Concept of Airborne Infectious Disease in Ayurveda

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 4847-4856
Author(s):  
Madhura Vinay Fadanavis ◽  
Punam Sawarkar
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Normal Functions ◽  
Ancient Science ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Airborne Disease

Life of any living thing starts with the breath and ends with breathlessness. Health is defined as a state of equilibrium of normal functions of Dosha, Dhatu, and Agni with body, mind and soul. Health has not given importance until someone becomes sick. Due to intake of improper diet, lack of exercise, stress, & global warming, pollution the health status of an individual is decreasing day by day & they are getting easily prone to infectious disease. It comes with significant challenges & creating a burden over medical & health care system. Ayurveda is an ancient science which has already described such communicable disease with their causes, mode of transmission, prevention as well as treatment. Charak has explained about Janapadodhwansa & its four reasons(Air, water, time, and region). Sushruta has already mentioned Aupsargikarogas that are infectious diseases. By adopting Ayurvedic measures such as following proper Dincharaya, Rutucharya, Sadvritta, Panchakarma, Shaman Cikitsa & Rasayana, both physical and mental health, can be maintained. The main aim of this paper is to highlight the airborne disease mentioned in Ayurveda. This review has been done by compiling information from classic Ayurvedic texts – Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Astanga Hirdaya. Apart from this, modern books, journals & websites on preventive & social medicine were also searched for this study. After extensive search, specific causative factors, pathology, symptoms & various treatment regime has been narrated in scattered form by our Ancient Acharyas. The different Ayurvedic Samhitas serves as a source of getting knowledge about the airborne disease and ways to prevent it and cure it. By using these basic principles in this ancient science in a rational way, we can avoid & overcome many clinical conditions described in contemporary science which has its self-limitations in treatment modalities.

scholarly journals Modelling spreading of an infection using time series by a novel family of models; fitting the time series of the confirmed cases of COVID-19 in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (s1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Babak Jamshidi ◽  
Shahriar Jamshidi Zargaran ◽  
Mansour Rezaei
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Time Series Models ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
The Novel ◽  
New Family ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Number Of Individuals

AbstractIntroductionTime series models are one of the frequently used methods to describe the pattern of spreading an epidemic.MethodsWe presented a new family of time series models able to represent the cumulative number of individuals that contracted an infectious disease from the start to the end of the first wave of spreading. This family is flexible enough to model the propagation of almost all infectious diseases. After a general discussion on competent time series to model the outbreak of a communicable disease, we introduced the new family through one of its examples.ResultsWe estimated the parameters of two samples of the novel family to model the spreading of COVID-19 in China.DiscussionOur model does not work well when the decreasing trend of the rate of growth is absent because it is the main presumption of the model. In addition, since the information on the initial days is of the utmost importance for this model, one of the challenges about this model is modifying it to get qualified to model datasets that lack the information on the first days.

scholarly journals Addressing the growing burden of non–communicable disease by leveraging lessons from infectious disease management

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Piot ◽  
Aya Caldwell ◽  
Peter Lamptey ◽  
Moffat Nyrirenda ◽  
Sunil Mehra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

scholarly journals What is Communicable? Unaccounted Injuries and “Catching” Diabetes in an Illegible Epidemic

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Moran-Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Treatment Access ◽  
Infectious Disease Transmission ◽  
The World ◽  
Historically Situated ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

Long-accepted models of causality cast diseases into the binary of either “contagious” or “non-communicable,” typically with institutional resources focused primarily on interrupting infectious disease transmission. But in southern Belize, as in much of the world today, epidemic diabetes has become a leading cause of death and a notorious contributor to organ failure and amputated limbs. This ethnographic essay follows caregivers’ and families’ work to survive in-between public health categories, and asks what responses a bifurcated model of infectious versus non-communicable disease structures or incapacitates in practice. It proposes an alternative focus on diabetes as a “para-communicable” condition—materially transmitted as bodies and ecologies intimately shape each other over time, with unequal and compounding effects for historically situated groups of people. The article closes by querying how communicability relates to community, and why it matters to reframe narratives about contributing causalities in relation to struggles for treatment access.

scholarly journals The Empowerment of Integrated Development Post of Non-Communicable Diseases in Efforts to Prevent and Control Non- Communicable Diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Yandrizal Yandrizal ◽  
Rizanda Machmud ◽  
Melinda Noer ◽  
Hardisman Hardisman ◽  
Afrizal Afrizal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Combination Method ◽  
Integrated Development ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
And Control ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

