scholarly journals Improved Traditional Drugs: State of knowledge for the sustainable management of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes of small ruminants

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2-S) ◽  
pp. 205-210
Author(s):  
Christian C DANSOU ◽  
Julienne KUISEU ◽  
Géraldo T. HOUMENOU ◽  
Lissette H. DEGLA ◽  
Fréjus T. A. ZINSOU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Current State ◽  
Literature Searches

This article aims to present the current state of the fight against gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants from Improved Traditional Drugs (DTI). A host of scientific documents were consulted by means of search engines to gather the information useful for this synthesis. The failure of conventional treatments has led to the use of new methods to treat digestive pathologies due to internal parasitism in herds of sheep and goats. These include, among others, herbal medicine, homeopathy, aromatherapy, the mixed grazing system for small and large ruminants, ... All plant parts of plants can be used in the preparation of remedies. Several scientific studies show that plants are full of chemical compounds that cause anthelmintic effects on gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants. Literature searches have revealed that studies on DTIs in the management of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants are non-existent. In addition to the forms (decocted, macerated, infused, etc.) traditionally used by breeders, there are other forms that can be used to make DTIs from plant extracts. There are capsules, capsules, tablets etc. The placing on the market of DTIs requires official authorization based on the safety and reproducibility of the products. From the documents consulted, it appears that scientific research has not yet focused on the formulation of DTIs for the treatment of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes in small ruminants. It will be useful to manufacture them to facilitate access to veterinary care and the sustainable management of animal health. Keywords: Improved Traditional Drugs; Gastrointestinal nematodes; Small ruminants, West Africa; Central Africa.

scholarly journals Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster egg counting method for detection of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants: a comparison study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
Osires Lustosa Vieira ◽  
Lucia Oliveira Macedo ◽  
Marcos Antônio Bezerra-Santos ◽  
Lucas Azevedo dos Santos ◽  
Carla Lopes de Mendonça ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Helminth Eggs ◽  
Nematode Eggs ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Flotac Technique ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

The proper diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasites of small ruminants requires the development of multivalent techniques characterized by high sensitivity, specificity, precision, reproducibility, and the ability to quickly detect and monitor infections that pose risks to animal health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Mini-FLOTAC technique and McMaster egg counting (gold standard) in the detection of gastrointestinal parasites of goats and sheep. A total of 789 fecal samples were analyzed (401 of sheep and 388 of goats). From those, nematode eggs were detected in 80.86% (638/789), being 72.57% (291/401) from sheep and 89.43% (347/388) from goats. The Mini-FLOTAC technique presented a better performance to detect helminth eggs in both goats (88.40%; 343/388) and sheep (71.57%; 287/401) (?2 = 10.358; p < 0.0001). Kappa analysis revealed a weak concordance between techniques for goats (k = 0.342; p < 0.001) and sheep (k = 0.281; p < 0.001). Data herein reported suggests that the Mini-FLOTAC is a technique more sensitive than the McMaster egg counting, therefore its use might be adopted for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal infection in small ruminants.

The immune response and the evaluation of acquired immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle: a review

Parasitology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 120 (7) ◽  
pp. 25-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. CLAEREBOUT ◽  
J. VERCRUYSSE
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Iga Response

