scholarly journals Investigation of Avalanche Time and Carr’s Index of Poultry Litter Powder as Flowability Indices

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Valaei ◽  
S.R. Hassan-Beygi ◽  
M.H. Kianmehr ◽  
J. Massah
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Bulk Solid ◽  
Tap Density ◽  
Powder Avalanche

Abstract The world’s dependence on chemical fertilizer as the primary source for enriching agricultural fields is continually increasing that cause nature pollution. This has led researchers to aggressively investigate renewable fertilizer resources, biomass, to produce organic crops and reduced wastage. Poultry litter is a bulk solid and biomass feed stocks. Flow behavior of bulk solid is a critical factor in designing and developing suitable equipments (e.g. pelletizing machine). The bulk density, tap density, Carr’s index and powder avalanche time technique were applied to evaluate the flow properties of poultry litter. The experiments were carried out at moisture content (10, 20 and 30% w.b.), particle size (0.3, 0.6 and 1.18 mm) for the bulk and tap densities as well as Carr’s index. In addition to the moisture content (10, 20 and 30 %w.b.) and particle size (0.3, 0.6 and 1.18 mm) the rotational speed of drum (0.5, 1 and1.5 rpm) were also investigated for the avalanche time. The results showed that with increasing moisture content Carr’s index increased significantly (P<0.01) in the ranges of 16.2% to 18.5% and with increasing particle size the Carr’s index decreased from 20.35% to 14.78%. The litter powder avalanche time (AT) increased significantly (P<0.01) with increasing moisture content and decreasing rotational speed and particle size. The bulk and tap densities of the litter powder was decreased with increasing moisture content and increasing the particle size. The bulk and tap densities of the driest and finest poultry litter sample were higher than other ones.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF POWDER PROPERTIES FROM THE SEED COAT OF TINGUI (Magonia pubescens) AS AN EXCIPIENT FOR SEED PELLETING

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (67) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Zenon Antunes Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tap Density ◽  
Powder Properties

The aim of this study was to investigate the physical properties of the seed coat of Tingui (Magoniapubescens) in order to evaluate the performance of this polysaccharide as an excipient for seedpelleting. The analysis was emphasized to the flow properties including particle size, particle sizedistribution, density and moisture content of the substance. The results were compared tocommercial excipients including Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC PH 101 and SMCC), Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC E50), Polyvinil pirrolidone (PVP K29/32), lactose andcorn starch. The data showed that Tingui was found to have bulk and tap density close to HPMCand corn starch. Particle size and its distribution were fit to HPMC and PVP; however, Tingui hadmoisture content quite close to SMCC and HPMC. In general, Tingui exhibited the free-flowproperties comparable to HPMC and PVP. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis confirmedthat the seed coat of Tingui contains elements (K, Ca, Si and Fe) composition.

Determination of grinding parameters of fenugreek seed

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Balasubramanian ◽  
Rajkumar Rajkumar ◽  
K K Singh
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Feed Rate ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Fenugreek Seeds ◽  
Fenugreek Seed

Experiment to identify ambient grinding conditions and energy consumed was conducted for fenugreek. Fenugreek seeds at three moisture content (5.1%, 11.5% and 17.3%, d.b.) were ground using a micro pulverizer hammer mill with different grinding screen openings (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mm) and feed rate (8, 16 and 24 kg h-1) at 3000 rpm. Physical properties of fenugreek seeds were also determined. Specific energy consumptions were found to decrease from 204.67 to 23.09 kJ kg-1 for increasing levels of feed rate and grinder screen openings. On the other hand specific energy consumption increased with increasing moisture content. The highest specific energy consumption was recorded for 17.3% moisture content and 8 kg h-1 feed rate with 0.5 mm screen opening. Average particle size decreased from 1.06 to 0.39 mm with increase of moisture content and grinder screen opening. It has been observed that the average particle size was minimum at 0.5 mm screen opening and 8 kg h-1 feed rate at lower moisture content. Bond’s work index and Kick’s constant were found to increase from 8.97 to 950.92 kWh kg-1 and 0.932 to 78.851 kWh kg-1 with the increase of moisture content, feed rate and grinder screen opening, respectively. Size reduction ratio and grinding effectiveness of fenugreek seed were found to decrease from 4.11 to 1.61 and 0.0118 to 0.0018 with the increase of moisture content, feed rate and grinder screen opening, respectively. The loose and compact bulk densities varied from 219.2 to 719.4 kg m-3 and 137.3 to 736.2 kg m-3, respectively.  

