scholarly journals Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) and some selected conventional antibiotics on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-264
Author(s):  
OL Okunye ◽  
PA Idowu ◽  
TT Kolade
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics ◽  
Nauclea Latifolia

Background: Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) is a valuable medicinal plant used in folkloric medicine in the treatment of Typhoid fever. The public health significance of Salmonella typhi, the aetiologic agent in typhoid fever lies in the increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. Objectives: To determine the antimicrobial potentials of the crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi compared with some conventional antibiotics. Methods: Antibiogram was carried out on 25 biochemically confirmed clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi using disc diffusion method of Kirby Bauer. Nauclea latifolia leaves extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus were screened for secondary metabolites. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined by agar dilution method on the isolates. Results: The antibiogram of Samonella typhi showed the following resistance patterns: Augmentin® (24.0%), amoxicillin (44.0%), chloramphenicol (32.0%), gentamicin (20.0%), cloxacillin (96.0%), ciprofloxacin (8.0%), erythromycin (60.0%), tetracycline (32.0%) and cotrimoxazole (60.0%). The extracts showed good antibacterial activity on the clinical isolates including those resistant to antibiotics. The MIC of methanol extract ranged from1.56mg/ml to 6.25mg/ml and 3.13mg/ml to 25.0 mg/ml for ethyl acetate extract with exception of isolates 11, 12, 19 and 20 with high MIC values as 50mg/ml.  The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts gave a yield of 11.7% and 3.5% respectively. Bioactive secondary metabolites were detected from the extracts. Conclusion: The crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia contained antimicrobial agents that were active on Salmonella typhi which could be used alone and in supportive with conventional antibiotics for therapeutic management of typhoid fever.

Onion and Garlic Extracts Potentiate the Efficacy of Conventional Antibiotics against Standard and Clinical Bacterial Isolates

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 787-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fawzi Mahomoodally ◽  
Simla Ramcharun ◽  
Gokhan Zengin
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics

Introduction: Onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) extracts are traditionally used in many cultures as antimicrobial agents. Nonetheless, there is still a dearth of scientific validation pertaining to the antibacterial and possible antibiotic potentiating activity of these plants. Methods: Decoction as traditionally used and methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone extracts of onion and garlic were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against 15 bacterial strains (6 ATCC strains and 9 clinical isolates) using the broth microdilution method to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration. The bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions were determined as compared to conventional antibiotics (streptomycin and chloramphenicol). Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) was determined to establish any synergistic interaction between the extracts and antibiotics using a modified checkerboard assay. Results: The ethyl acetate extract of garlic showed bactericidal effect against 1 ATCC (E. coli) and 2 clinical isolates. Streptomycin produced only indifferent effect (FIC 1< and ≤ 4) when combined with ethyl acetate extract of onion. Chloramphenicol showed synergism with ethyl acetate extract of onion against ATCC S. aureus (FIC 0.27-0.30) and Micrococci species (FIC 0.27-0.32). Streptomycin showed mostly antagonism whereas chloramphenicol showed synergism effects with the ethyl acetate extract of garlic. The observed antibacterial activity might be justified due to the presence of high concentration of phenolic compounds in the extracts. Conclusion: This study has provided an opportunity to establish valuable baseline information on the antibiotic potentiating activity of onion and garlic which can be further exploited for the treatment and/or management of infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Metanol dan Fraksi Daun Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus Kunth) terhadap Salmonella typhi

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Achmad Syarifudin Noor ◽  
Bawon Triatmoko ◽  
Nuri Nuri
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Zone Diameter

The leaves of kenikir are known to have many benefits, one of which can be used as medicine. Kenikir leaves are reported to have antibacterial activity against the bacteria Salmonella typhi (S.typhi). S. typhi is a bacterium that causes typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is still an endemic disease in Asian countries, especially Indonesia. Typhoid fever became the third largest disease in Indonesia in 2010. The study related to the antibacterial activity of kenikir leaf fraction to S. typhi has never been reported. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research related to the antibacterial activity of extracts and leaf fractions of kenikir to compare their potential against S. typhi. The study was conducted using the disk diffusion method using 5 series of concentrations namely 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30%. Tests were carried out on methanol extract, hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol-water fraction. The results showed that highest inhibition zone diameter is 7,75 mm which is reached by methanol extract. The order of the highest inhibiting zone diameter are extract, hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol-water fraction.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity Test of Extracts and Fractions of Cassava Leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) against Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes Causing Acne

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Resmi Mustarichie ◽  
Sulistiyaningsih Sulistyaningsih ◽  
Dudi Runadi
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Active Fraction ◽  
Cassava Leaves ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

