scholarly journals Antimicrobial Effect of Geophila obvallata (Schumach) Didr. Leaf Ectracts Against Pathogenic Microbes

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Lucky Iserhienrhien ◽  
Okolie Paulinus ◽  
Etaware Mudiaga
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

The increase in synthetic drug resistance by pathogenic microbes has led to the development of plant-based antimicrobial drugs that are more reliable and non-lethal to human health at increased dosage. The antibacterial and antifungal potential of Geophila obvallata extracts were tested on clinical isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis,Streptococcus pyogenes, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus) using standard techniques. The zones of inhibition were shown to increase with increasing concentrations of the extracts. Inhibition was higher in Gram positive bacteria (9.10 to 31.00mm in 40mg/mL concentration) than Gram negative bacteria (3.50 to 27.00mm in 40mg/mL concentration), while the fungal isolates had the least zones of inhibition (2.83 to 25.00mm in 40mg/ml concentration). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were lowest in the methanol extract than aqueous extract. Simillarly, MIC for bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus) were 0.3 and 2.0mg/mL respectively. Methanol extract had higher antibacterial and antifungal effect than aqueous extract. Ciprofloxacin, used as control for bacteria had the highest inhibitory activity (33.67mm) when compared to that of the highest concentration of plant extracts administered. Also, ketoconazole gave the highest zones of inhibition (32.33mm) on the fungi isolates compared to those of the extracts. The performance of the methanol extract of 40mg/mL of Geophila obvallata in the inhibition of Bacillus subtilis was not significantly different from that of Ciprofloxacin. The findings in this study therefore validate the antimicrobial effect of Geophila obvallata leaf extracts as well as its possible application in medicine.  

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Effect of Geophila Obvallata (Schumach) Didr. Leaf Extracts Against Some Medically Important Bacteria and Fungi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucky Osafanme Iserhienrhien ◽  
Okolie Ngozi Paulinus ◽  
Etaware Peter Mudiaga
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

Abstract Background: The increase in synthetic drug resistance by pathogenic microbes has led to the development of plant-based antimicrobial drugs that are more reliable and non-lethal to human health at increased dosage. Methods: The antibacterial and antifungal potential of Geophila obvallata extracts were tested on clinical isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus) using standard techniques. Results: The zones of inhibition were shown to increase with increasing concentrations of the extracts. Inhibition was higher in Gram positive bacteria (9.10 to 31.00mm in 40mg/mL concentration) than Gram negative bacteria (3.50 to 27.00mm in 40mg/mL concentration), while the fungal isolates had the least zones of inhibition (2.83 to 25.00mm in 40mg/ml concentration). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were lowest in the methanol extract than aqueous extract. Simillarly, MIC for bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus) were 0.3 and 2.0mg/mL respectively. Methanol extract had higher antibacterial and antifungal effect than aqueous extract. Ciprofloxacin, used as control for bacteria had the highest inhibitory activity (33.67mm) when compared to that of the highest concentration of plant extracts administered. Also, ketoconazole gave the highest zones of inhibition (32.33mm) on the fungi isolates compared to those of the extracts. The performance of the methanol extract of 40mg/mL of Geophila obvallata in the inhibition of Bacillus subtilis was not significantly different from that of Ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: The findings in this study therefore validate the antimicrobial effect of Geophila obvallata leaf extracts as well as its possible application in medicine.

scholarly journals Correlative study of heavy metal content with biological importance of Solanum virginianum leaf extract

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Biswash Guragain ◽  
Khem Raj Pant ◽  
Saugat Bhattarai ◽  
Narendra Kumar Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition

Abstract Background Rapid urbanization and industrialization have greatly impacted the inherent soil composition. Heavy metals disposed in the environment by anthropogenic activities toxicate flora and ultimately affect the phytochemical profile of medicinal plants. We report here such an investigation of the heavy metal concentrations in the leaf extract of Solanum virginianum (S. virginianum). This work has been extended to observe the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial significance of leaf extracts in methanol and aqueous medium. Methods The metal concentration was analysed on ICE 3000 series atomic absorption spectrometer. The antibacterial assessment was carried by disc diffusion technique against three gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and one gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Results The content of Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), and Lead (Pb) were 2.04, 0.47, 0.41, and 0.10 mg/L, respectively. Saponin and coumarin were present in both extracts. Various other phytochemicals like steroids, terpenoid, and flavonoid, were present only in the water extract, while tannin was present only on methanol extract. The methanol and aqueous extracts exhibited their highest inhibition on S. aureus with zones of inhibition of 12 mm and 14 mm, respectively. Conclusion The aqueous extract possessed more phytochemicals than the methanol extract, and the aqueous extract exhibited better antibacterial activity. The high Fe content in the leaf extract may suggest its use as an anaemic medicine. Other metal contents are under the WHO range.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Effects of Newbouldia laevis {P. BEAUV} on the Bacteria Isolated from the Blood of Hepatitis C Virus Positive Individuals

