scholarly journals Новый сорт озимой белокочанной капусты Елизавета

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.E. Kazakhmedov ◽  
N.М. Kafarova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Research Work ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Collection Site ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Local Cultivar ◽  
White Cabbage

Сорт, выведенный в определенных почвенно- климатических условиях, наиболее адаптирован к ним и в большей степени отвечает требованиям данного региона по качеству продукции. В этом случае селекция наиболее эффективна. Наша задача объединить в одном сорте возможно большее число хозяйственно ценных признаков: высокая урожайность, скороспелость, товарного качества продукции, устойчивость к болезням и вредителям (фузариозному увяданию, ложной мучнистой росе, листогрызущим гусеницам, тле). Но наиболее важный признак для возделывания капусты на юге страны высокая жаростойкость. Поэтому в качестве одного из родителей, чаще материнской формы, обязательно используется местный сорт, хорошо приспособленный к местным условиям. В качестве отцовских форм, выполняющих роль доноров, привлекают образцы из других районов, ценные по тем или иным хозяйственным признакам. Для выделения новых адаптивных генотипов капусты белокочанной разных сроков созревания, в 2009-2014 годах, проводили дальнейшее сравнительное изучение и конкурсное испытание четырех гибридных форм и шести контрольных сортов в коллекции капусты белокочанной озимой станции. Материалом исследования в данной работе служили сорта, выведенные на ДСОСВиО сорт капусты белокочанной озимой Дербентская местная улучшенная (ДМУ), сортотип Бычье сердце, кочан конусовидный (стандарт), сорт Офелия (контроль) и новый сорт, под условным рабочим названием Лиза сорт Елизавета, выведенный селекционером ДСОСВиО Камиловой Е.У. в 2008 году. Сорт Елизавета прошел конкурсное испытание в 2009-2014 годах на коллекционном участке станции. В данной работе представлены экспериментальные данные дополнительного сравнительного изучения сорта Елизавета в озимой культуре за 2017-2019 годы в изменяющихся климатических условиях на коллекционном участке Дагестанской селекционной опытной станции виноградарства и овощеводства (ДСОСВиО). Почвы светло-каштановые. Подвижных форм азота в ней содержится 4,2-5,6 мг, фосфора (фосфата) 6,2-8,6 мг, обменного калия 45-50 мг на 100 г почвы. Мощность пахотного слоя 30-35 см, окультуренность почвы хорошая. Схема посадки 7030 см. Статья содержит агробиологическую и хозяйственно-технологическую характеристики перспективного сорта капусты белокочанной озимой селекции Дагестанской селекционной опытной станции виноградарства и овощеводства, а также основные элементы агротехники его возделывания в сухих субтропиках южного Дагестана. Новый сорт капусты белокочанной озимой превосходит по ряду хозяйственно ценных признаков контрольные сорта ДМУ и Офелия, при этом обладает большей устойчивостью к биотическим и абиотическим стрессорам. Сорт Елизавета будет передан в ГСИ в 2020 году и рекомендуется для внедрения в производство не только в Дагестане, но и во всех южных регионах России.The cultivar bred in specific soil and climatic conditions is most adapted to them and meets the requirements of the region in terms of product quality. In this case, the breeding is most effective. Our task is to combine in one cultivar the largest possible number of economically valuable features: high yield, precocity, product quality, resistance to diseases and pests (Fusarium wilting, downy mildew, leaf-eating caterpillars, aphids). But the primary sign for growing cabbage in the South of the country is high heat resistance. Therefore, it is obligatory to use a local cultivar that is well adapted to local conditions as one of the parents, more often the mother form. As paternal cultivar that performs the role of donors, non-district samples are attracted, valuable for certain economic characteristics. In order to identify new adaptive genotypes of white cabbage of different maturation periods, in 2009-2014, a further comparative study and competitive testing of 4 hybrid forms and 6 control varieties in the collection of white cabbage of the winter station was carried out. Cultivars in the research work used were developed at Dagestan Selection and Experimental Station for Viticulture and Vegetable Growing (DSESVVG). There were winter white cabbage Derbentskaya mestnaya uluchshennaya, Bychye Serdtse (Bull heart) type, with conical head (standard), Ophelia cultivar (control) and a new cultivar, under the provisional working title Lisa Elizabeth, bred by the breeder of DESVVG E.U. Kamilova in 2008. The Elizabeth cultivar passed a competitive test in 2009-2014 at the stations collection site. The article presents experimental data of an additional comparative study of the Elizaveta cultivar in winter culture for 2017-2019 in changing climatic conditions at the collection site of the DESVVG. The soils are light brown. It contains 4,2-5,6 mg of mobile forms of nitrogen, 6,2 8,6 mg of phosphorus (phosphate), and 45 50 mg of exchange potassium per 100 g of soil. The capacity of the arable layer is 30-35 cm, the soil is developed. Planting scheme 70 30 cm. The article contains agrobiological and economic-technological characteristics of promising cultivars of winter white cabbage bred at DESVVG as well as the basic elements of agrotechnology of its growing in the dry subtropics of southern Dagestan. The new cultivar of winter white cabbage surpasses the control cultivars in a number of valuable economic characteristics, while it has greater resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. The Elizaveta variety will be transferred to the State cultivars testing in 2020 and is recommended for introduction into field growing not only in Dagestan, but also in all southern regions of Russia.

