scholarly journals Utilisasi Kelambu Berinsektisida Pada Daerah Endemis Tinggi Malaria di Indonesia: Analisis Data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Asep Hermawan
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets

Malaria is still a global public health problem, especially in the tropical countries including Indonesia. The use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITN’s) is an effective way to reduce the prevalence of malaria. However, the proportion of households that use ITN’s in low to high malaria edemic areas in Indonesia is still low (15.8%). The purpose of the analysis is to asses the determinants affecting the use of ITN’s in high endemic areas in Indonesia in 2018. The analysis uses the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2018 data whose design is a cross-sectional study. The population is residents in 28 high malaria endemic districts/ cities with the number of samples interviewed were 33,001 people. The dependent variable was the habit of using ITN’s, while the independent variable is sociodemographic factors (relationship with household head, age group, education , occupations, and residential/ urban or rural areas) and the other ways to prevent mosquito bites. Data were analyzed using logistic regression test. The logistic regression analysis showed that the population with the characteristics of living in urban areas (aOR 2.55, 95% CI 2.38-2.74), parents (aOR 1.29, 95% CI 1.02-1.64), farmers (aOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.49-1.92) and completed Junior High (aOR 1.61, 95% CI 1.35-1.91), have the opportunity to use insecticide-treated bed nets, while the method of preventing mosquito bites others, most of them are protective of this habit. A new canal initiative is needed to increase people's knowledge about the importance of using insecticide-treated bed nets. Keyword: insecticide-treated bed nets, high malaria endemic areas Abstrak Malaria masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat global, terutama di daerah tropis termasuk Indonesia. Penggunaan kelambu berinsektisida merupakan cara efektif untuk mengurangi prevalensi malaria. Namun, proporsi rumah tangga yang menggunakan kelambu berinsektisida di daerah edemis rendah sampai tinggi di Indonesia masih rendah (15,8%). Tujuan analisis ini adalah untuk mengetahui determinan yang berpengaruh terhadap penggunaan kelambu berinsektisida di daerah endemis tinggi malaria di Indonesia pada 2018. Analisis ini menggunakan data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2018 yang desainnya adalah studi potong lintang. Populasi pada studi ini adalah penduduk di 28 kabupaten/ kota dengan katagori endemis malaria tinggi dengan jumlah sampel yang diwawancara sebanyak 33.001 orang. Variabel dependen adalah kebiasaan penggunaan kelambu berinsektisida, sedangkan variabel independen adalah faktor sosiodemografi (hubungan dengan KRT, kelompok usia, tingkat pendidikan, jenis pekerjaan, dan wilayah tempat tinggal/ perkotaan atau pedesaan) dan cara pencegahan gigitan nyamuk. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji logistic regression. Hasil analisis logistic regression menunjukkan bahwa penduduk dengam dengan karakteristik tinggal di perkotaan (aOR 2,55, 95%CI2,38-2,74), orang tua (aOR1,29, 95%CI 1,02-1,64), petani (aOR1,69, 95%CI 1,49-1,92) dan tamat SLTP/MTS (aOR 1,61, 95%CI 1,35-1,91), berpeluang menggunakan kelambua berinsektisida, sedangkan cara pencegahan gigitan nyamuk lainnya, sebagian besar bersifat protektif terhadap kebiasaan ini. Perlu inisiatif kanal baru untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan penduduk tentang pentingnya utilisasi kelambu berinsektisida. Kata kunci: kelambu berinsektisida, daerah endemis malaria tinggi

scholarly journals Mosquito borne diseases related knowledge, practice and behavior of people in rural and peri-urban areas of Eastern Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-98
Author(s):  
V K Khanal ◽  
P Pyakurel ◽  
S Uprety ◽  
R B Rayamajhi ◽  
P P Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge Practices ◽  
The People ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
And Behavior