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
E. B. Akande ◽  
B. O. Oladejo ◽  
M. K. Oladunmoye ◽  
T. F. Abodunrin
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Antibacterial Effects ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics

The methanol, chloroform and aqueous leaf extracts of Newbouldia laevis Were obtained using cold extraction method. Phytochemical screening {qualitative} of the extracts was investigated and the inhibitory activity of extracts against the isolates were assayed by agar well diffusion technique. The concentrations were varied from 100 mg/ml to 400 mg/ml and zones of inhibition at every concentration were recorded. The bacterial isolates including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus pnuemoniae and Salmonella sp. The extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, alkanoids, phenolics, saponins and cardiac glycosides with exception of chloroform extract that revealed the presence of alkanoids, saponins and tannins only. Antibacterial activity revealed that methanol extract had the highest potency with 23.03±0.33e mm, followed by aqueous extract with 21.75±0.22d mm zones of inhibition against S. aureus, and the chloroform extract had the highest activity of 16.0±0.59d mm zone of inhibition against Salmonella sp. while aqueous extract had the least zone of inhibition against P. mirabilis with 10.07±0.67a mm on isolates. All the extracts, irrespective of the extracting solvents had a minimum inhibitory concentrations {MIC} range of 6.25 – 50 mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentrations {MBC} range of 12.5 – 100 mg/ml. Findings from this research shows that N. laevis has high antibacterial potency against pathogens in blood even in comparison with some conventional antibiotics used.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Screening and in vitro Antioxidant Properties of Methanol and Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Geophila obvallata

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Iserhienrhien Lucky Osafanme ◽  
Okolie Paulinus Ngozi
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Reducing Ability

Aim: This study investigated the phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant properties of methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Geophila obvallata using standard methods. Materials and Methods: The in vitro antioxidant assays carried out were 1, 1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, Nitric oxide (NO•) radical scavenging activity assay, 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS•+) radical cation scavenging assay, ferric reducing properties and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, steroids, saponins, terpernoids and cardiac glycosides in both extracts. Relative to the aqueous extract, the methanol extract contained a higher amount of the secondary metabolites. However, both extracts exhibited appreciable and dose-dependent capacities for quenching DPPH, ABTS•+ and NO• free radicals, and potent ferric reducing ability to levels comparable to those of ascorbic acid. The crude methanol extract showed significantly increased (P<0.05) antioxidant activity than the aqueous extract. Conclusion: It was concluded that the extract possesses strong antioxidant properties due to its content of phytochemicals, and provides scientific basis for its ethno medicinal applications.

scholarly journals Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles from Leaf Extracts of Ginkgo biloba L. and its Antibiotic Potential Against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Living Fossil ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Global Environmental

Based on the global environmental pollution problems, the main focus of every nano-research is to produce the nanomaterial in a green and eco-friendly way without any interference of chemical synthesis. By the way, the present study was intended to use an aqueous extract of the living fossil plant viz., Ginkgo biloba L., to synthesize the gold nanoparticles and evaluate their antibiotic activity against bacterial pathogens. The gold nanoparticles (AuNps) were successfully synthesized by mixing the Ginkgo biloba aqueous extract and the auric chloride solution for approximately 24 hours. The UV-Vis spectra of Gold nanoparticles (AuNps) showed the maximum absorption peak at 520nm. The SEM analysis also showed the gold nanoparticles synthesized from Ginkgo biloba were spherical with particle size ranging from 40 to 60nm. During our study, the gold nanoparticles exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens, i.e., E. coli and Bacillus subtilis. The later bacterium was found to be more susceptible to the nanoparticles as well as the extracts of G. biloba in comparison to the former bacterium.