scholarly journals Perspective varieties of potato for cultivation in the irrigated conditions of the Orenburg region

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Alexander Аlekseevich Mushinskiy ◽  
Nina Anatolievna Pronko ◽  
Evgenia Vladimirovna Aminovа ◽  
Alia Zhonysovna Saudabaeva
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Orenburg Region ◽  
Maximum Productivity

The results of the study of domestic and foreign potato varieties that provide the highest productivity and adaptability to the soil and climatic conditions of the Orenburg region are presented. The experiment was conducted on the irrigated site of Agrofirm Industrial LLC (2016 - 2018). A comparative assessment of eighteen potato varieties is given (Bracelet, Lyubava, Kuzovok, Red Scarlett, Burren, Barna, Nevsky, Fresco, Spiridon, Tarasov, Sante, Impala, Sherry, Rosara, Zakhar, Agat, Itsil, Cavalier). According to the results of three-year studies, the maximum productivity of 46.5 and 44.8 t / ha was found for the Cavalier and Barna varieties, which exceeded the yield of the standard Nevsky variety, by 42 and 45 %, respectively. The maximum starch content in tubers was obtained from the Lyubava and Burren varieties (15.3 % and 15.1 %, respectively). The most adaptive to local conditions potato varieties (Barna, Lubava and Kavaler), combining a high yield of over 40 t / ha and a marketability of at least 96 %, were identified.  

scholarly journals NARSPI – A NEW VARIETY OF SPRING TRITICALE

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Anastasiya Aleksandrova ◽  
Georgiy Mefod'ev ◽  
Leonid Shashkarov
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Breeding Method ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Agroclimatic Zone ◽  
A Value ◽  
Volume Yield ◽  
Spring Triticale ◽  
Variety Testing

This article presents the results of research work on the development of a new variety of spring triticale, suitable for baking. The work was carried out in the Chuvash Republic. The soils of the experimental site are dark – gray forest, heavy-loamy, unwashed. The climatic conditions are favorable for growing spring triticale. The pilot site is located in the Central agroclimatic zone. Breeding work was started in 2011. The breeding method is hybridization. The varieties of spring triticale as Rovnya and Saur are involved in the crossing. An elite plant was selected in 2013. In the next two years, small station tests were conducted, then two years-competitive station tests; in 2018-2020 – environmental variety testing. The standard - Rovnya variety. The new Narspi variety has a high yield – an average of 65 centners per hectare over the past three years, which is to 18 centners per hectare more than the standard. The grain size of Narspi variety was 731.7 grams per litre, while the value of this indicator in the Rovnya variety was 712.7 grams per litre. The weight of 1000 grains in the new variety is also higher than the standard and on average for three years reached 47.5 grams. The new variety is suitable for baking. The volume yield of bread when baking bread from flour obtained from Narspi grain was 273 cm3/100 grams of flour, which is higher than the standard for 30 cm3/100 grams of flour. The content of raw gluten in the new grain reaches a value of 28%, which is 7% higher than the standard. According to the results of the tests, an application for registration of a new variety of Narspi in the register of breeding achievements was submitted in 2020

scholarly journals EFFECTIVE METHODS OF CARE FOR SUNFLOWER CROPS

REPORTS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 335 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
B.N. Nasiyev
Keyword(s):  
High Heat ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Accounting Data ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Western Kazakhstan ◽  
Sunflower Crop ◽  
Adaptive Technologies ◽  
Great Damage ◽  
Better Than

