The Occurrence of Tongue Lesions among Dental Outpatients Attending Khanzad Dental Polyclinics Center in Erbil City

Background: The tongue can be targeted by a wide range of pathological conditions; the recognition of tongue lesions may be helpful in the early diagnosis of some systemic disorders. Objective: To determine the frequency and relation of the tongue conditions with risk factors among a group of dental outpatients attending a specialized dental polyclinics center in Erbil city, for individuals who are aware of their tongue lesion when to exist, and to estimate the possible coincidence between some of the tongue lesions with age, gender, smoking, alcohol drinking habit, allergic reactions, and systemic diseases. Patients and Methods: 1100 patients were examined for a period of 3 months from October 1st , 2019 – December 31st , 2019. Results: The frequency of tongue conditions was 52.8%, the study sample consists of 520 males 47.3%, and 580 females 52.7%. The age range was from 0.58 to 85 years, and 112 patients had one or more systemic diseases 92 of them were on regular medications. The most common frequent condition was fissured tongue diagnosed in 420 patients 38.2%. Conclusion: The common risk factors for tongue conditions in this study were old age, male gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, and medication intake, around one quarter (25.6%) of the sample has a family history of tongue condition. Keywords: Tongue conditions, fissured tongue, clinical study, coated tongue

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The common risk factors for progression and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis

Archives of Virology ◽

10.1007/s00705-021-05012-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Li Zhang ◽

Jie Hou ◽

Fu-Zhe Ma ◽

Jia Li ◽

Shuai Xue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Common Risk Factors ◽

The Common

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A population-based twin study in women of smoking initiation and nicotine dependence

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291798008022 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 299-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 296

Author(s):

K. S. KENDLER ◽

M. C. NEALE ◽

P. SULLIVAN ◽

L. A. COREY ◽

C. O. GARDNER ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Nicotine Dependence ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Substance Dependence ◽

Smoking Initiation ◽

Population Based ◽

Familial Factors ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

Low Levels

Background. The development of drug dependence requires prior initiation. What is the relationship between the risk factors for initiation and dependence?Methods. Using smoking as a model addiction, we assessed smoking initiation (SI) and nicotine dependence (ND) by personal interview in 1898 female twins from the population-based Virginia Twin Registry. We developed a twin structural equation model that estimates the correlation between the liability to SI and the liability to ND, given SI.Results. The liabilities to SI and ND were substantially correlated but not identical. Heritable factors played an important aetiological role in SI and in ND. While the majority of genetic risk factors for ND were shared with SI, a distinct set of familial factors, which were probably partly genetic, solely influenced the risk for ND. SI was associated with low levels of education and religiosity, high levels of neuroticism and extroversion and a history of a wide range of psychiatric disorders. ND was associated with low levels of education, extroversion, mastery, and self-esteem, high levels of neuroticism and dependency and a history of mood and alcohol use disorders.Conclusions. The aetiological factors that influence SI and ND, while overlapping, are not perfectly correlated. One set of genetic factors plays a significant aetiological role in both SI and ND, while another set of familial factors, probably in part genetic, solely influences ND. Some risk factors for SI and ND impact similarly on both stages, some act at only one stage and others impact differently and even in opposite directions at the two stages. The pathway to substance dependence is complex and involves multiple genetic and environmental risk factors.

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Awareness of diabetes in the population of Greenland

Clinical Nursing Studies ◽

10.5430/cns.v7n1p56 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 56

Author(s):

Michael Lynge Pedersen

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Undiagnosed Diabetes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Telephone Contact ◽

