scholarly journals Evidence of potent antibacterial effect of fermented papaya leaf against opportunistic skin pathogenic microbes

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (S6) ◽  
pp. 112-117
Author(s):  
A. Mohd Danial ◽  
S.P. Koh ◽  
R. Abdullah ◽  
A. Azali
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Traditional Remedy ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Agar Well Diffusion Assay ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal ◽  
Time Kill

The papaya leaf juice has been long practised as a traditional remedy to cure ailments due to its medicinal properties. The objective of this research is to study the effectiveness of fermented papaya leaf to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and yeast: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Propionibacterium acnes and Candida albicans. The efficacy of fermented papaya leaf against selected pathogenic microbes was evaluated using agar well diffusion assay, broth microdilution assay and time-kill test. Evidence from data collected confirmed that fermented papaya leaf supernatant showed more pronounced antibacterial and antifungal effect than papaya leaf alone. Generally, fermented papaya leaf supernatant demonstrated potent antimicrobial effect against all bacterial pathogens tested particularly P. aeruginosa followed by P. acne and S. aureus. However, it was found that fermented papaya leaf was less effective against Candida albicans. It needs 4- to 7-folds higher concentration to inhibit 50% C. albicans growth than the bacteria. The antibacterial compounds produced in the supernatant appeared to have some bactericidal effect against P. aeruginosa, P. acne and S. aureus with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC>99) of 16%, 50% and 60%, respectively. Particularly, the fermented papaya leaf supernatant at 60% concentration showed 100% inhibition rate within 30 mins against P. aeruginosa. However, it needs a longer time to show the same inhibition effect against S. aureus and P. acne, which was about 2-6 h. The potent killing effect of fermented papaya leaf showed a potential use in skincare application to control pathogenic microbe infection

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Silico Approaches for the Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity, Time-Kill Kinetics, and Anti-Biofilm Potential of Thymoquinone (2-Methyl-5-propan-2-ylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione) against Selected Human Pathogens

Antibiotics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Kamal A. Qureshi ◽  
Mahrukh Imtiaz ◽  
Adil Parvez ◽  
Pankaj K. Rai ◽  
Mariusz Jaremko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Xylose Reductase ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Target Proteins ◽  
Antimicrobial Potential ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal ◽  
In Silico Molecular Docking ◽  
Time Kill

Thymoquinone (2-methyl-5-propan-2-ylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione; TQ), a principal bioactive phytoconstituent of Nigella sativa essential oil, has been reported to have high antimicrobial potential. Thus, the current study evaluated TQ’s antimicrobial potential against a range of selected human pathogens using in vitro assays, including time-kill kinetics and anti-biofilm activity. In silico molecular docking of TQ against several antimicrobial target proteins and a detailed intermolecular interaction analysis was performed, including binding energies and docking feasibility. Of the tested bacteria and fungi, S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 were the most susceptible to TQ, with 50.3 ± 0.3 mm and 21.1 ± 0.1 mm zones of inhibition, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of TQ are in the range of 12.5–50 µg/mL, while minimum biocidal concentration (MBC) values are in the range of 25–100 µg/mL against the tested organisms. Time-kill kinetics of TQ revealed that the killing time for the tested bacteria is in the range of 1–6 h with the MBC of TQ. Anti-biofilm activity results demonstrate that the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) values of TQ are in the range of 25–50 µg/mL, while the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) values are in the range of 25–100 µg/mL, for the tested bacteria. In silico molecular docking studies revealed four preferred antibacterial and antifungal target proteins for TQ: D-alanyl-D-alanine synthetase (Ddl) from Thermus thermophilus, transcriptional regulator qacR from Staphylococcus aureus, N-myristoyltransferase from Candida albicans, and NADPH-dependent D-xylose reductase from Candida tenuis. In contrast, the nitroreductase family protein from Bacillus cereus and spore coat polysaccharide biosynthesis protein from Bacillus subtilis and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase from Aspergillus fumigatus are the least preferred antibacterial and antifungal target proteins for TQ, respectively. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that TQ could bind to all four target proteins, with Ddl and NADPH-dependent D-xylose reductase being the most efficient. Our findings corroborate TQ’s high antimicrobial potential, suggesting it may be a promising drug candidate for multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens, notably Gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans.

