scholarly journals Implementation of Double-Timing Pulse Interpolation Applied to Compact Piston Provers

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. Jeronymo ◽  
S.B. Araujo ◽  
V.Y. Aibe
Keyword(s):  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Fractional Part ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Electronic Circuitry ◽  
Timing Pulse ◽  
Interpolation Techniques ◽  
Internal Volume ◽  
And Control

This work presents an electronic circuit for double-timing pulse interpolation applied to compact piston provers (also referred as small volume provers). Compact provers are usually employed to prove meters with pulsed outputs. API and ISO standards [1,2] recommend a minimum of 10.000 pulses per run to obtain a resolution better than ± 0.01%. Since the volume of fluid displaced by a compact prover is relatively small, the number of pulses produced during a proving run is often considerably less than 10.000 pulses. Pulse interpolation techniques are commonly used to increase resolution and to diminish uncertainty during a proving run by estimating the fractional part of meter pulses within the time interval of the calibration. In this way, pulse interpolation techniques are essential to obtain accurate flow measurements and to allow the calibration of meters with compact provers. Our implementation uses a compact piston prover with an internal volume of 12 L and maximum flow capacity of 180 L/min. In order to implement the double-timing pulse interpolation method, we have used a Pentium D, 2.80 GHz installed with a 16-bit counter/timer board. Data acquisition and control software were written using VB .Net. An electronic circuitry was built to activate/deactivate counters gates, and to collect pulses. Some requirements and limitations of pulse interpolation techniques such as circuitry testing and pulse stability are also discussed in this work.

scholarly journals The effect of diminazene aceturate on cholinesterase activity in dogs with canine babesiosis

1997 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Milner ◽  
F. Reyers ◽  
J.H. Taylor ◽  
J.S. Van den Berg
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Canine Babesiosis ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Significant Depression ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control

A clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effects of diminazene aceturate and its stabiliser antipyrine on serum pseudocholinesterase (PChE) and red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (RBC AChE) in dogs with babesiosis. The trial was conducted on naturally occurring, uncomplicated cases of babesiosis (n = 20) that were randomly allocated to groups receiving a standard therapeutic dose of diminazene aceturate with antipyrine stabiliser (n = 10) or antipyrine alone (n = 10). Blood was drawn immediately before and every 15 minutes for 1 hour after treatment. Plasma PChE showed a 4 % decrease between 0 and 60 min within the treatment group (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between the treatment and control groups at any of the time intervals for PChE. There was an increase in RBC AChE activity at 15 min in the treatment group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the treatment and control groups at any time interval for RBC AChE. In view of the difference in PChE, samples from additional, new cases (n = 10) of canine babesiosis were collected to identify the affect of the drug over 12 hours. No significant depression was identified over this time interval. The results suggests that the underlying mechanism in producing side-effects, when they do occur, is unlikely to be through cholinesterase depression.

scholarly journals Analysis of Modular Stator PMSM Manufactured Using Oriented Steel

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6583
Author(s):  
Anmol Aggarwal ◽  
Matthew Meier ◽  
Elias Strangas ◽  
John Agapiou
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Core Loss ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Machine Performance ◽  
Core Losses ◽  
Lower Permeability ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
And Control

Oriented steel has higher permeability and lower losses in the direction of orientation (the rolling direction) than non-oriented steel. However, in the transverse direction, oriented steel typically has lower permeability and higher losses. The strategic use of oriented steel in a modular Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) stator can improve machine performance, particularly when compared to a machine designed with non-oriented steel, by increasing both torque and efficiency. Typically, steel manufacturers provide magnetic properties only in the rolling and transverse directions. Furthermore, in modern Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software, the magnetic properties between the rolling and transverse directions are interpolated using an intrinsic mathematical model. However, this interpolation method has proven to be inaccurate; to resolve this issue, an improved model was proposed in the literature. This model requires the magnetic properties of the oriented steel in between the rolling and transverse directions. Therefore, a procedure for extracting the magnetic properties of oriented steel is required. The objective of this work is to propose a method of determining the magnetic properties of oriented steel beyond just the oriented and transverse directions. In this method, flux-injecting probes, also known as sensors, are used to inject and control the flux density in an oriented steel segmented stator in order to extract the properties of the oriented steel. These extracted properties are then used to model an oriented steel modular stator PMSM. The machine’s average torque and core losses are compared with conventional, non-modular, non-oriented steel stator PMSM, and modular, non-oriented steel stator PMSM. It is shown that both the average torque and the core loss of the oriented steel modular stator PMSM have better performance at the selected number of segments than either of the two non-oriented steel stators.

scholarly journals IoT-based Running Time Monitoring System for Machine Preventive Maintenance Scheduling

ELKHA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Erwin Sitompul ◽  
Agus Rohmat
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Preventive Maintenance ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Remote Access ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Running Time ◽  
Damage And Failure ◽  
Simulation Purpose ◽  
And Control