Sunflower cultivation is relevant in the climatic conditions of Western Kazakhstan, characterized by high heat supply and a long growing season. In order to obtain a high yield of sunflower in the system of adaptive technologies, proper pre-sowing preparation of the soil and optimal sowing times are important. Weeds cause great damage to the sunflower crop. Having a powerful underground and aboveground mass, sunflower competes with weeds better than many other field crops. As the accounting data showed, in our studies of 2018-2020, the greatest contamination of sunflower crops was in the variants without the use of herbicides. So, on average for 3 years in the phase 2 of real leaves, when using the harrowing + pre-sowing cultivation (control) technology, there were 10.67 weeds per 1 m2 with a raw mass of 31.22 g/m2. According to research data, on average for 2018-2020, the highest oil harvest is set for the harrowing + pre-sowing cultivation option with roundup (2 l/ha) – 9.57 с/ha. When using 1 and 2 inter-row treatments combined with harrowing and pre-sowing cultivation, the oil harvest increased to 7.16-7.95 с/ha, which is more than the control by 0.92-1.71 с/ha.

Variety study of parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids under conditions of the second light zone (Kirov)

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
Е.Л. Макарова ◽  
Л.А. Чистякова ◽  
О.В. Бакланова ◽  
Ю.В. Борцова
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Breeding Research ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Early Production

