scholarly journals Italian and Russian Proverbs as A Reflection of National Values

Author(s):  
Sadikova Bahora Makhmurovna

Abstract: Speaking about the functions of language, along with its main function - communicative - it is necessary to highlight such a function as the guardian of culture. According to the English scientist Oliver Wendell Holmes, "every language is a temple in which the souls of the speakers are carefully preserved". That is why language, as the guardian of national culture, plays an important role in the formation of national thinking and, accordingly, the national character of a particular people. Keywords: national-cultural specifics, linguoculturology, paremiological space, comparative study, paroemia.

Author(s):  
Pravin A. Patil ◽  
Anjali N. Lade ◽  
Chetna J. Kulkarni

Ayurveda is the flawless, authentic ancient science of life and is genuinely called the “Mother of all healing.” The knowledge of Ayurveda was originated in India for more than five thousands years ago. The word Ayu literally means life and Veda the science or knowledge. Ayurveda stands for knowledge of life. Stanya is Updhatu of Rasa Dhatu. Rasa Dhatu is said to be Aadi Dhatu i.e. Pratham Dhatu. Ayurveda explains the importance of Stanya (Breast Milk) through its main function Pushti and Jeevan (growth and life). If Rasa Dhatu formation is disturbed, its Updhatu Stanya will also be disturbed. Now in modern era most of the cases of Stanya Kshaya are observed. So in present study Madhuk Churna and Vidarikand Churna are used in the management of Stanya Kshaya.


2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 953-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. McCrae ◽  
Antonio Terracciano ◽  
Anu Realo ◽  
Jüri Allik

National character stereotypes are widely shared, but do not reflect assessed levels of personality traits. In this article we present data illustrating the divergence of stereotypes and assessed personality traits in North and South Italy, test hypotheses about the associations of temperature and national wealth with national character stereotypes in 49 cultures, and explore possible links to national values and beliefs. Results suggest that warmth and wealth are common determinants of national stereotypes, but that there are also idiosyncratic influences on the perceptions of individual nations. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Author(s):  
L. V. Shapovalova ◽  

The article examines and analyzes 10 of the 1,500 most commonly used French idioms from the site "Les expressions françaises décortiquées". Phraseological picture of the world plays an important role in cognition of the world around us, because it not only captures its phenomena in the language, but also adds to them connotations, which are manifested in the choice of words of a particular language register. The study of hierarchies of values, recorded in idioms, and ways of their representation allow us to build a value hierarchy in the French mentality and understand the main features of the French national character. We have a broad understanding of phraseology and consider idioms not only idioms, but also phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, winged expressions, speech stamps, because they all name a concept, are reproduced unchanged, and are stable phrases. The phraseological units, taken into the analysis, are allocated on frequency of addresses that allows to define a hierarchy of values in the French phraseological picture of the world. Each of the permanent statements, taken into the analysis, nominates one concept, and the frequency of appeals to them allows not only to understand their priority in the French mentality, but also to outline the features of the French national character. French national values are fixed in the selected phraseological units, and the relation to them is distinguished on the basis of connotations, the register of speech, the present euphemism, and metaphorization. It is interesting to trace the history of the considered phraseological units and lexical units in their structure, ways of entering the French language, numerous hypotheses that explain their meaning. These areas of research and identification of social strata, in which the idioms arose, show where the phenomena denominated by them were the most common, and the hierarchy of values recorded in them, in the French mentality.


2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Seyed Mohammad Reza Ayati ◽  
Mahdi Moghaddasi

“Vilayat” literally means manager and governor as well as master. Absolute means complete power and authority. From the perspective of the Shia, this authority is in fact dedicated to God, and God has been assigned it to prophets and their successors, and in the time of occultation of Imam Mahdi (AS) to Wali faqih (the guardian jurist leading Islamic community). Just jurist has all the powers and authorities (including political) assigned to the Prophet (PBUH & HP) and the Imams (AS) for governance. In contrast, the Sunnis believe that religious texts are silent about the matter of government after the prophet (PBUH&HP), and they did not speak clearly about the system of government and the conditions of Islamic leader and the ways of selecting him. Hence, they followed a choice theory in determining the political system of Muslims after the death of the holy Prophet (PBUH&HP), and accepted caliphate system for ruling the Muslim community. Thus, according to the achievements of this research gathered in a descriptive-analytic method, the Shiite believes that the immaculate Imams (AS) appoints leaders of Muslims community, while Sunnis believe in choosing leader by people.