Information Strategies ◽

History Of ◽

Common Risk Factors ◽

Objective Type

Objective: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) may develop slowly with few symptoms and may remain undetected for many years, leading to severe complications that potentially could have been prevented with timely diagnosis and treatment. Undiagnosed diabetes has been reported high in Greenland. However, awareness and knowledges about diabetes in the general population remains unexplored.Methods: This study was performed as an observational cross sectional study based on telephone interview among a random sample of Greenlanders. The interview was performed in Greenlandic or Danish according to participant’ preference and included information about age, gender, place of birth, place of residence, medical history of diabetes, awareness of the diabetes, risk factors, symptoms, complications, and local possibilities to get tested for diabetes.Results: In total, telephone contact was established with 196 adults. Of those, 161 participants completed the interview while 35 were unwilling to participate in the interview corresponding to a response rate of 82% (161/196). The majority of responders, 85.7%, were aware of diabetes and local testing possibilities. However, only around 65% were aware of risk factors of diabetes. Also, the knowledge about common symptoms of diabetes was quite low, around 50%, and in particular low, around 40%, among males and inhabitants in settlements.Conclusions: The vast majority of the population was aware of diabetes. However, the present study revealed shortage of knowledge of common risk factors, symptoms, and complications to diabetes. This is challenging the effort to prevent diabetes and new alternative information strategies are needed. Furthermore, the shortage of knowledges of risk factors may not be isolated to diabetes and further studies on health literacy in Greenland are recommended.

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Common risk factors of breast and ovarian cancer: recent view

International Journal of Gynecological Cancer ◽

10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200409000-00002 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 721-740 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

G. C. Zografos ◽

M. Panou ◽

N. Panou

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Gynecological Cancer ◽

Breast And Ovarian Cancer ◽

Lifestyle Risk Factors ◽

Cancer Types ◽

Common Risk Factors ◽

The Common ◽

Lifestyle Risk

Clinicians, epidemiologists, and public health specialists tend to examine breast and ovarian cancer separately. Although this seems fairly rational and expected, both malignancies are estrogen related and thus share many risk factors. In this review, we investigate the common familial, reproductive, anthropometric, nutritional, and lifestyle risk factors of breast and ovarian cancer. We believe that the parallel examination of the two cancer types could significantly contribute to an improved prevention of “gynecological cancer” as a whole.

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A logistic regression analysis of risk factors in ME/CFS pathogenesis

BMC Neurology ◽

10.1186/s12883-019-1468-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eliana M. Lacerda ◽

Keith Geraghty ◽

Caroline C. Kingdon ◽

Luigi Palla ◽

Luis Nacul

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Family History ◽

Disease Onset ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Lower Income ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of

Abstract Background Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex disease, whose exact cause remains unclear. A wide range of risk factors has been proposed that helps understanding potential disease pathogenesis. However, there is little consistency for many risk factor associations, thus we undertook an exploratory study of risk factors using data from the UK ME/CFS Biobank participants. We report on risk factor associations in ME/CFS compared with multiple sclerosis participants and healthy controls. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 269 people with ME/CFS, including 214 with mild/moderate and 55 with severe symptoms, 74 people with multiple sclerosis (MS), and 134 healthy controls, who were recruited from primary and secondary health services. Data were collected from participants using a standardised written questionnaire. Data analyses consisted of univariate and multivariable regression analysis (by levels of proximity to disease onset). Results A history of frequent colds (OR = 8.26, P <= 0.001) and infections (OR = 25.5, P = 0.015) before onset were the strongest factors associated with a higher risk of ME/CFS compared to healthy controls. Being single (OR = 4.41, P <= 0.001), having lower income (OR = 3.71, P <= 0.001), and a family history of anxiety is associated with a higher risk of ME/CFS compared to healthy controls only (OR = 3.77, P < 0.001). History of frequent colds (OR = 6.31, P < 0.001) and infections before disease onset (OR = 5.12, P = 0.005), being single (OR = 3.66, P = 0.003) and having lower income (OR = 3.48, P = 0.001), are associated with a higher risk of ME/CFS than MS. Severe ME/CFS cases were associated with lower age of ME/CFS onset (OR = 0.63, P = 0.022) and a family history of neurological illness (OR = 6.1, P = 0.001). Conclusions Notable differences in risk profiles were found between ME/CFS and healthy controls, ME/CFS and MS, and mild-moderate and severe ME/CFS. However, we found some commensurate overlap in risk associations between all cohorts. The most notable difference between ME/CFS and MS in our study is a history of recent infection prior to disease onset. Even recognising that our results are limited by the choice of factors we selected to investigate, our findings are consistent with the increasing body of evidence that has been published about the potential role of infections in the pathogenesis of ME/CFS, including common colds/flu.

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Is Pregnancy a Risk Factor for Future Cardiovascular Events?