Приведены экспериментальные данные оценки по хозяйственно полезным признакам одиннадцати новых партенокарпических гетерозисных гибридов огурца в условиях весенне-летнего оборота Кировской области. Проблема возделывания теплолюбивых культур в северных регионах страны формирует цели селекционных исследований. Выращивание культуры огурца в Кировской области усугубляется неблагоприятными климатическими условиями второй световой зоны (короткая продолжительность вегетационного периода, низкие положительные температуры, заморозки в третьей декаде июля и в первой декаде августа). Цель научной работы – оценка и выявление перспективных партенокарпических гетерозисных гибридов огурца для выращивания в условиях необогреваемых теплиц в весенне-летнем обороте второй световой зоны. Исследования проводили в лаборатории северного овощеводства Кировской области во Всероссийском научно – исследовательском институте овощеводства – филиале ФГБНУ «Федеральный научный центр овощеводства» в условиях поликарбонатных необогреваемых грунтовых теплиц в течение 2018-2019 годах. В результате фенологических наблюдений и оценки биометрических показателей определены раннеспелость, скороспелость и товарность испытуемых партенокарпических гетерозисных гибридов огурца селекции Агрохолдинга «Поиск» и ВНИИО – филиала ФГБНУ «Федеральный научный центр овощеводства»: F1Авоська, F1 Атос, F1 Букет для мамы, F1Малахитовая шкатулка, F1 Мультифрут, F1 Новатор, F1Пилигрим, F1 Спринтер, F1 Реванш, F1 Тонус, F1Экспресс в сравнении с районированным гибридом огурца F1 Каролина. Определено сильное негативное влияние климатических условий второй световой зоны на продолжительность периода «всходы-плодоношение», который в среднем за годы исследований в зависимости от гибрида варьировал от 47 до 55 суток. Установлено, что для получения ранней продукции огурца в условиях поликарбонатных необогреваемых грунтовых теплиц Кировской области следует выращивать гетерозисные партенокарпические гибриды огурца F1Спринтер (3,6 кг/м2), F1 Авоська (2,1 кг/м2) и F1 Атос (2,5 кг/м2). Отмечены партенокарпические гибриды огурца F1 Спринтер и F1 Атос, которые имеют наиболее высокий выход товарной продукции 95,7 и 94,0%, соответственно. Выделен самый урожайный партенокарпический гибрид огурца F1 Новатор (16,1 кг/м2). В результате исследовательской работы рекомендовано выращивать в условиях необогреваемых теплиц весенне-летнего оборота Кировской области партенокарпические гибриды огурца F1 Новатор, F1 Спринтер, F1 Атос и F1 Авоська. The article presents the experimental data on the assessment of economically useful traits of eleven new parthenocarpic heterotic cucumber hybrids under the conditions of the spring-summer turnover of the Kirov region. The problem of cultivation of thermophilic crops, which arises in the northern regions of the country, is one of the stages of breeding research. The cultivation of cucumber in the Kirov region is aggravated by unfavorable climatic conditions of the second light zone (short duration of the growing season, low positive temperatures, frosts in the third decade of July and in the first decade of August). The purpose of the scientific work is to evaluate and identify promising parthenocarpic heterotic hybrids of cucumber for growing in unheated greenhouses in the spring-summer turnover of the second light zone. The research was carried out in the laboratory of northern vegetable growing of the Kirov region at the All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Growing - a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Vegetable Centre in the conditions of polycarbonate unheated ground greenhouses during 2018-2019. As a result of phenological observations and assessment of biometric indicators, the early maturity, early maturity and marketability of the tested parthenocarpic heterotic cucumber hybrids of the selection of Agroholding Poisk and ARRIVG – a branch of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Centre were determined: F1 Avoska, F1 Atos, F1 Buket dlya mamy, F1 Multifrut, F1 Novator, F1 Piligrim, F1Sprinter, F1 Revansh, F1 Tonus, F1 Express in comparison with the zoned hybrid of cucumber F1 Carolina. A strong negative influence of climatic conditions of the second light zone on the duration of the seedling-fruiting period was determined, which on average over the years of research, depending on the hybrid, varied from 47 to 55 days. It has been established that to obtain early production of cucumber in polycarbonate unheated ground greenhouses of the Kirov region, heterotic parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids F1 Sprinter (3.6 kg/m2), F1 Avoska (2.1 kg/m2) and F1 Atos (2.5 kg/m2). Parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids F1 Sprinter and F1 Atos were noted, which have the highest yield of marketable products, 95.7 and 94.0%, respectively. The most productive parthenocarpic cucumber hybrid F1Novator (16.1 kg/m2) has been identified. As a result of the research work, it was recommended to grow parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids F1Novator, F1 Sprinter, F1 Atos and F1 Avoska under conditions of unheated greenhouses of spring-summer turnover of the Kirov region.

Experience of soybean cultivation in the Kaluga Department of Agricultural Machinery SC.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.V. Sergeev ◽  
◽  
A.Yu. Pivkin
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Soybean Variety ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Kaluga Region ◽  
High Seed Yield

The experience of cultivation of soybeans in SC "Agricultural machinery" of the Kaluga region on an area of 190 hectares shows that the soybean variety Alaska is sufficiently adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of this region, provides a high seed yield (up to 32 c / ha) and a high yield (up to 1344 kg / ha) relatively inexpensive protein. However, this variety has a long growing season (95-105 days) and therefore desiccation of crops is required for harvesting for seeds.

Influence of meteorological factors on potato yield in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-steppe

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (94) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
R.O. Myalkovsky
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Potato Yield ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
The Right