This study is aimed at determining antibacterial activity from ethanol extracts and the most active fraction of cassava leaves against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Research carried out by the experimental method involved determination of plants, extraction with maceration method, fractionation with liquid-liquid extraction, antibacterial activity testing of extracts and fractions by agar diffusion method, determination of most active fraction from the extract, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) testing of most active fraction by microdilution method. The results showed that ethanol extracts of cassava leaves had antibacterial activity against both bacteria with the most active fraction indicated by ethyl acetate. MIC values of ethyl acetate fraction against S. epidermidis were in the concentration range of 2.5%–5.0% (w/v) and against P. acnes were in the concentration range of 1.25%–2.5% (w/v). The MBC value of ethyl acetate fraction against S. epidermidis was at a concentration of 5% (w/v), while P. acnes was at a concentration of 2.5% (w/v). From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis as well as on Propionibacterium acnes. The fraction with the best activity from the ethanol extract of cassava leaves to the two test bacteria was shown by ethyl acetate fraction. It is suggested that cassava leaves are possible to be developed into standardized antiacne herbal.

scholarly journals Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of crude extracts of Lawsonia inermis against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Triveni A G ◽  
Suresh Kumar Mendem ◽  
Channapa T Shivannavar ◽  
Subhaschandra M Gaddad
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Lawsonia Inermis ◽  
Biofilm Inhibition ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Crude Extracts

 Objective:The continuous rise in the prevalence of multi drug resistance pathogens globally is threatening the treatment and management of infectious diseases. Ethno medicine plays a key role in the exploration for novel bioactive compounds. The present study evaluates the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the crude extracts of Lawsonia inermis against clinical isolates of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Materials and methods: Shade dried and finely powdered leaves of the plant were extracted by maceration method using six solvents methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, petroleum ether and n-hexane. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the extracts against MDR MRSA by agar cup diffusion and tube method respectively.Results: Methanol extract showed the highest antibacterial activity of 18mm compared to other extracts. Similarly, petroleum ether extract showed highest biofilm inhibition of 84.7%. Other solvent extracts also exhibited significant biofilm inhibition [n-Hexane-83.6%, Ethyl acetate -79.5%, Chloroform-79.2%, Acetone -77% and Methanol-77%].Conclusion: The leaf extracts of L. inermis have shown promising biofilm inhibitory activity and good antibacterial activity, which can be explored for the development of new drugs for the MDR pathogens. Keywords: Antibioticacivity, Antibiofilm activity, L.inermis, MRSA

scholarly journals Study on antibacterial activity of Calotropis procera

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Muzammal
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Mic Value

Comparative study of plant extracts crude and aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic with antibiotics, provide evidence that calotropis procera extracts has the similar antibacterial activity as these antibiotics against test pathogens i.e. Salmonella typhi and E.coli. The analysis of antimicrobial activity of aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extract of leaves and flower of Calotropis procera was carried out in disc method and also determined MIC value at 600nm through optical density using spectrophotometer. The zone of inhibition produced by extracts was examined and compares it with zone produced by antibiotics. The effect exhibited by ethanolic extract of leaves and flower was significantly greater than the aqueous and methanolic extract of leaves and flower. Crude extracts i.e. latex, leaves, fruit and flower crude extracts. Among them, flower crude extracts shows similar zone of inhibition to test anitibiotics.while in MIC value, we made different concentration of extracts and antibiotics.i.e for crude we made 25%, 50%.75% and 100% concentration of crude juice and for the aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic we made 0.5mg/mL,1mg/mL,2mg/mL,3mg/mL,4mg/mL, 5mg/mL and 6mg/mL in Dimethyl salfoxide, and same antibiotics concentration. Aqueous leaves extracts show MIC at 0.5mg/ml against E.coli while against Salmonella it shows MIC at 1mg/ml... We also determine phytochemical analysis for presences of different compounds in crude extracts. The obtained results provide a support for the use of Calotropis procera, in traditional medicine and suggest its further advance investigation.

scholarly journals UJI EFEKTIVITAS DAUN PANDAN WANGI (PANDANUS AMARYLLIFOLIUS ROXB.) SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP SALMONELLA TYPHI

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Priska Nancy Claudia Bali ◽  
Ahmad Raif ◽  
Setia Budi Tarigan
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Inhibition Zone Diameter ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Pandanus Amaryllifolius ◽  
Positive Controls

Pandanus amaryllifolius roxb leaves commonly used as food dditives which contain various compound groups namely alkaloid, saponins, flavonoids and tannins that have a role in antibacterial activity. This research is indicated to support the success of antibacterial in fragrant pandanus leaf plants against Salmonella typhi, one of the pathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial effectiveness test of ethanol-ethyl acetate extract (1: 1) of pandanus leaves which evaluated by the Kirby-bauer method and making the extract concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%. The results showed that pandanus leaves extract had antibacterial effectiveness against Salmonella typhi with an average inhibition zone diameter of 11.6 mm; 14 mm; 14.3 mm; 15.3 mm; positive controls (Ciprofloxacin) 27 mm; and negative controls (aquadest) didn’t produce the inhibition zone of Salmonella typhi.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Melia azedarach Leaves against Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus pneumoniae

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Charlene Mwale ◽  
Kuda Nelia Makunike ◽  
Rumbidzai Mangoyi
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Haemolytic Activity ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Hexane Extracts