The present review discusses the immune responses to gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle and the different immunological and parasitological parameters used to assess acquired immunity. Measuring acquired immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle (e.g. for the evaluation of candidate parasite vaccines) is hampered by the limited understanding of bovine immune responses against gastrointestinal parasites. In this paper the available data on protective immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes, and especially Ostertagia ostertagi, in cattle are compared with the current knowledge of protective immune responses against gastrointestinal nematodes in rodent models and small ruminants. In contrast to the immune response in mice, which is controlled by T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes and results in mast cell- or goblet cell- mediated expulsion of adult worms, bovine immune responses to O. ostertagi do not show a clear Th2 cytokine profile, nor do they result in rapid expulsion of the parasite. The first manifestation of immunity to O. ostertagi in calves is a reduction of worm fecundity, possibly regulated by the local IgA response. Worm numbers are only reduced after a prolonged period of host–parasite contact, and there are indications that O. ostertagi actively suppresses the host's immune response. Until the mechanisms of protective immunity against O. ostertagi are revealed, the use of immunological parameters to estimate acquired immunity in cattle is based on their correlation with parasitological parameters and on extrapolation from rodent and small ruminant models. Assessing the resistance of calves against a challenge infection by means of parasitological parameters is probably still the most accurate way to measure acquired immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Cratylia argentea as an animal feed supplement in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 657
Author(s):  
Manoel Eduardo da Silva ◽  
Jackson Victor de Araújo ◽  
Wendeo Ferreira da Silveira ◽  
Lorendane Millena de Carvalho ◽  
Raul Rio Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Feed Supplement ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Protein Rich

Gastrointestinal nematodes are considered one of the most important sanitary problems affecting ruminants globally; whether parasitizing alone or acting with other pathogens, they are responsible for severe economic losses related to animal husbandry. Endoparasites in small ruminants are usually controlled with anti-helminthic drugs. However, certain strains of endoparasites are resistant to such drugs. Supplementation of the diet with protein-rich foods is one strategy for reducing the negative impact of gastrointestinal parasites. Cratylia argentea has anthelmintic properties and other characteristics that favor its use as an animal feed supplement. In the present study, we subdivided crossbred lambs into homogeneous groups and fed them C. argentea (G1), C. argentea plus Brachiaria spp. (G2), or Brachiaria spp. (G3) only. The animals in group G1 had a lower average number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG) at Day 42 (p < 0.05), and the average count was ten times lower than that in the control at the last evaluated time-point (Day 56). The animals exhibited linear weight gain, and those in group G1 gained the most weight. The combined use of drugs and plants containing bioactive compounds can minimize the evolution of multidrug resistance, prolonging the efficacy of the drugs. The FAMACHA® score showed little variation during the experiment (p > 0.05), indicating the absence of anemia and normal globular volume. This reinforces the importance of the measurement of EPG; this is a quantitative method and does not depend on the subjective interpretation of the results.

scholarly journals Genetic markers to gastrointestinal nematode resistance in sheep: a review

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Krawczyk ◽  
E. Słota
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Immunological Parameter ◽  
Sheep Production

AbstractNematode parasites are the major animal health constraint in sheep production on pasture and cause serious economic losses. Because of failure of anthelmintic drenches, a major research effort has been underway to examine alternatives to chemical control. One of them is selecting sheep which are genetically resistant to parasitic nematodes. However, this last is not widely practiced because of the difficulty of measuring parasite resistance which mostly relies on indirect criteria such as number of nematode eggs passed in the sheep faeces (FEC) packed cell volume (PCV) or enhanced number of eosinophils in peripheral blood. Despite the well known host immune reaction it has been impossible to standardize any immunological parameter and use it as an indicator of parasitic infection. The aim of finding some genetic markers associated with resistance/susceptibility to nematodes is to make diagnostic work easier and conduct an earlier selection of desirable genotypes. However, searching for reliable genetic markers is rather difficult due to different sheep’s manifestation of resistance to either the adult or larval stages of the same parasite species and against the same parasitic stage and various manifestations of the immune responses and antigens against parasites. This review summarizes findings reported in the literature relating to genetic markers to gastrointestinal nematodes resistance in sheep.

scholarly journals Edible mushrooms of the genus Pleurotus as biocontrol agents of parasites of importance for livestock

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. e1375
Author(s):  
Tania María Rodríguez-Barrera ◽  
Maura Téllez-Téllez ◽  
José E. Sánchez ◽  
Gloria Sarahí Castañeda-Ramirez ◽  
Maria De Lourdes Acosta-Urdapilleta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Edible Mushrooms ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Edible Fungi ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nematocidal Activity