Non-Communicable disease has already been the main cause of death in many countries, as many as 57 million death in the world in 2008, 36 million (63 percent) is because of un-infectious disease, specifically heart illness, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases. Prevention and controlling efforts of un-infectious diseases developing in Indonesia is non-communicable disease integrated development post (Pospindu PTM). This research used combination method approach with exploratory design. Exploratory design with sequential procedure used combination consecutively, the first is qualitative and the second is quantitative method. Public Health Center formed Posbindu PTM has not disseminate yet to all stakeholders. Posbindu PTM members felt benefit by following this activity. Some of them did not know follow the activity because of unknown about it. There was  connection between coming behavior to Posbindu PTM to preventing behavior of non-communicable disease.Percentage for high blood pressure risk indicated 20-25 percent from all visitors. Formulation of its policy implementation started with stakeholder analysis; head of sub district, head of urban village, head of health department in regency/city, head of public health service, head of neighborhood Association, and the head of family welfare development.  Analysis of perception, power and authority found that every stakeholder had authority to manage the member directly or indirectly. It was not implemented because of the lack knowledge of stakeholders about the Posbindu PTM function.They would play a role after knowing the aim and advantage of the post by motivate the people to do early detection, prevention and control the non-communicable disease. The members were given wide knowledge about  early detection, preventing  and control the un-infectious disease, measuring and checking up their healthy continuously so that keep feeling the advantage of coming to the post.

scholarly journals Review: Psychological & Behavioural Treatments of Nonepileptic Seizures in Children and Adolescents

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S299-S299
Author(s):  
Hemma Velani ◽  
Julia Gledhill
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Individual Therapy ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
High Level

AimsTo systematically review Psychological and Behavioural treatments on NES in children and adolescents by reviewing the current literature.BackgroundNon-epileptic seizures (NES) are associated with a high level of functional impairment for young people and their families. However, there are no UK guidelines for the management of NES in children and adolescents or adults. Though information from the limited studies in adults may be useful, the findings may not be generalizable to children and adolescents. To date, we are unaware of any published systematic review on this topic in children and adolescents.MethodA systematic search of relevant electronic databases was conducted. Any study investigating the effectiveness of psychological and behavioural treatments on NES, in Children and Adolescents was included.ResultFifteen studies were identified, but only six studies had the primary aim of evaluating an intervention, and only one used a control group. The rest were observational studies that examined retrospective case notes.CBT and psychoeducation were identified as the most common interventions. Eleven out of the fifteen studies used multiple treatments, four looked at one treatment only, three of these CBT and one was a natural history study.Where individual therapy was provided, a common focus was management of anxiety, usually delivered in a flexible way, adapted to individual needs. Despite being identified as important in the literature, only one study demonstrated care that involved collaboration between physical and mental health teams.ConclusionIt's difficult to conclude from this review that one treatment approach is superior to another. The findings of this review offer some insight into current practise and may help to inform future research in this area. CBT and psychoeducation with a focus on anxiety are frequently included in interventions for NES in young people, and further evaluation of these treatment modalities could be a helpful next step.

Seeking Solutions to the Challenges in Health Services in Developing Nations

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-51
Author(s):  
Jessica McCormack ◽  
Patrick Rawstorne ◽  
Mohamud Sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, 2010, confirmed that the world's population is living longer and we are now less likely than a decade earlier to die from an infectious disease but also more likely to live our twilight years with morbidity (Murray et al., 2012). We will also most likely die from a chronic non-communicable disease (NCD) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, respiratory diseases, and diabetes (Beaglehole, et al., 2008). However this brief glimpse at the trends in the health of the world's population obscures massive inequalities in the burden of disease as well as variations across the globe. In this piece, we will revisit primary health care, both at its dawn, its contribution to developing nations, and the ills it struggled through over the years. Cuba and Thailand are the key examples of developing nations that have experienced the contribution of primary health care more than most other countries.

scholarly journals Sounds of sickness: can people identify infectious disease using sounds of coughs and sneezes?

