Frequency of hyponatremia in community acquired pneumonia.

Objectives: Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is frequent amongst pediatric population all over the world while hyponatremia is a common electrolyte abnormality in hospitalized patients that has been shown to be associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. We aimed to determine the frequency of hyponatremia in children with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Pediatrics Department, Services Hospital, Lahore. Period: July 2018 to January 2019. Material & Methods: A total of 100 cases up to 2 years of age of either gender, diagnosed cases of CAP during the last 72 hours, were enrolled. Demographic profile, age and gender were recorded. Every child with CAP was evaluated for the presence of hyponatremia. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for age. Frequency and percentages were noted for categorical variable like gender and presence/absence of hyponatremia. Results: Out of 100 cases of CAP, 57 (57.0%) were male and 43(43.0%) female. There were 45 (45.0%) cases who were less than 1 year of age while 55 (55.0%) were between 1-2 years of age. Mean age was calculated as 1.55 years with standard deviation of 0.52 years. Frequency of hyponatremia in children with CAP was recorded in 24 (24.0%) whereas 76 (76.0%) had no findings of the morbidity. Conclusion: Frequency of hyponatremia was high (24.0%) among children with CAP. Every patient who present with CAP should be evaluated for hyponatremia.

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Frequency of sensorineural hearing loss in children with bacterial meningitis.

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2020.27.12.4672 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (12) ◽

pp. 2729-2733

Author(s):

Rabia Saleem Safdar ◽

M Faisal Mehar ◽

Madiha Naz ◽

Afsheen Asghar Khan ◽

Nusrat Buzdar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hearing Loss ◽

Bacterial Meningitis ◽

Sensorineural Hearing Loss ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sensorineural Hearing ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

And Gender ◽

Evoked Response Audiometry ◽

Study Setting

Objectives: To determine the frequency of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in children with bacterial meningitis. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Paediatric Medicine Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Period: October 2019 to March 2020. Material & Methods: The study was conducted after permission from ethical committee. A total of 151 patients admitted with bacterial meningitis were enrolled. Apart from the presenting complaints, necessary information like the age and gender were noted. Examination of the child was done to assess the condition of child. Brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) test was performed before discharge of the patient from the hospital. The outcome variable that is SNHL in bacterial meningitis assessed by BERA test was noted in a specifically designed Performa. Results: Out of total of 151 patients, males were 83 (55%) while females 68 (45%). Overall mean age was 11.85+6.12 months. SNHL was found in 26 (17.2%) children. There was no significant effect of age or gender on the frequencies of SNHL. Conclusion: SNHL is a frequently encountered complication in our population of children with bacterial meningitis. SNHL should be carefully sought out and properly diagnosed in all the patients presenting with bacterial meningitis.

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Etiology, presentation and treatment of ocular trauma in paediatric population.

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2022.29.01.6821 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (01) ◽

pp. 67-70

Author(s):

Noman Ahmed ◽

Mehatab Alam Khanzada ◽

Nisar Ahmed Jandan ◽

Ashok Kumar Narsani

Keyword(s):

Ocular Trauma ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Financial Burden ◽

Paediatric Population ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

University Hospital ◽

Study Group ◽

Potential Hazard ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Study Setting

Objective: To determine the etiology, presentation and treatment of ocular trauma in paediatric population. Study Design: Cross Sectional Study. Setting: Institute of Ophthalmology, Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro. Period: January, 2020 to December 2020. Material & Methods: Data was collected using a questionnaire having age, sex, cause of injury and time at presentation to the emergency. It also focused on which structures were damaged due to injury, investigations being used, and treatment performed. Results: In our study we found 80 cases of ocular trauma in pediatric population visiting the ophthalmology department. Gender distribution of the study group which includes 72.5% (n=58) males and 27.5% (n=22) females. It was found during playing 86.3% of children had ocular trauma followed by injury due to domestic stuff like glass, bleach cleaners in 7.5% of the study group. The most frequently occurring ocular trauma was found to be corneal tear occurring in 25% of the study group. Conclusion: Ocular trauma in children can be prevented by simple measures like supervising children and educating parents and teachers for potential hazard substances. It is important to address like healthcare issue as ocular trauma can lead to lifelong blindness along with psychological and financial burden for the caretaker and children themselves.

