae var. boulardii, and rats receiving S. cerevisiae var. boulardii alone). The probiotic was gavaged at a dosage of 2 gr/ kg BW for 8 weeks. Blood was collected from rats at the end of the treatment period and biochemical factors were measured using Mancompany kits. Results: The results showed a significant increase in viability of microencapsulated S. cerevisiae var. boulardii in compar- ison with free S. cerevisiae var. boulardii (p<0.05). Weight of rats in probiotic treated groups was significantly higher in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, probiotic treatment reduced mean levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, free blood sugar and liver enzymes in rats. Conclusion: Microencapsulation could increase the survival rate of yeast probiotics in the gastrointestinal tract; however, more studies are needed for better understanding of the exact effect of microencapsulation on probiotics’ function.

scholarly journals Acute Toxicity Study of Bioactive Galactomannans From Two Non-Traditional Leguminosae Sources

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrícia da Cunha Jácome Marques ◽  
Francisco Glerison da Silva Nascimento ◽  
Dayanne Terra Tenório Nonato ◽  
Amaurílio Oliveira Nogueira ◽  
Iásly Costa Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Inflammatory Cell ◽  
Joint Inflammation ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dermal Toxicity ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study

Abstract Galactomannans from Caesalpinia pulcherrima (GM-CP) and Delonix regia (GM-DR) are being pointed as potential therapeutic agents, but systematic evaluations on their acute toxicity are yet to be reported. In order to evaluate the occurrence of systemic toxicity, groups of three female rats received oral GM-CP or GM-DR (300 mg kg-1), whereas the control group received vehicle. Since lethality was absent, other groups received doses of 2,000 mg kg-1, which also did not cause lethality. Collection of organs and blood samples were done at day 14. Dermal toxicity of the galactomannans was also evaluated (2,000 mg kg-1, n=3 per group), as well both mechanical hypernociception and inflammatory cell influx after administration of GM-CP or GM-DR via intra-articular route (200 µg, n = 5 per group). At the routes and doses employed, both galactomannans did not evoke physiological / behavioral changes or skin / joint inflammation. Since the LD50 was not inferior to 2,000 mg kg-1, both galactomannans are in the class 5 of the Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labelling of Chemicals.

scholarly journals Naloxone Breeding Effectiveness in Rat Suffering from Nitric Oxide-induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Manizheh Karami ◽  
Fatemeh Lakzaei ◽  
MohammadReza Jalali Nadoushan
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Female Wistar Rats

ABSTRACT Background and objective Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can be induced in Wistar rats by over production of nitric oxide (NO). This study evaluated the efficacy of naloxone on the breeding characteristics of rats suffering from nitric oxide induced PCOS. Materials and methods Twenty-four female Wistar rats(200–250 gm) were kept as virgin under standard conditions. They were divided into four groups (n = 6). One group of the animals received L-arginine (50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 9 days/once a day. Another group was administered naloxone hydrochloride (0.4 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to injection of L-arginine. The third group was injected solely naloxone. Control group received saline solution (1 ml/kg, i.p.). After the treatments, all female rats were coupled with the intact males. They were then separated by observation of vaginal plaques; it was considered as day 0 of pregnancy. Eventually, they were operated on days 18 to 19 of the gestation to collect the animals’ ovaries. The samples were studied for pathological evidence. The fetal number and weight along with the fetal crown-rump length (CRL) were measured. Results The ovaries obtained from the L-arginine treated group had large cysts with thickened granulosa cell layer in contrast to those of the control or naloxone treated rats (p < 0.0001). The number of fetus though showed a decrease in the L-arginine treated rats (3 ± 1), but the fetal weight or fetal CRL did not change (p > 0.05). Conclusion This study may clearly illustrate the polycystic characteristics in the L-arginine treated group. It may particularly display the breeding efficacy of naloxone in rats with PCOS. How to cite this article Karami M, Lakzaei F, Nadoushan MRJ. Naloxone Breeding Effectiveness in Rat Suffering from Nitric Oxide-induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int J Infertil Fetal Med 2015;6(2):67-72.

scholarly journals Effect Of Arginine On The Some Blood And Biochemical Parameters For Local Goat Females.

