Fungal Pectinase Production Optimization and its Application  in Buffaloe’s Diets Degradation

Pectinase production for improving buffalo’s diets digestion is the main objective of this work. Effects of fungal strains and different cultivation conditions on pectinase production have been studied. In vitro batch culture technique was used for investigate impact of the produced pectinase compared with commercial pectinase (SMIZYME ® ) on rumen fermentation parameters and diet degradation. Penicillium chrysogenum exhibited the highest pectinase activity at 3 days of incubation period , initial pH 4 of the growth medium, yeast extract as a sole nitrogen source and pomegranate peel as a carbon source at a concentration of 15 % (W/V). Three (g/kg) of the both enzymes supplementation significantly increased treated diet’s dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) degradability with increase total gas production ( TGP) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration. The enlargement of pectinase production locally will lead to animal production improvement, encourage self-reliance and reduce the cost of enzymes importation.

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Effect of mixture of herbal plants on ruminal fermentation, degradability and gas production

Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences ◽

10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.48549 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. e48549

Author(s):

Ahmed Mahmoud Abd El Tawab ◽

Mostafa Sayed Abdellatif Khattab ◽

Fatma Ibrahim Hadhoud ◽

Mahmoud Mohamed Shaaban

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Ph Value ◽

Control Diet ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Culture Technique ◽

Gas Production ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Ruminant Diets ◽

Negative Effect

Reducing livestock negative environmental impacts get great interest in last years. So, present study was carried out to determine the effect of adding different levels of mixture of thyme and celery versus salinomycin on ruminal fermentation, gas production, dry, organic matter and fiber degradation. Four experimental treatments were used by in-vitro batch culture technique, as follow: 60% CFM, 40% clover hay (control), control diet + 2.5 gm thyme + 2.5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T1), control diet + 5 gm thyme + 5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T2), control diet + 10 gm thyme + 10 gm celery kg-1 DM (T3), control diet + 0.4 gm Salinomycin kg-1 DM (T4). Ruminal pH value was significantly increased (p < 0.05) with T4 compared with other treatments. While, the T4 recorded the lowest value (p < 0.05) for microbial protein, short chain fatty acids concentrations (SCFA), total gas production, dry matter and organic matter degradability (DMd and OMd) compared with other treatments. Fiber fraction degradability (NDFd and ADFd) appeared no significant variance (p > 0.05) between control and other treatments except for T1 that recorded the lowest value (p < 0.05). It is concluded that mixture of thyme plus celery could be alternate for ionophores in the ruminant diets to enhance ruminal fermentation, reducing gas production without any negative effect on nutrients degradability.

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Combining Orchardgrass and Alfalfa: Effects of Forage Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Degradation and Fermentation Characteristics of Silage Compared with Hay

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10010059 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 59 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhulin Xue ◽

Nan Liu ◽

Yanlu Wang ◽

Hongjian Yang ◽

Yuqi Wei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Protein Production ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Gas Production ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Rumen Microbes ◽

Rumen Degradation ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

Fermentation Parameters

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different forage ratios of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) on in vitro rumen degradation and fermentation characteristics. Orchardgrass and alfalfa were harvested separately and prepared as hay and silage mixtures at ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (w/w on a dry matter basis) and anaerobically incubated for 48 h with rumen fluid obtained from lactating dairy cows. Fermented residues and cultured fluids were used to determine nutrient degradability, fermentation parameters, and associative effect indices. Increasing the proportion of alfalfa in hay and silage mixtures quadratically increased in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD, up +5.14%) and marginally decreased in vitro neutral detergent fiber disappearance (NDFD, down −1.79%). Meanwhile, increasing the proportion of alfalfa accelerated the rumen fermentation process (e.g., gas production) and remarkably enhanced the growth of rumen microbes as indicated by microbial protein production (MCP, 13.4% increase). Increments of rumen degradability and methane production were more pronounced in silage mixtures than hay mixtures. In combination, a forage ratio of 50:50 for orchardgrass and alfalfa is recommended for both hay and silage in order to improve the feed use potential in ruminants.