Background: Mosquito borne diseases are major health problems in rural areas even after implementation of national Vector Borne Disease Control Programme in Nepal. The information on mosquito borne diseases related knowledge, practices and behavior of the people of rural and peri-urban areas of Nepal living in endemic areas are essential to develop behavioral change communication messages and for producing policy to prevent and control mosquito borne disease in the country. Objective: To assess knowledge, practices and behavior of the people living in rural and peri-urban areas regarding mosquito borne diseases. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 413 households was conducted from 10th March - 10th April, 2013 in Inaruwa municipality and Duhabi village of Sunsari District. Pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire were administered by face to face interview for data collection. Results: Ninety four percent responded, malaria was caused by mosquito but only 21% responded as dengue and Japanese encephalitis was caused by mosquito. Malaria and filariasis were considered fatal disease by 40%; however 20% had no idea about Japanese encephalitis and dengue. More than 70% respondent had perception that mosquito bites at night only. Although use of bed-net was found to be higher; only 2% had knowledge on insecticide impregnated bed-nets. 31% of respondents didn’t take medication during anti-filarial campaign supplied by government mainly due to side effects. It was observed that 61% respondents were unaware about the routine JE vaccination by Nepal government.Conclusion: Health education must be taken into account for communities in endemic areas to create awareness regarding prevention from mosquito borne diseases.Health Renaissance 2014;12(2): pp: 92-98

scholarly journals Nutritional status of Tunisian adolescents: associated gender, environmental and socio-economic factors

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1306-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri ◽  
Habiba Ben Romdhane ◽  
Pierre Traissac ◽  
Sabrina Eymard-Duvernay ◽  
Francis Delpeuch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Cross Sectional

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the nutritional status of Tunisian adolescents and associated factors.DesignA cross-sectional study based on a national stratified random cluster sample.Subjects and methodsIn all, 1295 boys and 1577 girls aged 15–19 years, of whom 28·4 % had already left school. Socio-economic characteristics of the parents, anthropometric measurements, food behaviours and physical activity of the adolescents were recorded during home visits.ResultsPrevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity (WHO/National Center for Health Statistics reference) were, respectively, 8·1 %, 17·4 % and 4·1 % among boys and 1·3 %, 20·7 % and 4·4 % among girls; abdominal obesity was highly prevalent among both sexes. Prevalence of overweight differed by region (from 11·5 % to 22·2 %) and was higher in urban v. rural areas for males (21·7 % v. 10·4 %) but not for females (21·7 % v. 19·2 %). These differences were partially mediated by socio-economic and lifestyle factors for males. For females, influence of cultural factors is hypothesised. In rural areas, overweight was more prevalent among boys of higher economic level households, having a working mother or a sedentary lifestyle; for girls, prevalence increased with the level of education of the mother. In urban areas, prevalence of overweight was related to eating habits: it was higher for boys with irregular snacking habits and for girls skipping daily meals. Urban girls having left school were also more overweight.ConclusionOverweight and abdominal obesity in late adolescence have become a true public health problem in Tunisia with the combined effects of cultural tradition for girls in rural areas, and of rapid economic development for boys and girls in cities.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Policies Applied in the Fight Against Malaria in two African Countries at different Stages of Intervention (Model of Burkina Faso and Model of Senegal) using Data from Surveys and Literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvire MFUENI BIKUNDI ◽  
Annie ROBERT ◽  
Catherine BOULAND ◽  
Edouard AKOTIONGA ◽  
MAREME Ndèye SOUGOU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Entomological Monitoring ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background: Malaria is a global public health problem with many cases each year (228 million cases in 2018 with 405,000 deaths). Most malaria cases occur in Africa. Methods: Data used for analysis are from Demographics and Health Surveys (DHS) 2017-2018 for Burkina Faso and DHS 2017 for Senegal. We added information from a synthesis of literature. Linear regression models were performed with an estimation of the mean number of persons using ITNs among groups (urban or rural areas, wealth level, highest education level in the household and age of household head) in each country. We evaluated the importance of co-factors in the relationship between the number of ITNs (insecticide-treated nets) in a household and the number of household members by calculating the R-squared. A criteria grid used for this synthesis of literature included eight important sub-groups: funding sources, entomological monitoring, use of ITNs, use of insecticide, malaria case management, health system organization, communication and surveillance. Results: Senegal and Burkina Faso have the same proportion (51%) of households in which all children under 5 sleep under ITNs. We found R-squared (R2=0.007 in Burkina Faso and R2=0.16 in Senegal) for the relationship between the number of ITNs in a household and household size. When wealth level, age of head of household, area of residence (rural or urban), highest education level in the household and number of bedrooms in the household were controlled for, we found R2=0.106 for Burkina Faso and R2=0.167 for Senegal. We found that Senegal’s national malaria program is decentralized with entomological monitoring in all districts, which is normal considering the intervention stage in the fight against malaria. In Burkina Faso, we found centralization of routine data.Conclusion: Our study synthesized the health policies applied in African countries which are at different stages of intervention in the fight against malaria and which have succeeded in maintaining low malaria prevalence (in Senegal) or in rapidly decreasing the prevalence of the disease (in Burkina Faso). Being close to elimination, Senegal required more active malaria surveillance than passive surveillance. Burkina Faso did not require a lot of active surveillance being not close to malaria elimination. These results merit a review in the context of each African country.