Background: Edible mushrooms have nutraceutical properties, mainly in humans, animals and plants. Pleurotus species represent an alternative approach to parasite control because they have nematocidal activity against different taxonomic genera of nematodes of importance for livestock (e.g., eggs and infective and histotrophic larvae of Haemonchus contortus), as well as against other parasites of importance in animal health. Objective: To present a general overview of fungi of the genus Pleurotus and their characteristics as a sustainable method of biocontrol for parasitic nematodes of animals with importance in public health. Methods: This bibliographic review was carried out by consulting published studies on edible fungi of the genus Pleurotus and analyzing their properties related to nematocidal activity. The works were grouped according to their research focus; works related to keywords and topics in livestock were identified in indexed journals and on digital platforms. Results and conclusions: Pleurotus spp. produce different secondary metabolites with antiparasitic activities, mainly anthelmintic and particularly against gastrointestinal nematodes and their larval stages. The characteristics of these fungi are excellent for biotechnological applications since they produce a wide range of secondary metabolites in different parts, such as in the basidiomas, mycelia and degraded substrates.

scholarly journals THE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERNTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF RESISTANCE AND RESILIENCE IN RUMINANTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Ilić ◽  
Zoran KULIŠIĆ ◽  
Darko DESPOTOVIĆ ◽  
Bojan GAJIĆ ◽  
Danica BOGUNOVIĆ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Selective Treatment ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Body Condition Scoring ◽  
Pasture Contamination ◽  
Management Principle

Control of the gastrointestinal parasites in different systems of ruminant breeding is based on vaccination, chemotherapy, improved herd management and use of genetic potentials of host animals. Strategy of the helminths control based on frequent anthelmintics usage is dominant among the world, although it is considered unsustainable due to the appearance of increased number and species of parasites that are resistance to drugs. Development of resistance on all three groups of broad-spectrum antihelmintics (nicotinic anthelmintics, benzimidazoles and macrolides lactones) as well as increased care for consumers heath caused by appearance of used drugs residues in food, additionally complicate overall nematode control. With the aim to decrease appearance of anthelmintics resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and in order to organize process of sustainable integrated parasite management, principle of targeted selective treatment is globally accepted. Implementing of this strategy has only recently become feasible, with development and practical use of systems that serve for clinical assessment of anemia in small ruminants which suffer from hemonchosis. Besides that, short term changes in body weight and body condition scoring may be indicators of diseases caused by endoparasites, as it can provide rapid identification of animals that will probably have benefits from therapy. Obtained results of quantitative coprological diagnostic tests and results for anemia assessment are criteria that provide differential diagnosis between healthy and resilient animals and easier diseases diagnostic. Since resilient animals play important role in pasture contamination, the significance of their detection is understandable.

scholarly journals Nutraceutical Potential of the Low Deciduous Forest to Improve Small Ruminant Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Review

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1403
Author(s):  
Rafael Arturo Torres-Fajardo ◽  
Pedro Geraldo González-Pech ◽  
Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta ◽  
Carlos Alfredo Sandoval-Castro
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
The Relationship

Nutraceuticals are defined as livestock feeds that combine their nutritional value with their beneficial effects on animal health. We analyzed the outcomes from nearly 20 years of research assessing the nutraceutical properties of plants consumed by sheep and goats in low deciduous forests. A systematic review of different databases suggested 31 peer-reviewed manuscripts according to pre-established criteria. Amongst these, 16 manuscripts described in vitro evaluations investigating the bioactivity of plant secondary compounds in the extracts of 12 plant species. Most of these studies used the abomasal nematode Haemonchus contortus as the parasite model. Meanwhile, 11 manuscripts reported in vivo trials under controlled pen conditions, evaluating the relationships between the intake of leaves from different plant species and their secondary compounds and animal nutrition, performance, and gastrointestinal nematode infections. Additionally, four manuscripts described studies under natural feeding conditions. Altogether, the studies showed the inherent complexity of the relationship between small ruminants, plants, nutrients, secondary compounds, and gastrointestinal nematodes in natural feeding systems. Several plant species can be considered good candidates for nutraceutical use. Our findings warrant future work to understand the relationship between plants, ruminants, and their parasites, with the aim to improve the sustainability of production systems based on the native vegetation of tropical forests.