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ORAL HEALTH;

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.12.605 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (12) ◽

pp. 1894-1898

Author(s):

Shahid Ali Mirani ◽

Syed Yousif Ali Shah ◽

Muhammad Ameen Sahito

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Female Students ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Male And Female ◽

The Mean ◽

And Gender ◽

Study Setting

Objectives: This study was carried out to evaluate the dental students’perception about condition of their gums and teeth and prevalence of dental caries. StudyDesign: Descriptive cross sectional study. Setting: Liaquat University of Medical and HealthSciences. Period: July 2011 to December 2011. Material and Method: The sample size was200 students comprising of both male and female. Clinical Oral examination was performedwith the help of mouth mirror and explorer in dental chair. The perception of dental studentsabout condition of their gums and teeth was obtained through questionnaire. Results: Theresults revealed that 25 % of students in present study had dental decay. The mean DMFT scorewas 0.625. Moreover, the mean DMFT score for male and female students was 0.658 and 0.576respectively. The results about distribution of DMFT components indicated that the decayed(D) teeth were in greatest number followed by filled (F) and missed (M) teeth. Conclusion:There was statistically no significant association between dental caries and gender. Moreover,prevalence of dental caries was significantly different between those who perceived their gumsand teeth condition excellent and good compared to the students who perceived their gumsand teeth condition as poor.

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Pattern of paediatric congenital heart diseases.

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2021.28.11.6450 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (11) ◽

pp. 1678-1681

Author(s):

Khurram Shahnawaz ◽

Farhan Zahoor ◽

Bushra Madni ◽

Muhammad Imran ◽

Muhammad Naveed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Congenital Heart ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Related Data ◽

And Gender ◽

Male To Female ◽

Heart Lesions ◽

Study Setting

Objective: To find out pattern along with age and gender wise distribution of congenital heart disease (CHD). Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Pediatrics, Sughra Shafi Medical Complex, Narowal. Period: January 2019 to February 2020. Material & Methods: During the study period, a total of 151 children aged between 1 month to 15 years as confirmed case of CHD according to echocardiography were enrolled for this study. Gender, age categories, area of residence and types of CHDs were represented as frequency and percentages. Patients with different types of CHDs were distributed between both gender and different age categories. SPSS version 26.0 was used to handle and analyze all study related data. Results: During the study period, a total of 151 confirmed cases of CHD were enrolled. There were 82 (54.3%) male and 69 (45.7%) female representing a male to female ratio of 1.2:1. Most of the cases were aged less than 1 year. There were 118 (78.1%) children below 1 year of age while 22 (14.6%) between 1 to 5 years of age and 11 (7.3%) above 5 years of age. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) and ASD were noted to be the most frequent types of acyanotic heart lesions in 41 (27.2%) and 29 (19.2%) cases respectively whereas TOF was the most frequent type of cyanotic heart lesion in 23 (15.2%) cases. Conclusion: VSD followed by ASD and TOF were noted to be the most frequent types of CHD.

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PARTIAL EDENTULISM;

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2019.26.05.3474 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (05) ◽

Author(s):

Bharat Kumar ◽

Naresh Kumar ◽

Shahid Ali ◽

Shabir Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Class Iii ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mandibular Arch ◽

And Gender ◽

Study Participants ◽

Study Setting ◽

Posterior Area ◽

Class Iv

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the various patterns of partial edentulism of mandibular arch in patients seen. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Department of Prosthodontics, Dr Ishrat- Ul -Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences Karachi. Period: Six months from July 2013 to December 2013. Materials and Methods: Utilizing consecutive sampling technique, 527 patients were included. Partial edentulism pattern was recorded by visual examination using Kennedy’s classification after applying Applegate’s rules. Results: In present study class III partial edentulism was the most dominant pattern with class IV being the least in number in mandibular arch. The class III with one modification only involving posterior area was pr-edominant type. As the age of study participants increased, there was decrease in prevalence of class III pattern and increase in class I, class II and class IV pattern. In present study gender had no significant effect on distribution of various Kennedy’s classification, whereas there was statistically significant association between age and pattern of partial edentulism. Conclusion: The Kennedy’s class III was the most common pattern of partial edentulism irrespective of age and gender.

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Age as an effect modifier with respect to gender in orthodontics in deep bite prevalence.