scholarly journals Determinants of Childhood Obesity in Representative Sample of Children in North East of Iran

Cholesterol ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fereshteh Baygi ◽  
Ahmad Reza Dorosty ◽  
Roya Kelishadi ◽  
Mostafa Qorbani ◽  
Hamid Asayesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
North East

Childhood obesity has become, a global public health problem, and epidemiological studies are important to identify its determinants in different populations. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with obesity in a representative sample of children in Neishabour, Iran. This study was conducted among 1500 randomly selected 6–12-year-old students from urban areas of Neishabour, northeast of Iran. Then, through a case-control study, 114 obese (BMI≥95th percentile of Iranian reference) children were selected as the case group and were compared with 102 controls (15th≤BMI<85th percentile). Factors suggested to be associated with weight status were investigated, for example, parental obesity, child physical activity levels, socio-economic status (SES), and so forth. The analysis was conducted using univariate and multivariate logistic regression (MLR) in SPSS version 16. In univariate logistic regression model, birth weight, birth order, family extension, TV watching, sleep duration, physical activity, parents’ job, parents’ education, parental obesity history, and SES were significantly associated with children’s obesity. After MLR analysis, physical activity and parental obesity history remained statistically significant in the model. Our findings showed that physical activity and parental obesity history are the most important determinants for childhood obesity in our population. This finding should be considered in implementation of preventive interventions.

scholarly journals Pemakaian Kelambu Berinsektisida pada Anak Usia 0-4 Tahun terhadap Kejadian Malaria

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Raden Ayu Aisyah ◽  
Dewi Susanna
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Meaningful Relationship ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pemakaian kelambu berinsektisida dengan kejadian malaria pada anak usia 0-4 tahun di wilayah Puskesmas Galang Kecamatan Galang Kota Batam tahun 2013. Desain penelitian adalah potong lintang pada 132 responden. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa pada tingkat signifikansi 5% terdapat hubungan bermakna antara jenis kelambu (OR = 4,6), lama pemakaian kelambu (OR = 2,9), cara pencucian kelambu (OR = 3,6), cara menjemur kelambu (OR = 2,8), dan pencelupan ulang kelambu (OR = 3,6) memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan kejadian malaria. Pendidikan (OR = 2,9), pekerjaan (OR = 2,8), dan lama bermukim (OR = 3,1) memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan kejadian malaria. Analisis regresi logistik menemukan bahwa odds ratio tertinggi dan terendah berturut- turut adalah jenis kelambu yang tidak berinsektisida, lama bermukim ² 2 tahun dan cara mencuci dengan dikucek, disikat dan direndam. The Use of Insecticide Treated Nets in Children Aged 0-4 Years with Incidence of MalariaThis research aimed to know the relation of the use of ITNs (Insecticide Treated Nets) with incidence of malaria in children aged 0-4 years in Primary Heatlh Care Galang Galang Sub District Batam City 2013. Design research was a cross-sectional in 132 respondents. The research has proves that there were meaningful relationship between types of nets (OR = 4.6), while the use of Insecticide Treated Nets (OR = 2.9), the way in washing nets (OR = 3.6), job (OR = 2.8), and retreated insecticide (OR = 3.6) have a meaningful relationship with incidence of malaria. So are education (OR = 2.9), employment (OR = 2.8), and length of stay (OR = 3.1) had a significant association with the incidence of malaria. Logistic regression analysis found that the odds ratio is the highest and the lowest row is not the type of insecticide-treated bed nets, long settled ² 2 years and by washing with rubbed, brushed and soaked.