Goal. The purpose of the research was to determine the influence of meteorological factors on potato yield in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine. Methods.Field, analytical and statistical. Results.It was established that among the mid-range varieties Divo stands out with a yield of 42.3 t/ha, Malin white – 39.8 t/ha, and Legend – 37.1 t/ ha. The most favourable weather and climatic conditions for the production of potato tubers were for the Divo 2011 variety with a yield of 45.9 t/ha and 2013 – 45.1 t/ha. For the Legenda variety 2016, the yield of potato tubers is 40.6 t/ha and 2017 – 43.2 t/ha. Malin White 2013 is 41.4 t/ha and 2017 42.1 t/ha. The average varieties of potatoes showed a slightly lower yield on average over the years of research. However, among the varieties is allocated Nadiyna – 40.3 t/ha, Slovyanka – 37.2 t/ ha and Vera 33.8 t/ha. Among the years, the most high-yielding for the Vera variety was 2016 with a yield of 36.6 t/ha and 2017 year – 37.8 t/ha. Varieties Slovyanka and Nadiyna 2011 and 2012 with yields of 42.6 and 44.3 t/ha and 46.5 and 45.3 t/ha, respectively. Characterizing the yield of potato tubers of medium-late varieties over the years of research, there was a decrease in this indicator compared with medium-early and middle-aged varieties. However, the high yield of the varieties of Dar is allocated – 40.0 t/ha, Alladin – 33.6 t/ha and Oxamit 31.3 t/ha. Among the years, the most favourable ones were: for Oxamit and Alladin – 2011 – 33.5 and 36.5 t/ha, and 2017 – 34.1 and 36.4 t/ha, respectively. Favourable years for harvesting varieties were 2011 and 2012 with yields of 45.7 and 45.8 t/ha. Thus, the highest yield of potato tubers on average over the years of studies of medium-early varieties of 41.2-43.3 t / ha were provided by weather conditions of 2011 and 2017 years, medium-ripe varieties 41.0-41.1 - 2012 and 2011, medium- late 37,6-38,5 t / ha - 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Yield and seed productivity of pear rootstock forms in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
A. I. Lokhova ◽  
E. Z. Savin ◽  
A. M. Rusanov ◽  
A. A. Mushinskiy
Keyword(s):  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
High Yield ◽  
State University ◽  
Maximum Weight ◽  
Seed Productivity ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Typical Soil

The article presents the results of studying the diversity of pear rootstock forms in terms of yield and seed productivity. The research was carried out at the experimental sites of the Orenburg Experimental Station of Horticulture and Viticulture of AllRussian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery and the Botanical Garden of the Orenburg State University in 2017-2019, in typical soil and climatic conditions of the Orenburg city. The purpose of the study is to identify pear rootstock forms characterized by high yield and stable seed productivity for use in the future as a seed rootstock. During the research, 15 pear accessions were studied; the planting scheme was 6x4 m. As a result of research, it was found that the rootstock form Temno-zelenaya is characterized by a high yield (40 kg/tree). High seed productivity of more than 6 seeds in one fruit was observed in samples: Vernaya (6.0-6.5 pcs.), SK-1, SK-3 (6.1-7.8 pcs.), SK-2 (7.0-7.5 pcs.), Chang Bai Li (7.4-7.7 pcs.), Semennaya 214 (7.5-7.8 pcs.). It was revealed that the Xiao he Bai Li variety is characterized by the maximum weight of 1000 seeds (65.2 g). Analysis of accessions by seed yield established that a consistently high yield is observed in the varieties Chang Bai Li (2.5-4.2 %), Vernaya (3.96-4.18 %) and forms SK-1 (2.0-3.25%), SK-2 (2.25-2.75 %), SK-3 (1.43-4.0 %). Pear rootstock forms Chang Bai Li, Vernaya, Semennaya 214, SK-1, SK-2, SK-3 were identifi ed, which can be recommended for production testing as seed pear rootstocks for the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals.

scholarly journals Improved Rice Technology Adoption: The Role of Spatially-Dependent Risk Preference

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 691
Author(s):  
Omotuyole Isiaka Ambali ◽  
Francisco Jose Areal ◽  
Nikolaos Georgantzis
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Risk Preference ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Risk Attitudes ◽  
Policy Action ◽  
Rice Varieties

This study analyses farmers’ adoption of improved rice technology, taking into account farmers’ risk preferences; the unobserved spatial heterogeneity associated with farmers’ risk preferences; farmers’ household and farm characteristics; farm locations, farmers’ access to information, and their perceptions on the rice improved varieties (i.e., high yield varieties, HYV). The study used data obtained from field experiments and a survey conducted in 2016 in Nigeria. An instrumental-variable probit model was estimated to account for potential endogenous farmers’ risk preference in the adoption decision model. Results show that risk averse (risk avoidant) farmers are less likely to adopt HYV, with the spatial lags of farmers’ risk attitudes found to be a good instrument for spatially unobserved variables (e.g., environmental and climatic factors). We conclude that studies supporting policy action aiming at the diffusion of improved rice varieties need to collect information, if possible, on farmers’ risk attitudes, local environmental and climatic conditions (e.g., climatic, topographic, soil quality, pest incidence) in order to ease the design and evaluation of policy actions on the adoption of improved agricultural technology.