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Nutritional Value of Vegetable Wastes as Livestock Feed

Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] ◽

10.24200/squjs.vol24iss2pp71-77 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Osman Mahgoub ◽

Hafidh Al-Mahrouqi ◽

Sadeq Al-Lawati ◽

Rabea Al-Muqbali

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Value ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Arthrospira Platensis ◽

Gas Production ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Chemical Components

A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritional value of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) to determine its potential use for feeding livestock in Oman. Spirulina was grown in wooden cubicles and harvested after 10 days. One batch of spirulina was dried by centrifugation (CS) and the other was dried in an oven without centrifugation (NCS). Samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM) and proximate chemical components. An in vitro assessment was carried out to measure gas production and in vitro DM degradability of spirulina. The DM was 56.1 and 57.1% in CS and NCS, respectively. The proximate composition for CS and NCS as a percentage of DM, respectively was: 60.8 and 62.5 for crude protein (CP); 0.97 and 1.05 for Ether extract (EE); 6.35 and 7.55 for ash. The CS and NCS contained: 0.25 and 0.37% DM Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) and 1.03 and 1.92 % DM Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), respectively. The gross energy (cal/g DM) was 5730 and 5629 in CS and NCS, respectively. The CS produced more in vitro gas (73 and 71 ml/200mg DM) from 12 hr until the end of the experimental period (96 hr) compared to the NCS (51 and 48 ml/200mg DM), respectively. The CS had significantly higher metabolizable energy (ME) (approximately 12 MJ/kg DM) than NCS (about 9 MJ/kg DM). CS had significantly higher (81 and 79%) Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD) than NCS (61 and 58%). The CS had significantly higher Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) (1.7 and 1.6 µmol) than NCS (1.2 and 1.1 µmol). It was concluded that spirulina is an excellent source of protein and can be used after drying as a potential animal feed. There was little effect of the method of drying of spirulina on its chemical composition or digestibility.

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In Vitro Fermentation and Chemical Characteristics of Mediterranean By-Products for Swine Nutrition

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9080556 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 556 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Alessandro Vastolo ◽

Serena Calabró ◽

Luigi Liotta ◽

Nadia Musco ◽

Ambra Rita Di Rosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Citrus Fruit ◽

Economic Cost ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Gas Production ◽

High Concentration ◽

Nutritional Characteristics ◽

Fermentation Parameters ◽

By Products

The purpose of the study is to determine the nutritional characteristics of some by-products derived from fruit juice and olive oil production to evaluate their use in pig nutrition. Five by-products of citrus fruit (three citrus fruit pulp and two molasses) and three by-products of olive oil (olive cake) obtained by different varieties are analysed for chemical composition. The fermentation characteristics are evaluated in vitro using the gas production technique with swine faecal inoculum. All the citrus by-products are highly fermentable, producing gas and a high amount of short-chain fatty acids. The fermentation kinetics vary when comparing pulps and molasses. Citrus fruit pulps show lower and slower fermentation rates than molasses. The olive oil by-products, compared to citrus fruits ones, are richer in NDF and ADL. These characteristics negatively affect all the fermentation parameters. Therefore, the high concentration of fiber and lipids represents a key aspect in the nutrition of fattening pigs. The preliminary results obtained in this study confirm that the use of by-products in pig nutrition could represent a valid opportunity the reduce the livestock economic cost and environmental impact.

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Nutritional Value of Vegetable Wastes as Livestock Feed

Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] ◽

10.24200/squjs.vol23iss2pp78-84 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 78 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Osman Mahgoub ◽

Isam T. Kadim ◽

Yasmin Eltahir ◽

Sadeq Al-Lawatia ◽

Abdulrahim M. Al-Ismaili

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Value ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Gas Production ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Vegetable Waste ◽

Red Cabbage ◽

Vegetable Wastes

ABSTRACT: A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritional value of waste from lettuce, green cabbage, red cabbage and cauliflower to determine their potential use for feeding to livestock. Vegetable wastes were dried in a solar tunnel drier. The crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), total ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were 24.1, 2.7, 24.7, 29.3 and 29.0%; 17.7, 2.3, 13.7, 25.6, and 28.7%; 11.9, 1.9, 8.8, 23.1 and 25.6%; 10.3, 0.5, 7.0, 16.1 and 19.6 % (DM basis) in cauliflower, lettuce, green cabbage and red cabbage, respectively. The gross energy (MJ/kg DM) in cauliflower and green cabbage (16.9 and 16.6) was higher than that observed in red cabbage and lettuce (14.1 and14.3). The red and green cabbage waste had higher net gas production (73 and 71 ml/g DM/12h) compared to the lettuce and cauliflower vegetable waste (51 and 48 ml/g DM/12h respectively). The green and red cabbage waste had significantly higher metabolizable energy (ME) (approximately 12 MJ/kg DM) than both lettuce and cauliflower waste (approximately 9 MJ/kg DM). The in vitro DM and OM digestibility (OMD) in green and red cabbage waste was significantly higher than in lettuce and cauliflower. The green and red cabbage waste had significantly higher short chain fatty acids (SCFA) (1.7 and 1.6 µmol) than lettuce and cauliflower (1.2 and 1.1 µmol). It was concluded that leafy vegetable waste (lettuce, green cabbage, red cabbage and cauliflower) is an excellent source of nutrients which can potentially be used after drying as an animal feed to reduce animal feeding costs and consequently increase farmers’ profits. This would also help in waste management and the reduction of environmental pollution.

