scholarly journals Retrotranslocation: Endoplasmic Reticulum’s Junk Disposal Mechanism

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Partha Ray

The primary structure of polypeptides is converted to their final tertiary and quaternary structure by sequential maturation steps, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) provides the environment for the polypeptides to attain their proper 3-dimensional architecture. Proteins that misfold or fail to oligomerize with their partners (Chen et al., 1998; Wileman et al., 1990) are quickly degraded, as unfolded or unassembled proteins could interfere with normal cellular function. Retrotranslocation is the process by which terminally misfolded or unassembled ER proteins are translocated back into the cytosol for degradation mediated by the proteasomal machinery. Increasing amounts of evidence now support the fact that the same translocon pore that is involved in the translocation of polypeptides into the ER is also used for the retrotranslocation process. But questions, like how the misfolded proteins are recognized and targeted to the translocon pore, whether the process requires energy, and what pulls the polypeptides as they emerge out of the pore into the cytoplasm, remain to be elucidated. This review addresses our current knowledge about the retrotranslocation process. 

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 5842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Poór ◽  
Zalán Czékus ◽  
Irma Tari ◽  
Attila Ördög

Different abiotic and biotic stresses lead to the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in ER stress. In response to ER stress, cells activate various cytoprotective responses, enhancing chaperon synthesis, protein folding capacity, and degradation of misfolded proteins. These responses of plants are called the unfolded protein response (UPR). ER stress signaling and UPR can be regulated by salicylic acid (SA), but the mode of its action is not known in full detail. In this review, the current knowledge on the multifaceted role of SA in ER stress and UPR is summarized in model plants and crops to gain a better understanding of SA-regulated processes at the physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels.


2016 ◽  
Vol 213 (6) ◽  
pp. 693-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Sikorska ◽  
Leticia Lemus ◽  
Auxiliadora Aguilera-Romero ◽  
Javier Manzano-Lopez ◽  
Howard Riezman ◽  
...  

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control mechanisms target terminally misfolded proteins for ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Misfolded glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are, however, generally poor ERAD substrates and are targeted mainly to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation, leading to predictions that a GPI anchor sterically obstructs ERAD. Here we analyzed the degradation of the misfolded GPI-AP Gas1* in yeast. We could efficiently route Gas1* to Hrd1-dependent ERAD and provide evidence that it contains a GPI anchor, ruling out that a GPI anchor obstructs ERAD. Instead, we show that the normally decreased susceptibility of Gas1* to ERAD is caused by canonical remodeling of its GPI anchor, which occurs in all GPI-APs and provides a protein-independent ER export signal. Thus, GPI anchor remodeling is independent of protein folding and leads to efficient ER export of even misfolded species. Our data imply that ER quality control is limited for the entire class of GPI-APs, many of them being clinically relevant.


eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian G Peterson ◽  
Morgan L Glaser ◽  
Tom A Rapoport ◽  
Ryan D Baldridge

Misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are retrotranslocated into the cytosol and polyubiquitinated before being degraded by the proteasome. The multi-spanning ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 forms the retrotranslocation channel and associates with three other membrane proteins (Hrd3, Usa1, Der1) of poorly defined function. The Hrd1 channel is gated by autoubiquitination, but how Hrd1 escapes degradation by the proteasome and returns to its inactive ground state is unknown. Here, we show that autoubiquitination of Hrd1 is counteracted by Ubp1, a deubiquitinating enzyme that requires its N-terminal transmembrane segment for activity towards Hrd1. The Hrd1 partner Hrd3 serves as a brake for autoubiquitination, while Usa1 attenuates Ubp1’s deubiquitination activity through an inhibitory effect of its UBL domain. These results lead to a model in which the Hrd1 channel is regulated by cycles of autoubiquitination and deubiquitination, reactions that are modulated by the other components of the Hrd1 complex.


Author(s):  
Paul Gibbons

Transmissible spongifonn encephalopathies (TSE) have been documented in livestock  for centuries but the nature of the putative causative agent as a contagious, mutant form of a host-encoded protein is a very recent discovery whose nuances remain  unclear. In its normal conformation, the Prion is believed to be a short-lived uptake protein ubiquitous in nervous tissues.In contrast ,the mutant Prion usually has an identical primary structure , but has a radically different tertiary and quaternary structure that confers on it unusual stability and resistance  to the  normal post-translational reactions. Most importantly,  the mutant protein binds to the normal Prion protein and alters its conformation to the mutant form. Transmission of TSE from host to host  has been observed to occur primarily through ingestion of infected tissue and introduction of the mutant Prion to nervous tissue in the mouth, such as the cranial nerves serving the tongue. It is believed that the mutant Prion is transported within the parenchyma via highly motile microglia. The latent damage from eventual accumulation of mutant Prion is the result of the host's immune response to the protein that involves inflammatory TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha and beta, among others. Clinical symptoms, however , presented well after the host's immune response resulted in spongiform changes to nervous tissue. Fortunately, there currently exists promising research that seeking to explain natural immunity to TSE and apply it to unaffected individuals.Les encaphalopathies spongiformes transmissibles (EST) sont signalees chez le betail depuis des siecles, mais la nature de l'agent causal presume, une forme mutante contagieuse de proteine encodee par l'hote, est une decouverte tres recente qui reste mysterieuse sous bien des rapports. Dans sa conformation normale, le prion serait une proteine messagere dont la vie est courte et qui serait tres repandue dans les tissus nerveux. Par centre, si le prion mutant a une structure primaire identique, sa structure tertiaire et sa structure quatemaire sont completement differentes et lui conferent une stabilite et une resistance inhabituelles aux reactions post-traductionnelles normales . Et cequi est plus important, la proteine prion mutante se lie a la proteine normale et modifie sa conformation pour la transformer en proteine mutante. On a observe que la transmission des EST d'un h6te a l'autre s'effectue principalement par l'ingestion de tissus infectes et l'introduction du prion mutant dans les tissus nerveux par voie orale, notamment par les nerfs craniens au niveau de la langue. On croit que le prion est transporte dans le parenchyme par des microglies tres mobiles. Les dommages latents d'une accumulation eventuelle du prion resultent de la reaction immunitaire de l'hote envers la proteine qui fait intervenir le TNF-alpha et les IL-1 alpha et beta, entre autres . Les symptomes cliniques, toutefois , qui se presentent longtemps apres la reaction immunitaire de l'hote, consistent en des modifications spongiformes au niveau des tissus nerveux. Heureusement, des recherches prometteuses tentent d'expliquer l'immunite naturelle envers les EST et de l'appliquer aux sujets non atteints.