scholarly journals Complex Valuation of Energy from Agricultural Crops including Local Conditions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1415
Author(s):  
Václav Voltr ◽  
Martin Hruška ◽  
Luboš Nobilis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Marginal Areas

This paper provides values of economic, energy and environmental assessments of 20 crops and assesses the relationships of soil-climatic conditions in the example of the Czech Republic. The comparison of main soil quality indicators according to the configuration of land and climate regions is performed on the basis of energy and economic efficiency as well as a comparison of the level of environmental impacts. The environmental impacts are identified based on the assessment of emissions from production and also in the form of soil compaction as an indicator of the relationship to soil quality. As concerns soil properties, of major importance is soil skeleton, slope of land and the depth of soil, which cause an increase in emissions from the energy produced. Substantially better emission parameters per 1 MJ through energy crops, the cultivation of perennial crops and silage maize has been supported. Among energy crops, a positive relationship with the quality of soil is seen in alfalfa, with a significant reduction in soil penetrometric resistance; energy crops are also politically justifiable in competition with other crops intended for nutrition of population. The main advantage of energy crops for the low-carbon economy is their CO2 production to MJ, which is almost half, especially in marginal areas with lower soil depths, slopes and stoniness, which can be included in the new agricultural policy.

Late-glacial and Post-glacial history of the Chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent

1964 ◽  
Vol 248 (745) ◽  
pp. 135-204 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Valley Floor ◽  
Glacial Period ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Arable Farming ◽  
History Of

This paper describes the morphology of a small piece of the Chalk escarpment near Brook in east Kent, and reconstructs its history since the end of the Last Glaciation. The escarpment contains a number of steep-sided valleys, or coombes, with which are associated deposits of chalk debris, filling their bottoms and extending as fans over the Gault Clay plain beyond. Here the fans overlie radiocarbon-dated marsh deposits of zone II (10 000 to 8800 B.C.) of the Late-glacial Period. The debris fans were formed and the coombes were cut very largely during the succeeding zone III (8800 to 8300 B.C.). The fans are the products of frost-shattering, probably transported by a combination of niveo-fluvial action and the release of spring waters; intercalated seams of loess also occur. The molluscs and plants preserved in the Late-glacial deposits give a fairly detailed picture of local conditions. The later history of one of the coombes, the Devil’s Kneadingtrough, is reconstructed. The springs have effected virtually no erosion and have probably always emerged more or less in their present position. In the floor of the coombe the periglacial chalk rubbles of zone III are covered by Postglacial deposits, mainly hillwashes. They are oxidized and yield no pollen, but contain rich faunas of land Mollusca, which are presented in the form of histograms revealing changing local ecological and climatic conditions. During most of the Post-glacial Period, from the end of zone III until about the beginning of zone VIII, very little accumulation took place on the coombe floor. But below the springs there are marsh deposits which span much of this interval. They yield faunas of considerable zoogeographical interest. The approximate beginning of zone VII a (Atlantic Period) is reflected by a calcareous tufa, which overlies a weathering horizon, and represents an increase in spring flow. Two clearance phases are deduced from the molluscan record. The first may have taken place at least as early as the Beaker Period (Late Neolithic/earliest Bronze Age); the second is probably of Iron Age ‘A’ date. In Iron Age times the subsoil was mobilized and a phase of rapid hillwashing began. As a result the valley floor became buried by humic chalk muds. The prime cause of this process was probably the beginning of intensive arable farming on the slopes above the coombe; a possible subsidiary factor may have been the Sub-Atlantic worsening of climate. The muds yield pottery ranging in date from Iron Age ‘Kentish first A’ ( ca . 500 to ca . 300 B.C.) to Romano-British ware of the first or second centuries A.D. Evidence is put forward for a possible climatic oscillation from dry to wet taking place at about the time of Christ. In the later stages of cultivation, possibly in the Roman Era, the valley floor was ploughed and given its present-day form.

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