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-36
Author(s):  
A Ahmed ◽  
T Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
Different Doses

This study was conducted in one of the private sector fields in Anbar province - Hit city - Albasaer village (70 km west of the Ramadi city,), for the period from 28/6/2018 to 1/9/2018. Twenty one local female goats aged between 2-4 years and weighing between 24.5 to 36.5 kg were used, Which have previous one birth or more. All female goats were tested using ultrasound to make sure they were not pregnant before the experiment began. Females were randomly divided into three equal groups (7 goats in each group).Vaginal sponges (60 mg MAP) were injected into the three groups at the same time. The first group T1 was injected intramuscularly with the amino acid, arginine (US Nevada manufacturing) in the muscles at 200μmol.kg Five days before the sponge was pulled out until the 17 day after the sponge was pulled out, While the second group T2 was injected with amino acid (arginine) at 160 μmol.kg. Five days before the sponge was pulled until the 17th day after that. The third group T3 control group was injected with 5 ml Normal Saline intramuscularly of the animal. All animals were injected three times daily from the eighth day after the sponge was placed (five days before removing of the sponge) until 17 days after the removing of sponge. Where the total number of injection days was 22 days. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein before injection of the arginine on day 7 and day 12 of the sponge placed either after the sponge pulled the blood samples were taken on the days 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 13, 18, respectively of the experiment After sponges removing. The objective of the study was to measure changes in the blood, biochemical parameters, during arginine treatment. The results of this study showed significant differences. T1 and T2 group were superior compared to control group in blood properties which include PCV in periods 2, 5, the number of white blood cells in periods 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, MID in periods 3, 9 and Lymphocytes in periods 4, 5, 6, 9, While the neutrophil cells the period of 3. In terms of biochemical properties, the results showed a significant differences, between the treatments of T1 and T2 were superior compared to control treatments in the total protein concentration in period 6, and the globulin in period 6. We conclude that the use of different doses of arginine can improve the health status of female goats.

scholarly journals CORRELATION OF GENDER AND LEPTIN WITH ANALGESIC EFFECT OF TRAMADOL IN RATS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 493
Author(s):  
Shakta Mani Satyam ◽  
Laxminarayana Kurady Bairy ◽  
Vasudha Devi
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Plantar Test

 Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the correlation of gender and serum leptin level with analgesic modulation of tramadol in Wistar rats.Methods: A total of 48 Wistar rats (body weight 100–150 g), 24 each male and female Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups (n=6/group) (Group I - Control- 0.9% NaCl; 1 ml/kg/day i.p. and Group II - Tramadol 10 mg/kg/day i.p.) for each nociception model - plantar test and acetic acid induced writhing test. The treatment duration was of 5 days. Paw withdrawal latency (PWL) was assessed using plantar test and writhing movements were observed following administration of 0.8% acetic acid; 10 ml/kg i.p.Results: PWL was significantly decreased (p<0.001) and both number of writhing movements and serum leptin concentrations were significantly increased (p<0.001) in female control group compared to male control group. In tramadol treated female rats, PWL was significantly decreased (p=0.005) and both number of writhing movements and serum leptin concentrations were significantly increased (p<0.001) in comparison with the tramadol treated male rats. PWL was negatively correlated with serum leptin concentration (Pearson correlation coefficient= −0.826, two-tailed significance= 0.000), and writhing movements were positively correlated with serum leptin concentration (Pearson correlation coefficient= 0.505, two-tailed significance= 0.012).Conclusions: The present study revealed that female rats have more serum leptin concentration than male rats which could be one of the possible reasons for having more pain sensitivity to noxious stimuli in female rats compared to male rats. Tramadol treatment at the dose of 10 mg/kg for 5 days has decreased serum leptin level in rats which might be one of the additional mechanisms of tramadol to reduce pain.

scholarly journals Histological and hormonal studies of calabash chalk on ovarian function in adult female wistar rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (03) ◽  
pp. 173-177
Author(s):  
A. Oyewopo ◽  
K. Obasi ◽  
K. Anumudu ◽  
E. Yawson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Abstract Introduction: Calabash chalk is a naturally occurring mineral, chiefly composed of fossilized sea shells. It is prepared from clay and mud mixed with other ingredients, including lead, arsenic, sand and wood ash. Clay consumption is correlated with pregnancy, and also to eliminate morning sickness in women. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of calabash chalk on the ovarian function in adult female Wistar rats. Methods: Eighteen (18) adult female Wistar rats. Group A served as the control group, group B received 40 mg/kg body weight of Non-salted calabash chalk while group C received 40 mg/kg body weight of Salted calabash chalk for 14 days. On day 15, the animals were sacrificed for histological and biochemical examination. Results: Results showed a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels of the treatment groups when compared with the control group and an increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) levels of the treatment groups when compared with the control group. Histological examination of the ovaries showed severe deterioration of the ovarian follicles, necrosis and follicular atresia. Conclusion: Calabash chalk is toxic to ovarian function. These alterations have been shown to be the leading cause ofinfertility in female rats. Hence, proper monitoring, education, and regulation of the product is needed.

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