scholarly journals Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity Analysis of Essential Oil of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Puspa Das ◽  
Shoma Dutta ◽  
Jaripa Begum ◽  
Md Nural Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Pogostemon Cablin ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

The essential oil of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth, also known as Patchouli oil was subjected for its antimicrobial investigation against a panel of ten human pathogenic bacteria and six human pathogenic fungi by Agar well diffusion method and Macrobroth dilution technique using Ampicillin (20ìg/well) and Nystatin (20ìg/well) as control. Antibacterial activity revealed that, the essential oil was more active against Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative bacteria. The largest zone of inhibition was 35 mm (against Bacillus cereus) with 20 ìl of oil. Ditermination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) showed that, Bacillus cereus exhibited the lowest MIC (250 ìg/ml) and MBC (750 ìg/ml). The oil showed moderate antifungal activity against all tested organisms. Candida albicans showed greater zone of inhibition (16 mm) than Saccharomyces cerevisiae (14 mm) with 20 ìl and Candida albicans showed lowest MIC and MFC (both were 750 ìg/ml). The zone of inhibition was 25 mm for each filamentous fungal strain with 20 ìl, except for Rhizopus oligosporus (15 mm) and the lowest MIC (250 ìg/ml) and MFC (500 ìg/ml) were reported for Aspergillus fumigatus.Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 30, Number 1-2,June-Dec 2013, pp 7-10

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Effect of Geophila obvallata (Schumach) Didr. Leaf Ectracts Against Pathogenic Microbes

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Lucky Iserhienrhien ◽  
Okolie Paulinus ◽  
Etaware Mudiaga
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

The increase in synthetic drug resistance by pathogenic microbes has led to the development of plant-based antimicrobial drugs that are more reliable and non-lethal to human health at increased dosage. The antibacterial and antifungal potential of Geophila obvallata extracts were tested on clinical isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis,Streptococcus pyogenes, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus) using standard techniques. The zones of inhibition were shown to increase with increasing concentrations of the extracts. Inhibition was higher in Gram positive bacteria (9.10 to 31.00mm in 40mg/mL concentration) than Gram negative bacteria (3.50 to 27.00mm in 40mg/mL concentration), while the fungal isolates had the least zones of inhibition (2.83 to 25.00mm in 40mg/ml concentration). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were lowest in the methanol extract than aqueous extract. Simillarly, MIC for bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus) were 0.3 and 2.0mg/mL respectively. Methanol extract had higher antibacterial and antifungal effect than aqueous extract. Ciprofloxacin, used as control for bacteria had the highest inhibitory activity (33.67mm) when compared to that of the highest concentration of plant extracts administered. Also, ketoconazole gave the highest zones of inhibition (32.33mm) on the fungi isolates compared to those of the extracts. The performance of the methanol extract of 40mg/mL of Geophila obvallata in the inhibition of Bacillus subtilis was not significantly different from that of Ciprofloxacin. The findings in this study therefore validate the antimicrobial effect of Geophila obvallata leaf extracts as well as its possible application in medicine.  

scholarly journals TIME-KILL ASSAY: AN EFFICACY OF SYNERGY BETWEEN CARBAPENEMS AND CLODRONIC ACID

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-502
Author(s):  
A. G. Afinogenova ◽  
T. M. Voroshilova ◽  
G. E. Afinogenov ◽  
D. Yu. Maday ◽  
A. A. Spiridonova
Keyword(s):  
Optical Density ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Test Strain ◽  
Clodronic Acid ◽  
Septic Complications ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Time Kill