Anticonvulsant activity of Nylandtia spinosa L. Dumont (Polygalaceae) aqueous and methanol leaf extracts in mice

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 811-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Amabeoku
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Anticonvulsant Activity ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Anticonvulsant Property ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract

Aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of Nylandtia spinosa L. Dumont (Polygalaceae) were evaluated for anticonvulsant activity against tonic seizures produced in mice by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), bicuculline, picrotoxin, and N-methyl-DL-aspartic acid (NMDLA). Aqueous leaf extract of N. spinosa (50–400 mg/kg, i.p.) and methanol extract (50–400 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly attenuated PTZ (95 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced tonic seizures. Doses of 400 mg/kg (i.p.) and 100–400 mg/kg (i.p.) of aqueous extract of N. spinosa significantly delayed the onset of tonic seizures elicited by bicuculline (35 mg/kg, i.p.) and picrotoxin (12 mg/kg, i.p.), respectively. Methanol extract (200–400 mg/kg, i.p.) and (50–400 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly delayed the onset of tonic seizures induced by bicuculline (35 mg/kg, i.p.) and picrotoxin (12 mg/kg, i.p.), respectively, whereas 400 mg/kg (i.p.) significantly reduced the incidence of picrotoxin (12 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced seizures. Both aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of N. spinosa did not affect NMDLA (400 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced tonic seizures. Phenobarbitone (12.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) antagonized tonic seizures induced by PTZ (95 mg/kg, i.p.), bicuculline (35 mg/kg, i.p.), and picrotoxin (12 mg/kg, i.p.) but did not affect NMDLA (400 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced seizures. Phenytoin (30 mg/kg, i.p.) did not alter the tonic seizures produced by either PTZ (95 mg/kg, i.p.), bicuculline –2-(35 mg/kg, i.p.), or picrotoxin (12 mg/kg, i.p.). The results obtained indicate that both aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of N. spinosa possess anticonvulsant property, thus justifying the use of the plant by traditional medicine practitioners in the treatment of epilepsy. The relatively high LD50 of greater than 3600 mg/kg (p.o.) and 1780 mg/kg (i.p.) obtained with the aqueous extract suggest that the plant is relatively safe in mice. The phytochemical analysis carried out showed the presence of tannins, saponins, reducing sugars, alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpene steroids, and cardiac glycosides in the plant material.

scholarly journals Evaluation and phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Ficus dalhousiae Miq

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Shaik Baba Fakruddin ◽  
B. Mohammed Rizwan ◽  
K. Diwakar ◽  
B. Syed salman ◽  
B. Anil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal Activity ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

The aim of the present study was to isolate the Extract from the leaves of Ficus dalhousiae Miq and subse-quently evaluate their antibacterial and antifungal activity. The crude various extracts of the plant n-Hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate, Methanol extract was obtained by using continuous soxhlation tech-nique using soxhlet apparatus. The antibacterial activity of plant extract were carried using cup plate method against three bacterial species Staphylococcus aures, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli using agar diffusion method. those are compared with standard reference drug Ciprofloxacin. This study confirmed that bark extracts have more active constituents compare to leaf extracts. by pharmacological evaluation of Ficus dalhousea Miq. Various extracts, most of them are capable of showing moderate antibacterial activity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Phytochemicals and Antimicrobial Potentials of Chromolaena odorata (L.) on Selected Human Pathogens

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Z. K. Egbunu ◽  
O. O. Owoyemi ◽  
M. K. Oladunmoye ◽  
O. J. Abraham ◽  
O. I. Afolami
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Inhibitory Zone ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition

Aims: This research was designed to evaluate the phytochemicals present in the leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata L. and their antimicrobial activities. Methodology: Dried leaves of C. odorata were pulverized and subjected to ethanolic and aqueous extraction. The extracts were qualitatively and quantitatively screened for phytochemicals using standard methods. The inhibitory activity of the leaf extracts were evaluated against clinical pathogens; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion technique at 100 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL concentrations. Results: The ethanolic extract of C. odorata had a better percentage yield of 5.49 g, followed by aqueous extract (3.5 g). The phytochemical screening conducted on the extracts revealed the presence of flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, cardiac glycoside, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. The ethanolic extract exhibited better antimicrobial activity on S. typhi, S. aureus, E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa and C. albicans compared to the aqueous extract. This could be as a result of the higher extraction capability of the ethanol to penetrate easily into the cellular membrane and dissolve the intracellular inclusions from the plant materials than the aqueous solvent. The zones of inhibition of ethanolic extract at 100 mg/mL ranges from 2.33±0.33 mm to 9.50±0.36 mm with the lowest efficacy observed on P. mirabilis and highest on S. aureus. S. typhi was susceptible to the aqueous extract of the plant at this concentration with inhibitory zone of 4.00±0.00 mm. The ethanolic extract of the plant was also effective against C. albicans with inhibitory zone of 4.17±0.17 mm at 100 mg/mL. Chloramphenicol inhibited all the test bacteria with the highest efficacy on E. coli (16.33±0.03 mm) and ketoconazole at 25 mg/mL had a better antifungal activity on C. albicans compared to the observed antifungal activities of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. odorata at 100 mg/mL. Furthermore, the test organisms were more susceptible to the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. odorata at 200 mg/mL with zones of inhibition ranging from 3.23±0.15 mm to 12.33±0.33 mm. The lowest being observed on E.coli and highest on S. typhi (ethanolic extract). K. Pneumoniae and P. mirabilis were resistant to the aqueous extract of C. odorata. All the test bacteria were susceptible to the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. odorata at 200 mg/mL extracts concentration. Moreover, C. albicans was susceptible to the inhibitory effect of C. odorata at this concentration with inhibitory zones of 3.00±0.00 mm and 5.33±0.33 mm on aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively. Conclusion: The findings from this study revealed the antimicrobial activities of C. odorata on the test pathogens which are in close proximity in comparison with the synthetic antimicrobial agents and thus upon purification, can be harnessed as a lead for the development of natural products derived antimicrobials in drug discovery against infections caused by these human pathogens evaluated in this study.

scholarly journals Determination of antimicrobial activity of extracts from Melissa officinalis L.

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
Nargiz Seidalina ◽  
◽  
Saule Ahmetova ◽  
Marlen Smagulov ◽  
Gayane Аtazhanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Weak Activity ◽  
First Time ◽  
Yeast Fungus

The constant growth of antibiotic resistance of bacteria creates the need for the development of antimicrobial drugs from extracts of medicinal plants. For the first time, the article presents the results of antimicrobial activity of extracts of Melissa officinallis L. (drug melissa) obtained by various methods, including ultrasonic extraction. The antimicrobial activity of the samples was studied in relation to strains of gram-positive bacteria Staphylocococus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, gram-negative strains Escherichia coli and yeast fungus Candida albicans. It was found that samples of aqueous extracts of drug melissa obtained by infusion and extraction by ultrasound have a pronounced antimicrobial effect on Staphylococus aureus, ultrasonic extracts of 30 % — and 90 % — alcohol extracts and water extract are active on Staphylocococus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and all samples showed weak activity The obtained data can be used for development of new phytopreparations with expressed antimicrobial activity.

scholarly journals Evidence of potent antibacterial effect of fermented papaya leaf against opportunistic skin pathogenic microbes

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (S6) ◽  
pp. 112-117
Author(s):  
A. Mohd Danial ◽  
S.P. Koh ◽  
R. Abdullah ◽  
A. Azali
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Traditional Remedy ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Agar Well Diffusion Assay ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal ◽  
Time Kill

The papaya leaf juice has been long practised as a traditional remedy to cure ailments due to its medicinal properties. The objective of this research is to study the effectiveness of fermented papaya leaf to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and yeast: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Propionibacterium acnes and Candida albicans. The efficacy of fermented papaya leaf against selected pathogenic microbes was evaluated using agar well diffusion assay, broth microdilution assay and time-kill test. Evidence from data collected confirmed that fermented papaya leaf supernatant showed more pronounced antibacterial and antifungal effect than papaya leaf alone. Generally, fermented papaya leaf supernatant demonstrated potent antimicrobial effect against all bacterial pathogens tested particularly P. aeruginosa followed by P. acne and S. aureus. However, it was found that fermented papaya leaf was less effective against Candida albicans. It needs 4- to 7-folds higher concentration to inhibit 50% C. albicans growth than the bacteria. The antibacterial compounds produced in the supernatant appeared to have some bactericidal effect against P. aeruginosa, P. acne and S. aureus with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC>99) of 16%, 50% and 60%, respectively. Particularly, the fermented papaya leaf supernatant at 60% concentration showed 100% inhibition rate within 30 mins against P. aeruginosa. However, it needs a longer time to show the same inhibition effect against S. aureus and P. acne, which was about 2-6 h. The potent killing effect of fermented papaya leaf showed a potential use in skincare application to control pathogenic microbe infection

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