Machines are valuable assets that need to be protected from damage and failure through proper maintenance measures. This paper proposes a system that automatically monitors the running time of machines and sends notifications regarding their preventive maintenance (PM) schedules. The system core consists of a programmable logic controller (PLC) and a human machine interface (HMI). The HMI is connected to an online platform via internet connection provided by a router, so that the monitoring result can be accessed via Android smartphone or laptop/PC. This IoT-based running time monitoring system (IRTMS) will be particularly helpful in implementation at an production site that consists of multiple various machines. The PM items of a machine may vary from cleaning, changing single component, to an overhaul, each with different time interval. By using the IRTMS, the user will have an overview of the PM schedules anytime and anywhere. The preparation of material, components, or tools can be known ahead of time. For simulation purpose, a prototype is constructed by using components as used in industrial real-life condition. Four output connections are provided to simulate the simultaneous monitoring of four machines. The IRTMS prototype is tested and completely successful on doing the running time monitoring, the running time reset, the PM notifications, and the remote access for monitoring and control.

The Design of an IEEE 1588 End-to-End Transparent Ethernet Switch

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Caleb Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Packet Delay ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Path Delay ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ieee 1588 ◽  
Precision Time ◽  
End To End ◽  
And Control ◽  
Measurement And Control ◽  
Ethernet Switch

<p>In measurement and control systems there is often a need to synchronise distributed clocks. Traditionally, synchronisation has been achieved using a dedicated medium to convey time information, typically using the IRIG-B serial protocol. The precision time protocol (IEEE 1588) has been designed as an improvement to current methods of synchronisation within a distributed network of devices. IEEE 1588 is a message based protocol that can be implemented across packet based networks including, but not limited to, Ethernet. Standard Ethernet switches introduce a variable delay to packets that inhibits path delay measurements. Transparent switches have been introduced to measure and adjust for packet delay, thus removing the negative effects that these variations cause.  This thesis describes the hardware and firmware design of an IEEE 1588 transparent end-to-end Ethernet switch for Tekron International Ltd based in Lower Hutt, New Zealand. This switch has the ability to monitor all Ethernet traffic, identify IEEE 1588 timing packets, measure the delay that these packets experience while passing through the switch, and account for this delay by adjusting a time-interval field of the packet as it is leaving the switch. This process takes place at the operational speed of the port, and without introducing significant delay. Time-interval measurements can be made using a high-precision timestamp unit with a resolution of 1 ns. The total jitter introduced by this measurement process is just 4.5 ns through a single switch.</p>

Surface changes on a landslide affected high bluff in Dunaszekcső (Hungary)

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Titusz Bugya ◽  
Szabolcs Fábián ◽  
Noémi Görcs ◽  
István Kovács ◽  
Bertalan Radvánszky
Keyword(s):  
Base Point ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Elevation Change ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
Vertical Displacements ◽  
Grid Points ◽  
And Control ◽  
Surface Changes

AbstractThis article presents results from the survey conducted on Dunaszekcső loess bluff after the last major rotational sliding event in 2008. The study area is a region of 25×30 m located on loess bluff close to the recent scarp. The relative elevation change of the surface was surveyed in 2.5×5 m grid network in relation to a marked base point. The survey was conducted using simple equipment such as analogue theodolite and leveller with regular time interval during a year and control measurements were taken after six months.It was assumed that measurements to the nearest cm are sufficient to recognize vertical displacements of the surface. The study focused on identifying the pattern of general vertical movements for the study area by the relative movements of individual points. Our results show significant cm scale vertical displacements. Most of the grid points have a slow decreasing tendency, but close to the scarp a more significant displacement was found. The main character of the spatial pattern is subsidence, which is more definitive on southern part of the study area than the northern part. Our observations correlate with the broader geomorphological characteristics of loess bluffs along the Danube.

scholarly journals Shepard and Hardy Multiquadric Interpolation Methods for Multicomponent Aerosol–Cloud Parameterization

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Rap ◽  
Satyajit Ghosh ◽  
Michael H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
General Circulation Models ◽  
Aerosol Cloud ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Interpolation Techniques ◽  
Cloud Parameterization

Abstract This paper presents a novel method based on the application of interpolation techniques to the multicomponent aerosol–cloud parameterization for global climate modeling. Quantifying the aerosol indirect effect still remains a difficult task, and thus developing parameterizations for general circulation models (GCMs) of the microphysics of clouds and their interactions with aerosols is a major challenge for climate modelers. Three aerosol species are considered in this paper—namely sulfate, sea salt, and biomass smoke—and a detailed microphysical chemical parcel model is used to obtain a dataset of points relating the cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) to the three aerosol input masses. The resulting variation of CDNC with the aerosol mass has some nonlinear features that require a complex but efficient parameterization to be easily incorporated into GCMs. In bicomponent systems, simple interpolation techniques may be sufficient to relate the CDNC to the aerosol mass, but with increasing components, simple methods fail. The parameterization technique proposed in this study employs either the modified Shepard interpolation method or the Hardy multiquadrics interpolation method, and the numerical results obtained show that both methods provide realistic results for a wide range of aerosol mass loadings. This is the first application of these two interpolation techniques to aerosol–cloud interaction studies.