Abstract. Currently, a search for augmenting antibiotics activity is still crucial due to elevated frequency of detecting carbapenem-resistant Gran-positive bacterial isolates. To resolve this, it might be reasonable to combine carbapenems metal-â-lactamase (MâL) inhibitors. Unfortunately, no MâL inhibitors approved for treatment of carbapenem-resistant infections are currently available. Pathogenic bacteria may survive antibiotic attack, exert tolerance and persistence accompanied with the ongoing infectious process. In connection with this, determining dependence between antimicrobialrelated bactericidal effect and exposure time on microbes at 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after the onset, a so called time-kill assay, is necessary. A synergy between both agents was noted upon reduced microbial population by ≥ 3 log10. A checkerboard array followed by seeding the microplate well contents onto a dense nutrient medium at various time points were used to assess a synergistic efficacy of carbapenems applied together with clodronic acid against MâL-producing VIMgenotype P. aeruginosa 532/14 clinical isolate obtained from patients with infectious complications (minimal inhibitory concentrations [MIC] for imipenem or meropenem were 512 μg/ml), microbial burden 106 CFU/ml. Optical density was measured at two wavelengths (490 and 630 nm) in ELx800 reader, within 4–24 hour exposure time to determine time of logarithmic growth phase emerging in test culture. It is noteworthy that magnitude of optical density is a difference between two bichromatic measurements resulting in remarkably reduced inaccuracy due to scratches or fingerprints left on the plate. It was found that clodronic acid exhibited a synergic bactericidal effect with carbapenems against a clinically resistant MâL-producing VIM-genotype P. aeruginosa 532/14 strain. Upon that, imipenem-related antimicrobial activity was evident as early as 8 hours after the onset decreasing cell growth down to 1.4 log10 compared to control, whereas 12 hours later it resulted in total inhibition of test strain by decreasing growth of the test strain by 6 log10. Meropenem in combination with clodronic acid showed a more pronounced activity: complete absence of P. aeruginosa 532/14 growth by 8 hours of incubation, growth suppression by 3.2 log10, which reached 6 log10 12–24 hours after the onset. Time-kill assay allows to identify efficient combinations of carbapenems and MâL inhibitors, which is of great importance for increasing therapeutic efficacy of patients with severe purulent-septic complications.

scholarly journals ANTIRADICAL, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF HARPULLIA ARBOREA (BLANCO) RADLK. (SAPINDACEAE)

2017 ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Raghavendra H. L. ◽  
Prashith Kekuda T. R. ◽  
Karthik K. N. ◽  
Ankith G. N.
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Suitable Form ◽  
Agar Well Diffusion Assay ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal ◽  
Diffusion Assay

Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate antiradical and antimicrobial potential of extract of Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. (Sapindaceae) leaves obtained by maceration process.Methods: Antiradical activity of leaf extract was performed by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Antibacterial activity of leaf extract was carried out by Agar well diffusion assay. Antifungal activity of leaf extract was carried out by Poisoned food technique.Results: Leaf extract displayed concentration dependent scavenging of radicals with potent scavenging activity against ABTS radicals (IC50 value 4.26µg/ml) when compared to DPPH radicals (IC50 value 27.26µg/ml). Extract exhibited inhibitory activity against all test bacteria. Marked and least activity was observed against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli respectively. Considerable reduction in the mycelial growth of test fungi was observed in poisoned plates. Curvularia sp. and Alternaria sp. were inhibited to highest and least extent respectively. Conclusion: In suitable form, the plant can be used to treat oxidative damage, infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria and to manage seed-borne fungi.