2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Barazzuol ◽  
Flavia Giamogante ◽  
Marisa Brini ◽  
Tito Calì

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–mitochondria contact sites are critical structures for cellular function. They are implicated in a plethora of cellular processes, including Ca2+ signalling and mitophagy, the selective degradation of damaged mitochondria. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced kinase (PINK) and Parkin proteins, whose mutations are associated with familial forms of Parkinson’s disease, are two of the best characterized mitophagy players. They accumulate at ER–mitochondria contact sites and modulate organelles crosstalk. Alterations in ER–mitochondria tethering are a common hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the involvement of PINK1 and Parkin at the ER–mitochondria contact sites and their role in the modulation of Ca2+ signalling and mitophagy.


2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandhya Khurana ◽  
Matthew Piche ◽  
Amanda Hollingsworth ◽  
Krishnan Venkataraman ◽  
T.C. Tai

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in normal cellular function and physiology. However, oxidative stress resulting from an accumulation of ROS has a detrimental impact on cellular function, and ROS has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. This review provides a summary of the impact of ROS on cardiovascular health and diseases, highlighting the therapeutic use of antioxidants. In addition, this review summarizes the health benefits of polyphenols, and the recent progress on understanding the cellular and physiological actions by which polyphenols may impart their beneficial properties on cardiovascular health.


2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 725-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charisma Enam ◽  
Yifat Geffen ◽  
Tommer Ravid ◽  
Richard G. Gardner

Nuclear proteins participate in diverse cellular processes, many of which are essential for cell survival and viability. To maintain optimal nuclear physiology, the cell employs the ubiquitin-proteasome system to eliminate damaged and misfolded proteins in the nucleus that could otherwise harm the cell. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge about the major ubiquitin-protein ligases involved in protein quality control degradation (PQCD) in the nucleus and how they orchestrate their functions to eliminate misfolded proteins in different nuclear subcompartments. Many human disorders are causally linked to protein misfolding in the nucleus, hence we discuss major concepts that still need to be clarified to better understand the basis of the nuclear misfolded proteins’ toxic effects. Additionally, we touch upon potential strategies for manipulating nuclear PQCD pathways to ameliorate diseases associated with protein misfolding and aggregation in the nucleus.


2019 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 59-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos T. Chasapis ◽  
Manousos Makridakis ◽  
Anastassios E. Damdimopoulos ◽  
Jerome Zoidakis ◽  
Vasiliki Lygirou ◽  
...  

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Helmstaedter

AbstractThe complete mapping of neuronal circuits in at least parts of brains has received substantial attention recently. Methodological breakthroughs have made the imaging of ever larger tissue blocks realistic using 3-dimensional electron microscopy. Analysis of such data, however, is still limiting the neuroscientific insights obtainable from cellular connectomics data. What is the state of this scientific field, which insights have been obtained, which are in reach? This brief overview summarizes the current knowledge in cellular connectomics.


1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (4) ◽  
pp. L558-L564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. S. Qu ◽  
L. C. Chen

Intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) plays a vital role both in maintaining normal cellular function and in cell killing. Few studies have been published regarding its role in ozone (O3)-induced health effects. This study investigated the effect and mechanism of O3 exposure on [Ca2+]i in human tracheal epithelial (HTE) cells. HTE cells grown on Costar Transwell inserts with a liquid-gas interface were exposed to 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 ppm O3 at 37 degrees C for 1 h. After exposure, [Ca2+]i was measured using the fluorescent dye Fluo 3. O3 at 0.4 ppm produced a significant increase in [Ca2+]i, and the increases in [Ca2+]i were blocked by verapamil and 8-(diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5,-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8). These results suggest that the O3-induced [Ca2+]i elevation may involve both Ca2+ release from internal stores and Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane. Furthermore, both buffer and cell lysate of HTE cells exposed to 0.4 ppm O3 caused a rapid increase in [Ca2+]i of THP-1 human phagocytic monocytes, but the buffer and lysate from air exposed cells did not. These results suggest that O3 exposure causes HTE cells to release a diffusible mediator from the empty Ca(2+)-storing organelle and may be responsible for the sustained and persistent [Ca2+]i elevation in HTE cells exposed to 0.4 ppm O3.


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