scholarly journals The Burden of Overweight and Obesity among Long-Distance Truckers in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tewodros Yosef ◽  
Biruk Bogale ◽  
Alemnew Destaw ◽  
Angesom Weldu
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Driving Experience

Background. Abnormal body mass index (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) has become a major global public health problem which is rising at a faster rate in urban areas of low- and middle-income countries. In Ethiopia, the prevalence gradually increases. Long-distance truckers are at a high risk of developing overweight or obesity due to the sedentary nature of their job. Despite these populations at a high risk of developing overweight/obesity such as drivers elsewhere, pieces of data that showed the prevalence and contributing factors of overweight and obesity among long-distance truckers in Ethiopia are not yet available. Objective. To assess the prevalence and contributing factors of overweight and obesity among long-distance truckers in Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 systematically selected truckers at Modjo dry port in Ethiopia from February to March, 2018. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. The final results were presented in tables and numerical summary measures such as mean and standard deviation (SD). Results. Of the 400 truckers interviewed, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 56.5%, 95% CI (51.6%–61.4%). The study also found that a monthly income ≥220 USD (AOR = 1.83, 95% CI (1.05–3.18)), having 3 or more family sizes (AOR = 2.24, 95% CI (1.15–4.36)), less than 6 hours of sleep at night (AOR = 3.34, 95% CI (1.99–5.78)), driving for 9 or more hours daily (AOR = 2.29, 95% CI (1.09–4.81)), and a truck driving experience of 10 or more years (AOR = 2.13, 95% CI (1.29–4.18)) were significantly associated with overweight and obesity. Conclusion. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was substantially high. The study also found that sociodemographic and occupational factors are mainly associated with overweight and obesity. Therefore, a health education program should be designed for awareness creation on the importance of reducing a sedentary lifestyle, consuming healthy foods or drinks, and having regular physical exercise to mitigate the problem.

Prevalence and socio-cultural determinants of domestic violence among married women in Thimphu, Bhutan

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kencho Wangmo
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Adolescent Women

Introduction: Domestic violence is a public health problem all over the world, yet its prevalence is under-reported in a pervasive “culture of silence”. Bhutan is not likely to be an exception; however, data on the prevalence, forms and determinants of domestic violence are scant. The purpose of this study is to measure the prevalence and characterize factors associated with domestic violence among women in Thimphu, Bhutan’s capital. Methods: A population-based, household cross-sectional survey was conducted in January-May, 2012. A multistage sampling method was used to obtain a representative sample of 300 married women. The chi-square test was used to identify factors associated with increased likelihood of experiencing the four forms of domestic violence. Results: The overall prevalence of any domestic violence was 44%. By type of violence, the most common was emotional (36%), followed by control (30%), physical (20%) and sexual (14%). Sexual violence was reported more often by young adolescent women. Women from urban areas reported more emotional violence compared to women from rural areas. Women agreed with many situations in which force might be used by their husbands and with many of the traditional roles of women in society. Nonetheless, many women objected to the use of force in many situations and rejected certain constraining roles of women. Conclusions: This study supports the importance of advocacy for education and programs to prevent and mitigate harm from domestic abuse experienced by women in Bhutan.

scholarly journals A study of prevalence of hypertension and socio-demographic factors in urban slum, Maharashtra

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gautam B. Sawase ◽  
Sunayana G. Kumthekar ◽  
Shweta N. Salphale ◽  
Mohan K. Doibale
Keyword(s):  
Sex Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