THE ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OILS OBTAINED FROM SPECIES AND INTERSPECIES HYBRIDS OF THE Mentha GENUS AGAINST SELECTED PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Schollenberger ◽  
Tomasz M. Staniek ◽  
Elżbieta Paduch-Cichal ◽  
Beata Dasiewicz ◽  
Agnieszka Gadomska-Gajadhur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Mentha Spicata ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Interspecies Hybrids

Plant essential oils of six aromatic herb species and interspecies hybrids of the family Lamiaceae – chocolate mint (Mentha piperita × ‘Chocolate’), pineapple mint (Mentha suaveolens ‘Variegata’), apple mint (Mentha × rotundifolia), spearmint (Mentha spicata), orange mint (Mentha × piperita ‘Granada’) and strawberry mint (Mentha × villosa ‘Strawberry’) – were investigated for antimicrobial effects against plant pathogenic bacteria: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina. The screening was carried out in vitro on agar plates filled with the target organism. All essential oils screened exhibited a higher level of antibacterial activity against A. tumefaciens and X. arboricola pv. corylina than streptomycin used as a standard in all tests. The antimicrobial effect of streptomycin and five mint oils was at the same level for P. syringae pv. syringae. There were no significant differences in the influence of the chocolate mint oil on the growth inhibition of all bacteria tested. Plant essential oils from pineapple mint, apple mint, spearmint and strawberry mint showed the weakest antimicrobial activity against P. syringae pv. syringae and the strongest towards A. tumefaciens and X. arboricola pv. corylina. The essential oils from strawberry mint, pineapple mint, spearmint and apple mint had the strongest effect on A. tumefaciens, and the lowest inhibitory activity was exhibited by the chocolate mint and orange mint essential oils. X. arboricola pv. corylina was the most sensitive to the strawberry mint, pineapple mint and spearmint oils. The chocolate mint oil showed the greatest activity against P. syringae pv. syringae.

Substituted 4-Formyl-2H-chromen-2-ones: Their Reaction with N-(2,3,4,6-Tetra-Oacetyl- β-D-galactopyranosyl)thiosemicarbazide, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Their Thiosemicarbazone Products

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (19) ◽  
pp. 2272-2282
Author(s):  
Vu Ngoc Toan ◽  
Nguyen Minh Tri ◽  
Nguyen Dinh Thanh
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Selenium Dioxide ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal Activity ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal Activities ◽  
Alkyl Ethers ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

Several 6- and 7-alkoxy-2-oxo-2H-chromene-4-carbaldehydes were prepared from corresponding alkyl ethers of 6- and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-2-ones by oxidation using selenium dioxide. 6- and 7-Alkoxy-4-methyl-2H-chromenes were obtained with yields of 57-85%. Corresponding 4-carbaldehyde derivatives were prepared with yields of 41-67%. Thiosemicarbazones of these aldehydes with D-galactose moiety were synthesized by reaction of these aldehydes with N-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-Dgalactopyranosyl) thiosemicarbazide with yields of 62-74%. These thiosemicarbazones were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities in vitro against bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and fungi, such as Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans. Several compounds exhibited strong inhibitory activity with MIC values of 0.78- 1.56 μM, including 8a (against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans), 8d (against E. coli and A. niger), 9a (against S. aureus), and 9c (against S. aureus and C. albicans).

Antimicrobial properties of actively purified secondary metabolites isolated from different marine organisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilushi Indika Bamunu Arachchige ◽  
Fazlurrahman Khan ◽  
Young-Mog Kim
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds

Background: The treatment of infection caused by pathogenic bacteria becomes one of the serious concerns globally. The failure in the treatment was found due to the exhibition of multiple resistance mechanisms against the antimicrobial agents. Emergence of resistant bacterial species has also been observed due to prolong treatment using conventional antibiotics. To combat these problems, several alternative strategies have been employed using biological and chemically synthesized compounds as antibacterial agents. Marine organisms considered as one of the potential sources for the isolation of bioactive compounds due to the easily available, cost-effective, and eco-friendly. Methods: The online search methodology was adapted for the collection of information related to the antimicrobial properties of marine-derived compounds. These compound has been isolated and purified by different purification techniques, and their structure also characterized. Furthermore, the antibacterial activities have been reported by using broth microdilution as well as disc diffusion assays. Results: The present review paper describes the antimicrobial effect of diverse secondary metabolites which are isolated and purified from the different marine organisms. The structural elucidation of each secondary metabolite has also been done in the present paper, which will help for the in silico designing of the novel and potent antimicrobial compounds. Conclusion: A thorough literature search has been made and summarizes the list of antimicrobial compounds that are isolated from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic marine organisms. The information obtained from the present paper will be helpful for the application of marine compounds as antimicrobial agents against different antibiotic-resistant human pathogenic bacteria.