Effect of Jatropha curcas Latex on L3 Haemonchus contortus Larval Motility

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noorzaid Muhamad ◽  
Syahirah Sazeli ◽  
Resni Mona ◽  
Jannathul Firdous
Keyword(s):  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Plants Extract

The anthelmintic resistance has limited the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and thus has awakened interest in the study of plants extract as a source of anthelmintics. These experiments were carried out to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of Jatrophacurcas latex extract against Haemonchuscontortus larval motility. To evaluate the larvicidal activity, H.contortus L3 were incubated with the extracts with varying concentration of 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL at 27°C for 48, 72 and 96 hrs. The results were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test (P less than 0.05). The extracts showed dose-dependent larvicidal effects. These results suggest that J.curcas can be used to control gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants.

BioWorma as an Aid for Controlling Ruminant Nematode Parasites

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 36-36
Author(s):  
James E Miller ◽  
Joan M Burke ◽  
Thomas H Terrill
Keyword(s):  
Delivery System ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Nematode Parasites

Abstract Nematode-trapping fungi are biological control agents used against the larval stages of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock feces. These fungi are normal soil inhabitants where they feed on a variety of non-parasitic soil nematodes. Of the various fungi tested, Duddingtonia flagrans spores (BioWorma, International Animal Health Products, Australia) have been shown to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants. After defecation, the spores germinate and grow in the feces to form sticky, sophisticated traps/loops which are able to trap the developing larval stages in the fecal environment. This form of control has been successfully applied under field conditions and is an environmentally safe biological approach for forage-based feeding systems. BioWorma has recently been approved for use in the United States. The primary delivery system is mixing BioWorma into supplement feedstuffs daily where each animal has the opportunity to consume an adequate amount of the mixture. To achieve optimum control of larvae during the transmission season (May–October), BioWorma needs to be fed for a period of no shorter than 60 days, starting at the beginning of the grazing season (especially young after weaning). Feeding BioWorma to dams during late pregnancy and lactation will also help to reduce pasture contamination, especially for growing young that will graze the same pasture. Another delivery system is mixing BioWorma into loose mineral supplement where animals will consume it free choice. The mineral needs to be kept covered and dry. The spores cannot be incorporated into pellets as the heat of the pelleting process will kill the spores. One drawback in using BioWorma is the relatively high cost. Research is being conducted to evaluate other delivery schemes that could be more cost effective. This product is the only control method that targets nematodes on pasture, where a majority of the total population reside.

scholarly journals Role of probiotics in nutrition and health of small ruminants

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Abd El-Tawab ◽  
I.M.I. Youssef ◽  
H.A. Bakr ◽  
G.C. Fthenakis ◽  
N.D. Giadinis
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Research On Application

AbstractSmall ruminants represent an important economic source in small farm systems and agriculture. Feed is the main component of livestock farming, which has gained special attention to improve animal performance. Many studies have been done to improve feed utilisation through addition of feed additives. For a long period, antibiotics have been widely used as growth promoters in livestock diets. Due to their ban in many countries, search for alternative feed additives has been intensified. Probiotics are one of these alternatives recognised to be safe to the animals. Use of probiotics in small ruminant nutrition has been confirmed to improve animal health, productivity and immunity. Probiotics improved growth performance through enhancing of rumen microbial ecosystem, nutrient digestibility and feed conversion rate. Moreover, probiotics have been reported to stabilise rumen pH, increase volatile fatty acids production and to stimulate lactic acid utilising protozoa, resulting in a highly efficient rumen function. Furthermore, use of probiotics has been found to increase milk production and can reduce incidence of neonatal diarrhea and mortality. However, actual mechanisms through which probiotics exert these functions are not known. Since research on application of probiotics in small ruminants is scarce, the present review attempts to discuss the potential roles of this class of feed additives on productive performance and health status of these animals.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document