Stability and Compatibility of Cimetidine Hydrochloride and Aminophylline in Dextrose 5% in Water Injection

1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 592-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Baptista ◽  
Francis P. Mitrano
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Stability ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Control Solution ◽  
And Control

A controlled study was conducted to assess the physical compatibility of cimetidine hydrochloride (HCl) and aminophylline and the chemical stability of an admixture of the two medications in dextrose 5% in water (D5W) injection, over 48 hours at room temperature. Three one-liter admixtures were prepared, each containing cimetidine HCl 1200 mg and aminophylline 500 mg in D5W. One liter of only cimetidine HCl 1200 mg in D5W and one liter of only aminophylline 500 mg in D5W served as controls. Samples drawn from the five admixtures and immediately frozen were analyzed for cimetidine and theophylline content at times 0, 1, 6, 24, and 48 hours using high-performance liquid chromatography. Chemical stability of each drug was assessed relative to its time-zero concentration. Samples were also drawn from each test and control solution at every time interval to assess the pH. Admixtures were stored at room temperature out of direct sunlight for the duration of the study, and were visually inspected for color change, turbidity, cloudiness, and precipitation. Recovery of cimetidine and theophylline at all test intervals, pH assessments, and visual inspections of the admixtures showed that cimetidine HCl and aminophylline are both chemically stable and physically compatible for 48 hours at room temperature in one liter of D5W.

scholarly journals Bathymetry and geographical regionalization of Brepollen (Hornsund, Spitsbergen) based on bathymetric profiles interpolations

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Moskalik ◽  
Piotr Grabowiecki ◽  
Jarosław Tęgowski ◽  
Monika Żulichowska
Keyword(s):  
Ordinary Kriging ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Kriging Method ◽  
Small Boat ◽  
Single Beam ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Interpolation Techniques ◽  
Geographical Regionalization

Abstract Determination of High Arctic regions bathymetry is strictly dependent from weather and ice mass quantity. Due to safety, it is often necessary to use a small boat to study fjords area, especially close to glaciers with unknown bathymetry. This precludes the use of modern multi−beam echosounders, and so traditional single−beam echosounders have been used for bathymetry profiling. Adequate interpolation techniques were determined for the most probable morphological formations in−between bathymetric profiles. Choosing the most accurate interpolation method allows for the determination of geographical regionalisation of submarine elevations of the Brepollen area (inner part of Hornsund, Spitsbergen). It has also been found that bathymetric interpolations should be performed on averaged grid values, rather than individual records. The Ordinary Kriging Method was identified as the most adequate for interpolations and was compared with multi beam scan− ning, which was possible to make due to a previously modelled single beam interpolation map. In total, eight geographical units were separated in Brepollen, based on the bathy− metry, slope and aspect maps. Presented results provide a truly new image of the area, which allow for further understanding of past and present processes in the High Arctic.

scholarly journals Model predictive control with random batch methods for a guiding problem

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Dongnam Ko ◽  
Enrique Zuazua
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Model Predictive Control ◽  
Predictive Control ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Original System ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Short Time Interval ◽  
Feedback Control Strategy ◽  
Short Time ◽  
And Control

We model, simulate and control the guiding problem for a herd of evaders under the action of repulsive drivers. The problem is formulated in an optimal control framework, where the drivers (controls) aim to guide the evaders (states) to a desired region of the Euclidean space. The numerical simulation of such models quickly becomes unfeasible for a large number of interacting agents, as the number of interactions grows [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] agents. For reducing the computational cost to [Formula: see text], we use the Random Batch Method (RBM), which provides a computationally feasible approximation of the dynamics. First, the considered time interval is divided into a number of subintervals. In each subinterval, the RBM randomly divides the set of particles into small subsets (batches), considering only the interactions inside each batch. Due to the averaging effect, the RBM approximation converges to the exact dynamics in the [Formula: see text]-expectation norm as the length of subintervals goes to zero. For this approximated dynamics, the corresponding optimal control can be computed efficiently using a classical gradient descent. The resulting control is not optimal for the original system, but for a reduced RBM model. We therefore adopt a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy to handle the error in the dynamics. This leads to a semi-feedback control strategy, where the control is applied only for a short time interval to the original system, and then compute the optimal control for the next time interval with the state of the (controlled) original dynamics. Through numerical experiments we show that the combination of RBM and MPC leads to a significant reduction of the computational cost, preserving the capacity of controlling the overall dynamics.

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