scholarly journals Synthesis of the Bacteriostatic Poly(L-Lactide) by Using Zinc (II)[(acac)(L)H2O] (L = Aminoacid-Based Chelate Ligands) as an Effective ROP Initiator

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6950
Author(s):  
Renata Barczyńska-Felusiak ◽  
Małgorzata Pastusiak ◽  
Piotr Rychter ◽  
Bożena Kaczmarczyk ◽  
Michał Sobota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schiff Bases ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Zinc Complexes ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal Activities ◽  
Aspergillus Brasiliensis ◽  
Acetylacetonate Complex ◽  
Distorted Trigonal Bipyramid ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

The paper presents a synthesis of poly(l-lactide) with bacteriostatic properties. This polymer was obtained by ring-opening polymerization of the lactide initiated by selected low-toxic zinc complexes, Zn[(acac)(L)H2O], where L represents N-(pyridin-4-ylmethylene) tryptophan or N-(2-pyridin-4-ylethylidene) phenylalanine. These complexes were obtained by reaction of Zn[(acac)2 H2O] and Schiff bases, , the products of the condensation of amino acids and 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde. The composition, structure, and geometry of the synthesized complexes were determined by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and molecular modeling. Both complexes showed the geometry of a distorted trigonal bipyramid. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of both complexes were found to be much stronger than those of the primary Schiff bases. The present study showed a higher efficiency of polymerization when initiated by the obtained zinc complexes than when initiated by the zinc(II) acetylacetonate complex. The synthesized polylactide showed antibacterial properties, especially the product obtained by polymerization initiated by a zinc(II) complex with a ligand based on l-phenylalanine. The polylactide showed a particularly strong antimicrobial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus brasiliensis. At the same time, this polymer does not exhibit fibroblast cytotoxicity.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity of Roselle-capped​ Silver​ Nanochip on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirorat Wacharanad ◽  
Puncharee Thatree ◽  
Punchaya Yiemwattana ◽  
Penpitcha Paoprajak ◽  
Pimchanok Ngamsangiam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Silver Nitrate Solution ◽  
Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans ◽  
Microwave Assisted Synthesis ◽  
Alginate Gel ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Inhibition Zones ◽  
Time Kill

Abstract Objectives This article aimed to study the effects of the​ roselle-capped​ silver​ nanochip​ ​(SNP-Ro​ chip)​ against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and the toxicity of this film on fibroblast cells to develop this SNP-Ro chip into a local chemical for the treatment of periodontitis in the future. Materials and Methods Using a microwave-assisted synthesis method, silver​ nanoparticles (SNPs) were prepared from a silver nitrate solution and roselle extract as a reducing and capping agent. Then, SNP-Ro chips were fabricated by mixing a solution of SNP-Ro with alginate gel. The antimicrobial effect of the synthesized SNP-Ro chips was performed by the disc diffusion technique and time kill assay. The cytotoxic effect was also determined by the MTS assay. Statistical Analysis One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe’s method were used to analyze the data for this experiment. Results All three ratios of the SNP-Ro chip produced inhibition zones ranging between 18.75 ± 2.08 and 19.03 ± 2.25 mm. In studying the killing time, the three groups of the SNP-Ro chips completely eradicated A. actinomycetemcomitans within 180 minutes. The percentage of the viable SNP-Ro chip-treated human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were significantly increased when compared with the alginate chip-treated cells (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study developed a new method for the deposition of SNPs in alginate gel to make a thin small chip for the sustained release of the SNPs in a periodontal lesion. Therefore, the SNP-Ro chip has the potential to be developed as an adjunctive locally delivered antimicrobial agent in periodontal therapy.

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