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1928) ◽  
pp. 20200944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas M. Michalak ◽  
Oliver Sng ◽  
Iris M. Wang ◽  
Joshua Ackerman
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Threat Detection ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Key Aspects

Cough, cough. Is that person sick, or do they just have a throat tickle? A growing body of research suggests pathogen threats shape key aspects of human sociality. However, less research has investigated specific processes involved in pathogen threat detection. Here, we examine whether perceivers can accurately detect pathogen threats using an understudied sensory modality—sound. Participants in four studies judged whether cough and sneeze sounds were produced by people infected with a communicable disease or not. We found no evidence that participants could accurately identify the origins of these sounds. Instead, the more disgusting they perceived a sound to be, the more likely they were to judge that it came from an infected person (regardless of whether it did). Thus, unlike research indicating perceivers can accurately diagnose infection using other sensory modalities (e.g. sight, smell), we find people overperceive pathogen threat in subjectively disgusting sounds.

scholarly journals A Rhesus Monkey Model of Non-suicidal Self-Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda A. Novak ◽  
Jerrold S. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Behavioral Correlates ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Monkey Model ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a type of behavioral pathology seen not only in a variety of clinical conditions but also among non-clinical populations, particularly adolescents and young adults. With the exception of rare genetic conditions that give rise to self-harming behaviors, the etiology of NSSI and the events that trigger specific episodes of this behavior remain poorly understood. This review presents the features of an important, extensively studied animal model of NSSI, namely spontaneously occurring self-injurious behavior (SIB) in rhesus macaque monkeys. We compare and contrast rhesus monkey SIB with NSSI with respect to form, prevalence rates, environmental and biological risk factors, behavioral correlates, proposed functions, and treatment modalities. Many parallels between rhesus monkey SIB and NSSI are demonstrated, which supports the validity of this animal model across several domains. Determining the etiology of spontaneously occurring SIB in monkeys, its underlying biological mechanisms, and which pharmacological agents are most effective for treating the disorder may aid in identifying potential risk factors for the occurrence of NSSI in humans and developing medications for severe cases that are resistant to conventional psychotherapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals Conducting Infectious and Communicable Disease Education in Hospitality Organizations Viewpoint

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
Brandon Howell
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Research Partnerships ◽  
Bloodborne Pathogens ◽  
Hospitality Organizations ◽  
Management Techniques

Every day, employees in the lodging and hospitality industry are potentially exposed to bloodborne pathogens and other infectious diseases. Federally sponsored biosafety and infectious disease training sessions were conducted at two lodging sites in an effort to promote infectious disease primary prevention, as well as mitigation and management techniques in the hospitality industry in an effort to develop interdisciplinary connections between public health and hospitality. The trainings were positively received, but as this viewpoint reveals, further research, partnerships, and curriculum development is needed in this area in order for it to have long-term and impactful effects.

scholarly journals Enhancing understandings of social determinants of health in China: Linkage and analysis of a national multilevel population health surveillance with routinely collected mortality records for 98 058 people in 31 provinces of mainland China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunning Liu ◽  
Thomas Astell-Burt ◽  
Xiaoqi Feng ◽  
Fan Mao ◽  
Ruiming Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Social Determinants Of Health ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Determinants Of Health ◽  
County Level ◽  
Injury Mortality

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to enhance capability in research on social determinants of health in China by linking and analyzing routinely-collected death records over 5 years with national population health surveillance.Methods: Linkage of 98 058 participants in the 2010 China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance (CCDRFS) to records in the national death surveillance data from 2011 to 2015 was conducted through a matching program involving identification numbers, name, gender and residential address, followed by a structured checking process. Multilevel regressions were used to investigate five-year odds of all-cause, non-communicable disease (NCD), infectious disease and injury mortality in relation to person- and county-level factors.Results: A total of 3,365 deaths were observed in the linked mortality and population health surveillance. Cross-checks and comparisons with national mortality distributions provided assurance that the linkage was reasonable. Geographic variation in mortality was observed via age and gender adjusted median odds ratios for all-cause mortality (>1.30), infectious disease (>2.01), NCD (>1.24) and injury (>1.12). Increased odds of all-cause and all three cause-specific mortality outcomes were higher with age and among men. Low educational attainment was a predictor of all-cause, NCD and injury mortality. Longer mean years of education at the county-level was only associated with lower injury mortality. Divorcees had a higher odd of all-cause and NCD mortality than singletons. Rurality was a predictor of all-cause and NCD mortality.Conclusion: The results of this study provide utility for future investigations of social determinants of health and mortality using linked data in China.

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