Indian Journal of Cardiovascular Disease in Women WINCARS ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1607200 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 02 (03) ◽

pp. 056-062

Author(s):

Shibba Chhabra ◽

Ruhani Bali ◽

Tripat Kaur ◽

Bhupinder Singh ◽

Abhishek Goyal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Hypertension ◽

Vital Role ◽

Medical Community ◽

Common Risk Factors ◽

The Common ◽

Physiologic State

AbstractPregnancy is a normal physiologic state in a woman's life, and according to traditional beliefs, it may not be predictive of future cardiovascular disease (CVD) lest it is complicated by some adverse events. Contrary to the previous beliefs, the complications are not limited to pregnancy period and may leave permanent vascular and metabolic damage. Factors such as lipid inflammatory pathways and vascular functions play a vital role in determining the cardiovascular risk in pregnancy. In addition to modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors, emerging factors like genetics and epigenetics risk, obesity, metabolic syndrome, lifestyle, inflammatory and hypertensive disorders, and endothelial dysfunction with gestational diabetes help in determining the future CVD.The present debate is an effort to study that besides the common risk factors such as gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia, preterm delivery, assisted reproductive technology–related pregnancy events, and arrhythmias also have a bearing on future cardiovascular risk of a woman. The awareness in the medical community especially obstetricians, physicians, and cardiologists may play a pivotal role in detecting these complications and appropriate follow-up.

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High Spatial Inhomogeneity in the Intima-Media Thickness of the Common Carotid Artery is Associated with a Larger Degree of Stenosis in the Internal Carotid Artery: The PARISK Study

Ultraschall in der Medizin - European Journal of Ultrasound ◽

10.1055/s-0042-112220 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 38 (05) ◽

pp. 523-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jeire Steinbuch ◽

Anouk van Dijk ◽

Floris Schreuder ◽

Martine Truijman ◽

Alexandra de Rotte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Carotid Artery ◽

Internal Carotid Artery ◽

Common Carotid Artery ◽

Internal Carotid ◽

Intima Media Thickness ◽

Media Thickness ◽

Common Risk Factors ◽

The Common ◽

Ica Stenosis

Abstract Purpose Inhomogeneity of arterial wall thickness may be indicative of distal plaques. This study investigates the intra-subject association between relative spatial intima-media thickness (IMT) inhomogeneity of the common carotid artery (CCA) and the degree of stenosis of plaques in the internal carotid artery (ICA). Materials and Methods We included 240 patients with a recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack and mild-to-moderate stenosis in the ipsilateral ICA. IMT inhomogeneity was extracted from B-mode ultrasound recordings. The degree of ICA stenosis was assessed on CT angiography according to the European Carotid Surgery Trial method. Patients were divided into groups with a low (≤ 2 %) and a high (> 2 %) IMT inhomogeneity scaled with respect to the local end-diastolic diameter. Results 182 patients had suitable CT and ultrasound measurements. Relative CCA-IMT inhomogeneity was similar for the symptomatic and asymptomatic side (difference: 0.02 %, p = 0.85). High relative IMT inhomogeneity was associated with a larger IMT (difference: 235 µm, p < 0.001) and larger degree of ICA stenosis (difference: 5 %, p = 0.023) which remained significant (p = 0.016) after adjustment for common risk factors. Conclusion Regardless of common risk factors, high relative CCA-IMT inhomogeneity is associated with a greater degree of ICA stenosis and is therefore indicative of atherosclerotic disease. The predictive value of CCA-IMT inhomogeneity for plaque progression and recurrence of cerebrovascular symptoms will be determined in the follow-up phase of PARISK.