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Evaluation of the Nutrient Composition, In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics, and In Situ Degradability of Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus cruentus, and Amaranthus hypochondriacus in Cattle

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11010018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 18

Author(s):

Kim Margarette C. Nogoy ◽

Jia Yu ◽

Young Gyu Song ◽

Shida Li ◽

Jong-Wook Chung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Gas Production ◽

Nutrient Composition ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Amaranthus Cruentus ◽

Amaranthus Caudatus ◽

Amaranthus Hypochondriacus

The amaranth plants showed high potential feed value as forage for ruminants. An in-depth study of this plant, particularly in cattle, will help extend its utilization as an alternative protein and fiber feed source in cattle feeding. In this study, the nutrient compositions of three different species of amaranth, Amaranthus caudatus L., Amaranthus cruentus L., and Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.—two varieties for each species, A.ca 74, A.ca 91, A.cu 62, A.cu 66, A. hy 30, and A. hy 48—were evaluated. The in vitro technique was used to evaluate the fermentation characteristics such as total gas production, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, pH, and ammonia concentration of the rumen fluid. Moreover, the effective degradabilities of dry matter (EDDM) and crude protein (EDCP) of the amaranth forages were determined through in situ bag technique. The amaranth forages: A. caudatus, A. cruentus, and A. hypochondriacus showed better nutritive value than the locally produced forages in Chungcheong province of Korea. The CP of the amaranth ranged from 11.95% to 14.19%, and the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents ranged from 45.53% to 70.88% and 34.17% to 49.83%, respectively. Among the amaranth varieties, A. hypochondriacus 48 showed the most excellent ruminant feed nutrient quality (CP, 14.19%; NDF, 45.53%; and ADF, 34.17%). The effective degradabilities of dry matter (EDDM; 33–56%) and crude protein EDCP (27–59%) of the amaranth were lower compared to other studies, which could be due to the maturity stage at which the forages were harvested. Nonetheless, A. hypochondriacus 48 showed the highest EDDM (56.73%) and EDCP (59.09%). The different amaranth species did not differ greatly in terms of total VFA concentration or molar proportions, total gas production, or ammonia-N concentration. The high nutrient composition, and highly effective degradability of dry matter and crude protein, coupled with the favorable fermentation characteristics, suggest that the amaranth forages showed good to excellent feed quality for cattle.

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Nutritional Quality and In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics of Silage Prepared with Lucerne, Sweet Maize Stalk, and Their Mixtures

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11121205 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1205

Author(s):

Musen Wang ◽

Fujin Zhang ◽

Xinxin Zhang ◽

Ying Yun ◽

Lei Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Nutritional Quality ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Gas Production ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Fresh Matter ◽

In Vitro Rumen Fermentation

The objective of this work was to evaluate the pH, chemical composition, minerals, vitamins, and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of silage prepared with lucerne, sweet maize stalk (MS), and their mixtures. Freshly chopped lucerne and MS were combined in ratios of 100:0 (M0, control), 80:20 (M20), 60:40 (M40), 40:60 (M60), 20:80 (M80), and 0:100 (M100) on a fresh matter basis. Each treatment was prepared in triplicate, and a total of eighteen silos were fermented for 65 days. After 65 days of fermentation, the pH values in M0, M20, M40, M60, M80, and M100 silages were 5.47, 4.84, 4.23, 4.13, 3.79, and 3.61, respectively. As the MS proportion in the mixtures increased, silage K, Ca, P, Na, Fe, and Cu concentrations linearly decreased (p < 0.001) and so did vitamins B5 and K1 and α-tocopherol. In vitro rumen dry matter and organic matter degradability, pH, ammonia, total volatile fatty acid, and gas production linearly decreased (p < 0.01), while neutral detergent fiber concentration linearly increased (p < 0.001), with increasing proportion of MS. The in vitro dry matter and organic matter degradability rapidly decreased when the MS percentage was ≥60%. In conclusion, the M40 silage is the most suitable for livestock utilization in local forage production considering the balance of silage pH, nutritional quality, and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics.