2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderic O’Gorman

AbstractWhile 148 of the 196 national constitutions in effect today manifest some form of environmental constitutionalism, the fact that some states have not adopted such provisions suggests that their spread is not inexorable. This article investigates the factors which affect whether a state adopts environmental constitutionalism. By undertaking a historical analysis of those countries which have so amended their constitutions, it identifies the context in which the constitutional change takes place as a significant consideration. The context of constitutional change influences the amendment process, which is then opened up to a range of other factors, both external (learning/persuasion, acculturation/emulation) and internal (political leadership, public and sectoral engagement, constitutional ideology, national environmental damage), all of which are considered by examining previous efforts to enshrine environmental constitutionalism. The article concludes by highlighting four specific responses that are key to successful amendment processes, namely: capitalizing on crisis situations; ensuring that economic concerns are adequately addressed; leveraging the support of the public and politicians; and linking environmental protection to national values.


Monitor ISH ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-29
Author(s):  
Ines Markovčič

Discussions of the realisation and transformation of national characteristics and the emergence of new national identities in contemporary modern societies are not to be reduced solely to the effects of globalisation, contemporary capitalism and market economy. What needs to be foregrounded and confronted is the ideological and political factor. Scientific studies primarily examine the national character in the context of culture and personality, focusing on the isomorphism of personality traits and cultural patterns, which are often assessed according to political interests and national values. As such, they help to shape the collective movement of each nation, displaying the interdependence between the nation and its national sentiments. What is essential to contemporary modern societies is the national state in a political sense. As a result, the national character is now more than ever assessed on purely pragmatic foundations, such as the role of politics, national values, and forms of nationalism. These forms dictate the national symbols, myths, and national sentiments about a common origin, which are fundamental to the existence and revitalisation of people within a particular nation, a nation with a common national identity. What is crucial, the national rituals and sentiments are supposed to create a feeling of unity. The awareness of the unity and the sense of the shared mission of a particular nation, especially in terms of its cultural and political homogeneity and its common past, form the basis of a political perspective in examining its national character. The role and study of the national character were intensified in the wake of national revolutions, world wars, and similar crises, especially in the context of promoting forms of nationalism: the uncertain circumstances led to new explanations of the nation’s realities on the basis of common-sense conceptions, which generated distinct ideological polarisations between ‘us’ and ‘them’.


2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Emidar Emidar

PENGEMBANGAN PENDIDIKAN BUDAYA DAN KARAKTER BANGSA MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIASince the implementation of Curriculum 2013, the discussion on the National Character and Culture Education Program, which was started from 2011, has been seen to be decline lately. However, a deeper look at the program’s fundamentals shows that it is indeed relevant with the newly curriculum since topics on national character and culture education are inherent parts of the subject of Indonesian Language, one of compulsory subjects taught at Indonesian schools. This article shows how phases in texts-based Indonesian Language teaching and learning, which comprises  of teacher modeling, group composition tasks, and individual composition tasks, are effective steps in teaching national culture and national character to learners.Keywords: National culture and character, Texts-based Bahasa Indonesia Learning and TeachingAbstrakSejak pelaksanaan Kurikulum 2013, Karakter Nasional dan Program Pendidikan Kebudayaan, yang dimulai dari 2011, telah terlihat penurunan pembahasannya akhir-akhir ini. Namun, jika dilihat lebih dalam pada fundamental program menunjukkan bahwa memang relevan dengan kurikulum baru karena topik pada pendidikan karakter nasional dan pendidikan budaya merupakan bagian yang melekat dari pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia, salah satu mata pelajaran wajib yang diajarkan di sekolah-sekolah Indonesia. Artikel ini menunjukkan bagaimana tahapan-tahapan dalam pembelajaran dan pengajaran berbasis teks-teks Bahasa Indonesia, yang terdiri dari pemodelan guru, tugas komposisi kelompok, dan tugas komposisi individu, adalah langkah-langkah yang efektif dalam mengajar kebudayaan nasional dan karakter nasional untuk peserta didik.Keywords: karakter dan budaya nasional, Bahasa Indonesia berbasis teks, belajar dan mengajar


2019 ◽  
pp. 75-80

In learning any foreign language it is important to master the language phenomena with the basics of cultural knowledge of the country concerning the target language. In order to train Spanish specialists, students should be introduced to Spanish cultural traditions which are different from Uzbek customs. In teaching Spanish high professionalism in intercultural communication is possible only if you know the roots of Spanish cultural traditions, the Spanish national character and mentality. The peculiarities of the Spanish language are those that it cannot be learned without the sociocultural and intercultural components. Students should be prepared to embrace a foreign culture, be able to properly understand it when faced with unfamiliar experiences, and be ready to overcome communicative barriers. This research focuses on the issues concerning the reflection of the national values of Uzbek and Spanish people in the global language picture.