Background: Hypertension is the commonest cardiovascular disorder, posting a major public health problem of the world and especially to population in socio-economic and epidemiological transition. Around 7.5 million deaths or 12.8% of the total of all annual deaths worldwide occur due to high blood pressure. It is predicted to be increased to 1.56 billion adults with hypertension in 2025. In India there is 24-30% of prevalence of hypertension in urban areas and 12-14% in rural areas. The objectives of the study were to find out the prevalence of hypertension in study population of 18 years and above and to study some socio-demographic factors affecting hypertension.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was carried out in urban slum area, under urban field practice area of a Govt. Medical College & hospital. Sample size of 360 participants of age more than 18 yrs residing in study area taken. Data collected by using systematic random sampling by house to house visit. A semi-structured & pretested questionnaire used to interview the patients after obtaining their consent. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. Appropriate statistical tests were applied.Results: The overall prevalence of hypertension was 30.5%. Out of 360 subjects, 47 (13%) found elevated hypertensive. Out of 110 hypertensive population nearly 53 (48%) were in older age group, nearly 60 (55%) were illiterate and 53 (48%) were unskilled workers out of 110 was found statistically significant (p<0.05).Conclusions: Prevalence of hypertension found to be 30.5%. Some socio-demographic factors like age, sex, education, occupation were statistically significant (p<0.05).

scholarly journals Inappropriate Household Water, Sanitation and Hygiene practices are associated with Wasting for children under 5 years in Rural Tanzania: Evidence from the 2015/2016 Survey

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Gharib Khamis ◽  
Julius Edward Ntwenya ◽  
Mbazi Senkoro
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

Abstract Introduction: Wasting is a serious problem which lead to various morbidity and mortality incidences among infants and young children in developing countries. More is needed to reveal the environmental factors affecting infant and young child health in various settings particularly rural areas. Objectives: The objective of this analysis was to examine the association between Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) factors with children acute malnutrition (wasting), and investigate weather rural and urban areas being prone to poor WASH practices in Tanzania. Methods: This is a secondary data analysis of the 2015 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) which is a cross-sectional study. The data was retrieved and re-analysed according to the study objective. The study involved 8,937 children aged 0 to 5 years living in Rural and Urban areas of the United Republic of Tanzania. A child was considered to be wasted if weight-for-height Z-scores were below minus two standard deviations (-2 SD) from the median of the WHO reference. Adjusted for Rural and Urban, the WASH factors were entered in the binary logistic regression model for analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to control for confounders. Results: Overall, this analysis reveals that rural areas have relatively poor WASH practices compared to their urban counterparts. The result showed that three WASH factors were retained in the model in rural areas. After controling for potential confounders of wasting like diarhoea and fever. The backward selection procedures of the logistic regression showed that: inappropriate disposal of stool (AOR=1.28; 1-1.59 95% CI); more than 30 minutes spent to get water (AOR=0.74; 0.54-1.01 95% CI) and unavailable place for handwashing (AOR=1.23, 0.96-1.56 95% CI) were associated with wasting in rural areas. Only one factor of inappropriate disposal of stool (AOR=2.8; 1.59-4.89, 95% CI) was found to be significantly associated with wasting in urban areas. Both rural and urban areas, there was no association between availability of handwashing facilities, type of sanitation and access to improved water sources with childhood wasting. Conclusion: This study justifies the importance of interventions for WASH targeting on promotion of nutrition and disease prevention in Tanzania especially in rural areas.

scholarly journals Prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in an urbanized village of East Delhi

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raghavendra A. H. ◽  
Monika Singh ◽  
Pragti Chabra ◽  
Arun Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Duration Of Stay ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas

Background: Hypertension is the major public health problem both in developing and developed nations. There is disparity in prevalence of hypertension in rural and urban areas. Data is available on the prevalence of hypertension in both urban and rural areas but studies on migratory population are limited. Methods: A community based cross sectional study conducted in urbanized village of east Delhi.  WHO STEPS questionnaire was used collect the data. Total of 451 persons were interviewed by stratified random sampling method.  Data analysis was done using SPSS version 16. Results: Prevalence of hypertension was 16.4%, high age group, high income, body mass index more than 23 and duration of stay in urban area were significantly associated with prevalence of hypertension. Conclusions: Older age group, higher BMI and longer duration of stay in urban area have significant associations with the higher prevalence of hypertension. 

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