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2020.27.09.4039 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (09) ◽

pp. 1845-1848

Author(s):

Zubair Hassan Awaisi ◽

Uzma Khan ◽

Tooba Nihal ◽

Iqra Ghaffar ◽

Naeem Murtaza

Keyword(s):

Total Sample ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Effect Modifier ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Deep Bite ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Insignificant Difference ◽

And Gender ◽

Study Setting

Objectives: To determine prevalence of deep bite and gender association with respect to age. Study Design: Cross-Sectional study. Setting: Department of Orthodontics Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, Multan. Period: 6 months i.e. from 15 December 2018 to 14 June 2019. Material & Methods: A study with 200 (126 females, 74 males) patients were taken as a sample after being examined in Chi square test was applied to determine association. Results: Deep bite was observed in 43% of patients in total sample of 200. Out of which 61.1% is found in females and 38.4% in males. It is also observed that age is an effect modifier with respect to gender. Conclusions: There as an insignificant difference in distribution of deep bite males and females. It is observed that with increasing ages deep bite decreases considerably.

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Postconcussive Symptoms After Single and Repeated Concussions in 10- to 20-Year-Olds: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Child Neurology ◽

10.1177/0883073818759436 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 383-388 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Temitayo Oyefunmike Oyegbile ◽

Bronson Elizabeth Delasobera ◽

Nassim Zecavati

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

Visual Memory ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Loss Of Consciousness ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Postconcussive Symptoms ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

And Gender

The objective was to characterize cognitive deficits and postconcussive symptoms in a pediatric population with no concussion, a single concussion, and ≥2 concussions, using a cross-sectional design. Cognitive function and postconcussive symptoms were assessed in participants (age 10-20) with no concussion (n = 1118), single concussion (n = 368), and repeated (≥2) concussions (n = 252). Analyses were adjusted for age and gender. Individuals with ≥2 concussions exhibited more total postconcussive symptoms; more loss of consciousness, amnesia and confusion; more headaches; and poorer cognitive function compared to no concussion and single concussion. Postconcussive symptoms may play a modulatory role in cognitive dysfunction after repeated concussions as those with loss of consciousness, amnesia, confusion, or headaches exhibited worse verbal memory, visual memory, visual-motor processing, and poorer impulse control compared to those without these symptoms. This analysis demonstrates that repeated concussions is associated with poorer cognitive function and postconcussive symptoms compared to a single concussion.

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Frequency of different symptoms in patients with COVID-19.

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2021.28.07.6196 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (7) ◽

pp. 931-935

Author(s):

Sehrish Shafique ◽

◽

Naveed Faraz ◽

Hina Wasti ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Study Data ◽

Age Group ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Exclusion Criteria ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Gender Study ◽

The Common ◽

And Gender ◽

Study Setting

Objective: To find out the common symptoms in COVID -19 patients in association with age and gender. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Study was conducted by approaching patients with COVID 19 positive in clinics, hospitals and those isolated at homes. Period: May 2020 to August 2020. Material & Methods: This study was conducted in Karachi by filling up the proformas from patients diagnosed as COVID 19 during a period of 4 months. All the patients with 25 -75years of age, and diagnosed with COVID 19 positive were considered as a part of study. Data was written in a form of questionnaire.95% confidence interval was taken. For entry of data SPSS version 20 was used. Results: A total of 150 cases were included after considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, among which 80(53.3%) were males and 70 (46.6%) were females. Most of the COVID -19 patients in our study between the age group of 61-75yrs (57%) followed by 46- 60yrs age group (30 %). This study also showed that fever and cough was among the commonly occurring symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: Patient with different symptoms present in COVID-19 although cough and fever were the most common symptoms seen although few patient were symptoms free although COVID-19 positive.

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ERUPTION OF PERMANENT TEETH

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/18.4633 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (11) ◽

pp. 1741-1746

Author(s):

Hassan Shahid ◽

Sadia Hassan ◽

Alvina Ali Shaikh

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Sample Size ◽

School Children ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Permanent Teeth ◽

Occlusal Plane ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Delayed Eruption ◽

Study Setting

Introduction: Tooth eruption is a long and complex physiological process whichis responsible for the tooth’s movement from its site of development in the jaw’s bone where itis formed until reaching the occlusal plane and starting its function. Objectives: The objectivesof this study were to assess the eruption of permanent teeth according to gender in localpopulation. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Three hundred School children agedbetween 6-15 years were included in this study. Period: The study was conducted in September2017. Material and Methods: Data was collected by undertaking the oral examination of eachchild present on the day of examination. Results: A sample of 300 children was studied; TheMean age and standard deviation was 9.86 ± 2.057 respectively. Frequency of male to femalesubjects remained 150 (50%) and 150 (50%) respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion we foundthat as per the normal eruption dates, delayed eruption was seen in all the teeth of both gendersrespectively, but we cannot conclude that in our region delayed eruption will certainly be seenin all the children as our sample size was small. In this study the main discrepancy was seen in2nd premolar for males and 2nd Molar in females.

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