Antimicrobial drug resistance is increasingly becoming an important global problem.  Among the major causes for concern is drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi, which have become resistant to at least one antibiotic.  This challenge has lead scientists to investigate plants as potential sources of antimicrobial agents since they have been used to treat diseases long before the discovery of antibiotics.  In Zimbabwe, typhoid is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity due to poor sanitation and poor treatment regimes.  Traditionalists are using Melia azedarach leaves for the treatment of diarrhea, a typhoid symptom.  Thus, this study focused on validating the use of M. azedarach leaves for medicinal purposes by determining their antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae and S.typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever.  Melia azedarach leaf constituents were extracted using ethanol, ethylacetate, hexane, dichloromethane and methanol.  Their antibacterial activities were assessed using the agar disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays.  Haemolysis assay was carried out to determine the toxicity of the potent extracts.  The ethanol and hexane extracts showed antibacterial activity against S. typhi whilst dichloromethane and hexane extracts showed antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae.  Minimum inhibitory concentrations for ethanol and hexane against S. typhi were < 1 µg/ml and 15.6 µg/ml respectively, whilst their minimum bactericidal concentrations were 31.25 µg/ml and 250 µg/ml.  The MICs for dichloromethane and hexane extracts against S. pneumoniae were 31.25 µg/ml and 62.5 µg/ml respectively, whilst their MBCs were 31.25 µg/ml and 125 µg/ml.  The extracts ethanol, hexane and dichloromethane had haemolytic activity of 63 %, 62 % and 59 % respectively.  Therefore, these results validate the use of M. azedarach leaves for medicinal purposes.  However, these leaves may be toxic to human consumption, thus there is need for further investigation on their toxicity in vivo.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa Blume) Fruit Against Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Tiana Milanda ◽  
Keri Lestari ◽  
Nimas T. I. Tarina
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa Blume) is a plant found in Mount Muria, Kudus, Central Java. The local community often uses its fruit to treat various diseases, as well as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract from parijoto fruit against Staphyococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Serratia marcescens clinical isolates. Gradual maceration of simplicial and antibacterial activity testing of the extracts was performed, followed by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and comparative antibacterial activity most active extract against ampicillin and cefadroxil. The results showed that all extracts exhibited activity against S. aureus ATCC 29213, but only ethyl acetate and methanol extracts had activity against S. marcescens clinical isolates. The highest antibacterial activity was shown by the methanol extract, which was more effective against S. aureus ATCC 29213, having the largest inhibition diameter and lowest MIC and MBC values (6.25 and 12.5 mg/mL). The comparative analysis indicated that the methanol extract demonstrated lower antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATCC 29213 than cefadroxil (72,511: 1). This antibacterial activity is presumed to be generated from alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinones and saponina in the extract.Keywords: Amoxicillin, Cefadroxil, MIC, MBC 

scholarly journals Invitro Analysis of Time-Kill Curves of Some Antimicrobial Agents Against Salmonella Typhi

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-118
Author(s):  
Aliyu A.S. ◽  
Ahmed I. ◽  
Abdulmalik I. ◽  
Shamsiyya M.S. ◽  
Usman Y.S. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Fever Treatment ◽  
Time Kill ◽  
New Strategies

Due to the high prevalence of typhoid fever and the periodic nature of Salmonella infections despite the various antimicrobial agents used to treat these infections, the need to open up new strategies for antimicrobial susceptibility rather than the MIC alone arises. This study determines the time-kill curves using four different antimicrobial agents: Gentamicin, Ceftriaxone, Cloxacillin, and Ofloxacin at different concentrations of 1x, 2x, and 4x of their respective MICs. The finding of this study reveals that at 1x MIC, all the antimicrobial agents used, except for Gentamicin, show non-bactericidal activity against the isolates after eight hours of exposure. This study suggests that analyzing the time-kill curves in typhoid fever treatment will help determine the appropriate dose to treat the infection.

scholarly journals Isolation, characterization and biological properties of betulin from Entada africana Guill. and Perr. (Mimosaceae).

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kwaji ◽  
H. M. Adamu ◽  
I. Y. Chindo ◽  
R. Atiko
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Gradient Elution ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Pure Compound ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Isolated Compound

The present study is aimed at the isolation and characterization of betulin from Entada africana.  A dichloromethane soluble portion of the stem bark methanol/acetone (1:1 v/v) extract was subjected to gradient elution using ethyl acetate in hexane (5 – 30 %) on an open column. A pure compound was obtained with Rf = 0.61 in hexane/ethyl acetate (8:2 v/v) after repeated washing and recrystallization from methanol and coded Enac1. The pure compound was analyzed using IR, 1H & 13C NMR and GC-MS. Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus were used to assess the antibacterial activity of the pure compound while its preliminary Cytotoxicity was evaluated using brine shrimp nauplii. Based on the spectroscopic data obtained and in comparison with literature, the isolated compound was identified as betulin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of betulin ranged between 62.50 - 250.00 µg/mL for all the four bacterial isolates in the study while its fifty percent lethal concentration (LC50) was 10.00 µg/mL. Significant Cytotoxicity with moderate antibacterial activity was observed. The study therefore justifies the existence of bioactive compounds in the stem bark of Entada africana and its use in traditional medicine.

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