Processing of granite quarry solid waste into industrial high silica materials using leaching process with HCl concentration variation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Yusup Hendronursito ◽  
Muhammad Amin ◽  
Slamet Sumardi ◽  
Roniyus Marjunus ◽  
Frista Clarasati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Concentration Variation ◽  
Leaching Process ◽  
Hcl Concentration ◽  
Granite Powder

This study was aimed to increase granite's silica content using the leaching process with HCl concentration variation. The granite used in this study came from Lematang, South Lampung. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in HCl concentration, particle size, and rotational speed on the crystalline phase and chemical elements formed in the silica product produced from granite. The HCl concentration variations were 6.0 M, 7.2 M, 8.4 M, and 9.6 M, the variation in particle size used was 270 and 400 mesh. Variations in rotational speed during leaching were 500 and 750 rpm. Granite powder was calcined at 1000 ºC for 2 hours. Characterization was performed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP- OES). The results showed that the silica content increased with increasing HCl concentration, the finer the particle size, and the higher the rotational speed. XRF analysis showed that the silica with the highest purity was leached with 9.6 HCl with a particle size of 400 mesh and a rotational speed of of 750 rpm, which was 73.49%. Based on the results above, by leaching using HCl, the Si content can increase from before. The XRD diffractogram showed that the granite powder formed the Quartz phase.

scholarly journals Leaching Behaviour of Construction and Demolition Wastes and Recycled Aggregates: Statistical Analysis Applied to the Release of Contaminants

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6265
Author(s):  
Alessandra Diotti ◽  
Giovanni Plizzari ◽  
Sabrina Sorlini
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Recycled Aggregates ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Material Particle ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Construction And Demolition Wastes ◽  
Leaching Behaviour

Construction and demolition wastes represent a primary source of new alternative materials which, if properly recovered, can be used to replace virgin raw materials partially or totally. The distrust of end-users in the use of recycled aggregates is mainly due to the environmental performance of these materials. In particular, the release of pollutants into the surrounding environment appears to be the aspect of greatest concern. This is because these materials are characterized by a strong heterogeneity which can sometimes lead to contaminant releases above the legal limits for recovery. In this context, an analysis of the leaching behaviour of both CDWs and RAs was conducted by applying a statistical analysis methodology. Subsequently, to evaluate the influence of the particle size and the volumetric reduction of the material on the release of contaminants, several experimental leaching tests were carried out according to the UNI EN 12457-2 and UNI EN 12457-4 standards. The results obtained show that chromium, mercury, and COD are the most critical parameters for both CDWs and RAs. Moreover, the material particle size generally affects the release of contaminants (i.e., finer particles showed higher releases), while the crushing process does not always involve higher releases than the sieving process.

scholarly journals Wheat Grinding Process with Low Moisture Content: A New Approach for Wholemeal Flour Production

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Waleed H. Hassoon ◽  
Dariusz Dziki ◽  
Antoni Miś ◽  
Beata Biernacka
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Grinding Process ◽  
Mixing Properties ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Flour Production ◽  
And Storage

The objective of this study was to determine the grinding characteristics of wheat with a low moisture content. Two kinds of wheat—soft spelt wheat and hard Khorasan wheat—were dried at 45 °C to reduce the moisture content from 12% to 5% (wet basis). Air drying at 45 °C and storage in a climatic chamber (45 °C, 10% relative humidity) were the methods used for grain dehydration. The grinding process was carried out using a knife mill. After grinding, the particle size distribution, average particle size and grinding energy indices were determined. In addition, the dough mixing properties of wholemeal flour dough were studied using a farinograph. It was observed that decreasing the moisture content in wheat grains from 12% to 5% made the grinding process more effective. As a result, the average particle size of the ground material was decreased. This effect was found in both soft and hard wheat. Importantly, lowering the grain moisture led to about a twofold decrease in the required grinding energy. Moreover, the flour obtained from the dried grains showed higher water absorption and higher dough stability during mixing. However, the method of grain dehydration had little or no effect on the results of the grinding process or dough properties.

scholarly journals Functional Properties and Molecular Degradation of Schizostachyum Brachycladum Bamboo Cellulose Nanofibre in PLA-Chitosan Bionanocomposites

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 2008
Author(s):  
Samsul Rizal ◽  
N. I. Saharudin ◽  
N. G. Olaiya ◽  
H. P. S. Abdul Khalil ◽  
M. K. Mohamad Haafiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Degradation Properties

The degradation and mechanical properties of potential polymeric materials used for green manufacturing are significant determinants. In this study, cellulose nanofibre was prepared from Schizostachyum brachycladum bamboo and used as reinforcement in the PLA/chitosan matrix using melt extrusion and compression moulding method. The cellulose nanofibre(CNF) was isolated using supercritical carbon dioxide and high-pressure homogenisation. The isolated CNF was characterised with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FT-IR, zeta potential and particle size analysis. The mechanical, physical, and degradation properties of the resulting biocomposite were studied with moisture content, density, thickness swelling, tensile, flexural, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, and biodegradability analysis. The TEM, FT-IR, and particle size results showed successful isolation of cellulose nanofibre using this method. The result showed that the physical, mechanical, and degradation properties of PLA/chitosan/CNF biocomposite were significantly enhanced with cellulose nanofibre. The density, thickness swelling, and moisture content increased with the addition of CNF. Also, tensile strength and modulus; flexural strength and modulus increased; while the elongation reduced. The carbon residue from the thermal degradation and the glass transition temperature of the PLA/chitosan/CNF biocomposite was observed to increase with the addition of CNF. The result showed that the biocomposite has potential for green and sustainable industrial application.