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175 The Suitability of Autoclave and Pressure Cooker Washing Methods in Comparison to ANKOM200 to Determine Neutral Detergent Fiber Using Different Feedstuffs and Washing Solutions

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz397.186 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 79-79

Author(s):

Jordan Adams ◽

Aaron B Norris ◽

Madeline E Rivera ◽

Luiz Fernando Dias Batista ◽

Luis O Tedeschi

Keyword(s):

Accurate Determination ◽

Gas Production ◽

Random Coefficients ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Detergent Solution ◽

Standard Methodology ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Factor Combination ◽

High Forage

Abstract The use of the in vitro gas production (IVGP) technique requires accurate determination of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) residue. However, the NDF determination using standard procedures are not always feasible for IVGP; thus requiring micro-NDF methods, which need autoclave (AC) and pressure cooker (PC) to boil the solution. A complete randomized design using a 3×3 factorial arrangement was implemented to investigate the effect of washing methods (WM: AC, PC, or ANKOM200) and solution ratios (WS: 100 mL neutral detergent solution (ND), 150 mL ND, or 100 mL H2O/g sample) to determine NDF residues, assuming ANKOM200 and 100 mL ND/g as the standard methodology. Each factor combination was performed in triplicate with a replicate being comprised of 12 bottles or bags (two blanks and five feedstuffs in duplicate). Feedstuffs were: alfalfa hay (AH), bermudagrass hay (BH), two high-forage rations (G1 and G2), and a high-concentrate ration (FR). Following each run, bottles were filtered to obtain the NDF. Data were analyzed by diet using a random coefficients model. An interaction of WM ′ WS was present for AH and G1 (P < 0.01), G2 and FR had tendencies (P = 0.08 and 0.06, respectively), whereas BH demonstrated no interaction (P = 0.37). The PC with 100 mL or 150 mL did not differ from the standard methodology for AH, G1, G2, and FR. The BH demonstrated differences between WM and WS (P < 0.01). The PC had lower NDF residue compared to the AC and ANKOM200, whereas H2O had substantially greater NDF residue relative to both ND ratios. We concluded that H2O is not a suitable substitute for ND solution regardless of the feedstuff. Both micro-NDF washing methods may be satisfactory depending on the type of feedstuff used but further investigation is required.

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In Vitro gas production assessement of Panicum maximum incubated with Leucaena leucocephala at varying proportions to predict the nutritional value for ruminants

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v44i3.656 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 371-377

Author(s):

O. O. Falola ◽

O. O. Olufayo

Keyword(s):

Leucaena Leucocephala ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Gas Production ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

In Vitro Gas Production ◽

Metabolisable Energy ◽

The Tropics

The inclusion of multipurpose trees with grass such as Panicum maximum in the diet of ruminants may enhance productivity. Thus, the study was carried out to determine the proximate composition, in vitro gas production characteristics and parameters of Leucaena leucocephala and Panicum maximum at varying proportions. Five diets were formulated such that Panicum maximum was substituted with Leucaena leucocephala at different ratio: T1 (100% Panicum maximum), T2 (100% Leuceana leucocephala), T3 (50% P. maximum + 50% L. leucocephala), T4 (75% P. maximum + 25% L .leucocephala) and T5 (25% P. maximum + 75% L. leucocephala). Data were subjected to analysis of variance. Values obtained for dry matter (34.43 –35.95g/100g) decreased with the increased inclusion of Leuceana leucocephala in the diets. The crude fiber values (14.33 – 30.75g/100g) also followed the same trend while crude protein (CP) content (10.70 – 26.78g/100g) increased the inclusion of Leucaena leucocephala in the diets. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in the treatment means of organic matter digestibility (OMD 31.93 – 37.07%), Metabolisable energy (ME 3.62 – 4.33 MJ/kgDM), short chain fatty acids (SCFA 0.04 – 0.16mL) and methane (ME 1.00 – 2.50 mL).The values (2.00 – 4.67 ml/200mgDM) obtained for immediate soluble 'a' was significantly (P < 0.05) different among the treatments. The extent of gas production (a+b) ranged from 2.00 – 4.67 mL/200mgDM, T1 (100% Panicum maximum) recorded the lowest while highest was observed in T2 (100% Leucaena leucocephala). The insoluble but degradable fraction 'b'ranged from 2.67 – 5.67ml/200mgDM, while the rate of gas production 'c' ranged from 0.04 – 0.14ml/hr. In conclusion, the enhanced values of crude protein, OMD, SCFA, and ME in the Panicum maximum and Leucaena leucocephala mixture indicate that the diets is able to meet the nutrients requirements of small ruminants in the tropics especially during the dry season.

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