2011 ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Josefa Roldán Castro

The aim of this study is to analyze two articles in two different newspapers (The Guardian and Herald Tribune) to underline, following a rhetorical exposition, not only the parallels between them in terms of the information given and the incidents mentioned, but also the striking differences or contrasts in their treatment of the same event. This comparative analysis will follow two of the three main rhetorical components, that is: invention and disposition . In «invention» we shall deal with the semantic contents or subject matter of the news: deployment of missiles versus disarmament proposals. The main function of language displayed is the communicative one, and as it highlights the content of the message, the language is making use of the referential or denotative function in contrast to the connotative function . Arrangement or «disposition » contains an analysis of the structural scheme of both news texts, that is, how the previous material is organized into structural form. In this structural part we shall analyze the main parts of a news item: its headline, lead and the body. The news item adopts the structure of an inverted triangle: the most important facts appear in the » headline » and are explained in the » lead ». Although the two headlines treat the same event, they usually adopt different point of views in their treatment in the headline and the place they occupy within the paper. Emphasis will be laid on one of the three major functional-semantic components of a text: the ideational element, the field which tends to determine the transitivity pattern, types of processes, participants and settings (or circumstances). We are going to apply to these journalistic texts mainly a cognitive approach, but also a functional one, analyzing the processes and their components to deduce which ones are the commonest and why. To conclude, the contrast in newspaper styles is best seen when different newspapers deal with the same story right from the opening lines of a news item. These two articles are clear examples of journalistic language, in which the semantic contents are more or less the same although each newspaper focuses them according to a different point of view, paying attention to the elements which could more strongly interest their respective readers. This is related somehow to three main » cognitive linguistic » perspectives: experiential view, the prominence view, and attentional view. Finally, this comparative analysis will allow us to see how the culture and the ideology of the newspaper can influence the treatment of the same event.El objetivo de este estudio es analizar dos artículos periodísticos en dos periódicos diferentes (The Guardian y Herald Tribune) para resaltar, siguiendo una exposición retórica, no solamente las similitudes entre ellos en cuanto a la información publicada y los incidentes mencionados, sino también las diferencias más llamativas a la hora de tratar el mismo hecho. Este análisis comparativo tendrá como base dos de los tres principales componentes de la Retórica, es decir: «inventio» y «dispositio». En «inventio» nos centraremos en los contenidos semánticos o tema principal de la noticia: el despliegue de misiles frente a las propuestas de desarme. La principal función del lenguaje utilizada es la comunicativa y, al poner énfasis en el contenido del mensaje, se está haciendo uso de la función referencial o denotativa frente a la connotativa. «Dispositio» consiste en un análisis estructural de ambos textos, estos es, cómo el material anterior se organiza de manera estructurada. En este apartado dedicado a la estructura, analizaremos los principales componentes de una noticia: titular, encabezamiento y desarrollo o cuerpo. Las noticias periodísticas adoptan la forma de un triángulo invertido, ya que los hechos más importantes aparecen en el titular y se desarrollan en el encabezamiento. Aunque los dos titulares tratan el mismo tema, suelen adoptar diferentes puntos de vista al resumirlo en sus respectivos titulares, ocupando éstos distintos lugares en el periódico. Se hará hincapié en uno de los tres principales componentes funcionales-semánticos del texto: el elemento ideacional, el campo que determina el modelo de transitividad, tipos de procesos, participantes y circunstancias. Se aplicará a estos textos periodísticos una metodología cognitiva funcional a la hora de analizar los procesos y sus componentes para concluir cuáles son los más comunes y por qué. Como conclusión, el contraste en los estilos periodísticos se percibe mejor cuando diferentes periódicos tratan la misma noticia desde sus primeras líneas. Estos dos artículos son un claro ejemplo de lenguaje periodístico, en los que los contenidos semánticos son más o menos los mismos, aunque cada periódico los interpreta según su punto de vista, prestando más atención a los hechos que podrían interesar más a sus lectores respectivos. Esto está de alguna manera relacionado con los tres principales enfoques de la lingüística cognitiva: «punto de vista de la experiencia, de la importancia y de la atención.»Finalmente, este análisis comparativo nos permitirá demostrar cómo la cultura y la ideología de un periódico puede influir en el tratamiento de un mismo hecho.


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