Effect of Surface State of Die on Flow Rate of Steamed Bamboo Powder in Thermal Flow Test Using Capillary Rheometer

2015 ◽  
Vol 651-653 ◽  
pp. 830-835
Author(s):  
Shohei Kajikawa ◽  
Riku Sakagami ◽  
Takashi Iizuka
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Surface State ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Thermal Flow ◽  
Average Roughness ◽  
Arithmetic Average ◽  
Flow Test ◽  
Die Surface ◽  
Bamboo Powder

Thermal flow tests were performed on steamed bamboo powder using capillaries that were processed under different conditions in order to investigate the effect of the die surface state on the fluidity of the woody powder. The capillaries were processed by wire-cut electric discharge machining, reaming or drilling, and the arithmetic average roughness (Ra) varied from 0.5 to 2.5 μm. The bamboo powder was first steamed at 200 °C for 20 min, and its particle size was then controlled using different mesh screens. The thermal flow temperature was set at 200 °C. The results indicated that the flow behavior improved with increasing particle size. For the capillaries processed by WEDM, the flow rate for samples with particle sizes of 75~150 and 150~300 μm decreased with increasing Ra. On the other hand, when reaming or drilling was used to process the capillaries, the flow rate was almost independent of Ra, regardless of the particle size.

scholarly journals Lovastatin Production byAspergillus terreusUsing Agro-Biomass as Substrate in Solid State Fermentation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Faseleh Jahromi ◽  
Juan Boo Liang ◽  
Yin Wan Ho ◽  
Rosfarizan Mohamad ◽  
Yong Meng Goh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Maximum Production ◽  
Additional Nitrogen

Ability of two strains ofAspergillus terreus(ATCC 74135 and ATCC 20542) for production of lovastatin in solid state fermentation (SSF) using rice straw (RS) and oil palm frond (OPF) was investigated. Results showed that RS is a better substrate for production of lovastatin in SSF. Maximum production of lovastatin has been obtained usingA. terreusATCC 74135 and RS as substrate without additional nitrogen source (157.07 mg/kg dry matter (DM)). Although additional nitrogen source has no benefit effect on enhancing the lovastatin production using RS substrate, it improved the lovastatin production using OPF with maximum production of 70.17 and 63.76 mg/kg DM forA. terreusATCC 20542 andA. terreusATCC 74135, respectively (soybean meal as nitrogen source). Incubation temperature, moisture content, and particle size had shown significant effect on lovastatin production (P<0.01) and inoculums size and pH had no significant effect on lovastatin production (P>0.05). Results also have shown that pH 6, 25°C incubation temperature, 1.4 to 2 mm particle size, 50% initial moisture content, and 8 days fermentation time are the best conditions for lovastatin production in SSF. Maximum production of lovastatin using optimized condition was 175.85 and 260.85 mg/kg DM forA. terreusATCC 20542 and ATCC 74135, respectively, using RS as substrate.

Titanium Powder from the TiRO™ Process

2012 ◽  
Vol 520 ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Doblin ◽  
Andrew Chryss ◽  
Andreas Monch
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Vacuum Distillation ◽  
Titanium Powder ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Direct Production ◽  
Tap Density

A new continuous process for the direct production of CP titanium powder is being developed at CSIRO. The TiRO™ process has two major steps. The first step is conducted in a fluidised bed where titanium tetrachloride and magnesium powder react to form small (1.5 µm) titanium metal particles uniformly dispersed inside larger spheroidal magnesium chloride particles with an average particle size of 350 µm. The second step involves vacuum distillation in which the magnesium chloride is removed from the titanium. During vacuum distillation the magnesium chloride is volatilised and the micron sized titanium particles come together to form partially sintered predominantly spheroidal porous particles with a similar shape to the starting particle, some which appeared to be hollow. A mechanism for their formation is proposed. The spheroidal particles are all lightly sintered together. The vacuum distilled product was very lightly ground to liberate the spheroidal particles which had an average particle size of about 200 µm. With further grinding an angular Ti powder was produced. The ground titanium was free flowing and had a tap density of 2.4 g/cm3.

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