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Profile of Ectopic Pregnancy at Kathmandu Model Hospital

Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology ◽

10.3126/njog.v10i2.14328 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 10-13

Author(s):

HK Pradhan ◽

G Dangal ◽

A Karki ◽

R Shrestha ◽

K Bhattachan

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Ectopic Pregnancy ◽

Discharge Summary ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Emergency Laparotomy ◽

Average Hospital ◽

Pain Abdomen ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

History Of ◽

Age Range

Aims: The study was done to analyze the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment aspect of patients with ectopic pregnancy at Kathmandu Model Hospital.Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients with ectopic pregnancy who received treatment at Kathmandu Model Hospital from January 2008 to September 2015. Data were analyzed from patient records and discharge summary. Delivery number was obtained from maternity record.Results: There were 61 cases of ectopic pregnancy with the hospital incidence of 1.46%. Highest number of patients 20 (32.79%) were in the age range of 28-32 years. Most of the patients were nullipara 22 (36.06%) or with parity two 20 (32.79%). Some risk factors were found in 29 (47.54%) cases. The commonest risk factor was pelvic inflammatory disease in 12 (19.67%). All presented with pain abdomen, 48 (78.68%) had per vaginal bleeding, 17 (27.87%) presented in shock. Cervival excitation was present in 38 (62.29%). Urine for pregnancy test was positive in all and 37 (60.66%) had ultrasonography. Ten (16.39%) patients underwent emergency laparoscopic surgery and 40 (65.57%) had emergency laparotomy. Salpingectomy was required in 53 (86.89%) cases. The average hospital stay was 5 days.Conclusions: The study showed that ectopic pregnancy could occur at any reproductive age without obvious risk factors. Although not all patients gave history of amenorrhoea, pain abdomen was present in all.

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The Australian Genetics of Depression Study: Study Description and Sample Characteristics

10.1101/626762 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Enda M Byrne ◽

Katherine M Kirk ◽

Sarah E Medland ◽

John J McGrath ◽

Richard Parker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Short Form ◽

Community Sample ◽

Medical Practitioner ◽

Diagnostic Interview ◽

Clinical Depression ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

Participant Group

AbstractObjectivesDepression is the most common psychiatric disorder and the largest contributor to global disability. The Australian Genetics of Depression study was established to recruit a large cohort of individuals who have been diagnosed with depression, and to investigate genetic and environmental risk factors for depression and response to commonly prescribed antidepressants. This paper describes the recruitment and characteristics of the sample.MethodsParticipants completed an online questionnaire that consisted of a compulsory module that assessed self-reported psychiatric history, clinical depression using the Composite Interview Diagnostic Interview Short Form, and experiences of using commonly prescribed antidepressants. Further voluntary modules assessed a wide range of traits of relevance to psychopathology. Participants who reported they were willing to provide a DNA sample were sent a saliva kit in the mail.ResultsA total of 20,689 participants, 75% of whom were female, enrolled in the study. The average age of participants was 43 years ± 15 years. 15,807 participants (76% of the participant group) returned saliva kits. The overwhelming majority of participants reported being given a diagnosis of depression by a medical practitioner and 88% met the criteria for a depressive episode. Rates of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders were high. Two-thirds of the sample reported having taken more than one type of antidepressant during treatment for their depression.ConclusionsThis study was effective in recruiting a large community sample of people with a history of clinical depression, highlighting the willingness of Australians to engage with medical research. A combination of recruitment through health records and media as well as use of an online questionnaire made it feasible to recruit the large sample needed for investigating the genetics of common diseases. It will be a valuable resource for investigating risk factors for depression, treatment response to antidepressants and susceptibility to side effects.

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Weighing Down the Landscape: The Quarry as a Site of Rural Modernity

10.3366/edinburgh/9781474420952.003.0005 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 69-83

Author(s):

Samuel Shaw

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Close Relation ◽

Art Galleries ◽

Wide Range ◽

Art Works ◽

History Of ◽

The Common ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

A Site ◽

Rural Industries

This chapter argues that late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century artists seem to have been especially attracted by quarries, treating them as a means of exploring modernity through the lens of rural romanticism. Quarries regularly appear in paintings in many of the artists associated with rural modernity: William Rothenstein, Edward Wadsworth, Walter Bell, Roger Fry, and J. D. Fergusson, among them. Appreciating that there is no single way of categorising and representing quarries, this chapter (the first ever study of this important subject) explores many of the common themes to be found in paintings of quarries in the first half of the twentieth century. It considers a wide range of artists and art-works — the majority of which are owned by rural art galleries — in close relation to the history of rural industries in such regions as Cornwall, West Yorkshire, and Edinburgh.

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