scholarly journals Outlook threat at the future climate changes on livestock resources

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 001-006
Author(s):  
Abdulrazzaq Abdulhameed Al-Rawi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
The World ◽  
Small Holders

Food availability is the most important issue that takes the priority places in the policies of all countries all over the world. Recently, more attention has been paid to livestock because of their ability to produce meat and milk, as well as it has a significant source of income for small holders and an economic contributor to the gross domestic product. Climate changes induced physiological stress, which is one of the complex factors making livestock management and husbandry challenging in many geographical locations in the world. Increased body temperature or heat stress will cause production losses in livestock and impact on their ability to maintain normal function. There is considerable research evidence that showed significant decline in animal performance when subjected to heat stress. Heat stress inflicts heavy economic losses on livestock production. The effects of heat stress is evident in feed consumption, production efficiency in terms of milk yield or weight gain per unit of feed energy, growth rate, and reproductive efficiency. The aim of this article is to discuss increasing food production to ensure food security for nearly 8 billion people, without causing further environmental damage that can be achieved by transforming systems and adopting sustainable livestock practices within a changing climate.

Failures of sand tailings dams in a highly seismic country

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Villavicencio ◽  
Raúl Espinace ◽  
Juan Palma ◽  
Andy Fourie ◽  
Pamela Valenzuela
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Tailings Dams ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The World ◽  
Construction Operation

Chile is one of the main copper producers in the world. It is located in a geographical area where mega-earthquakes occur and this fact, together with the development of larger and higher sand tailings dams (with some facilities currently under development having final heights in excess of 250 m), requires that careful attention be paid to the safety and security of these facilities. In this paper, the main failure mechanisms of these sand tailings dams that have generated incidents of different magnitude involving loss of human life, significant environmental damage, and economic losses are described. Some key characteristics of reported incidents in Chile are presented, including failures resulting from the mega-earthquake that occurred on 27 February 2010 (Maule Region, Chile). Finally, the engineering practice and present Chilean regulatory framework, which have allowed progressive improvements in the construction, operation, and closure of such deposits, are described.

scholarly journals New Sensor Cable for the Detection and Location of Leaks in Pipelines for Transportation of Hydrocarbons

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Orduña-Reyes ◽  
R. Téllez-García
Keyword(s):  
Short Circuit ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
The World ◽  
Made In

At present, hydrocarbon leaks, generated mainly by corrosion of pipelines, cause large economic losses for Mexico. These leaks constitute a problem of serious consequences in Mexico and in other countries in the world. This work describes the results of the tests conducted on a new sensor cable for the detection and location of leaks in pipelines for transportation of hydrocarbons. When a liquid or gas enters in contact with the wall of the sensor cable, it causes a short circuit in the wires; changing the measurement of the resistance may detect and locate the leak. The new sensor cable that is presented in this article has advantages over cables with similar characteristic made in other countries. The use of this sensor cable in pipelines of PEMEX will avoid economic losses, environmental damage and risks of possible explosions to the population. The experimental results demonstrate these advantages.

5. Global religion today

2020 ◽  
pp. 91-110
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Tweed
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Culture ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Religious Group ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
Global Flows ◽  
The World

“Global religion today” begins with a snapshot of religion today, when more than eight-in-ten people identify with a religious group. Religion has played an important role in public life since 1945. In the postwar period it was difficult to say whether religion—and the nationalist impulses and industrial economies it sanctioned—was bringing things together or pulling them apart. That question was even harder to answer after the 1970s, when politically assertive religion staged a comeback, global flows intensified, and environmental damage accelerated. At this moment, we face unresolved crises inherited from the colonial and industrial eras—and are bequeathing new problems to those who follow us. However, there are some reasons for hope. Adherents around the world are mobilizing religion’s resources to meet the challenges in this era when we are brought together by fiber optic cables, global consumer culture, and interfaith peace efforts, but also pulled apart by rising nationalisms, climate changes, and holy wars.

scholarly journals 230 Young Scholar Presentation: Heat stress and its effects on energetics, gut integrity, and inflammation in pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 118-118
Author(s):  
Edith J Mayorga ◽  
Lance H Baumgard
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Basolateral Membrane ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Nutritional Interventions

Abstract Heat stress represents one of the costliest issues in animal agriculture as it compromises a variety of production parameters including growth and reproduction. When animals are exposed to heat stress, physiological and metabolic changes are needed to cope with the heat insult to maintain euthermia. The most well-established adaptation across species involves a marked reduction in feed intake. Additionally, heat-stressed animals alter their carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism; a mechanism characterized by a paradoxical increase in circulating insulin. This altered nutrient partitioning appears to be mediated by the effects of heat stress on gastrointestinal health. Heat-stressed animals redistribute blood flow from the splanchnic bed to the periphery in a coordinated attempt to maximize heat dissipation. This circulatory adaptation reduces blood and nutrient delivery to the gastrointestinal tract which compromises intestinal infrastructure barrier. Consequently, a dysfunctional intestinal barrier allows for the translocation of dietary and microbial (i.e., lipopolysaccharide [LPS], from Gram negative bacteria) antigens from the lumen to the basolateral membrane, stimulating a local and systemic inflammatory response. Interestingly, there are remarkable metabolic and physiological similarities between animals suffering from heat stress and severe endotoxemia; in both conditions, there is an increase in circulating insulin despite marked reductions in feed intake, a scenario energetically difficult to explain. The likelihood that LPS is an insulin secretagogue explains the hyperinsulinemia we and others observe in a variety of heat stress models. Inflammation induced by LPS elicits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. When activated, the immune system utilizes a considerable amount of energy (glucose), which redirects nutrients away from production purposes (i.e., growth, reproduction); thus, negatively compromising animal production efficiency. Therefore, identifying strategies designed to minimize intestinal permeability, improve the immune response, and enhance animal productivity during a thermal load is of particular interest. Nutritional interventions are practical and cost-effective approaches to mitigate the detrimental effects of heat stress on animal health and productivity and to minimize agricultural economic losses.

scholarly journals Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Wildland Fires: Sensing, Perception, Cooperation and Assistance

Drones ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Moulay A. Akhloufi ◽  
Andy Couturier ◽  
Nicolás A. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Wildland Fire ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Wildland Fires ◽  
Natural Risk ◽  
Aerial Vehicles

Wildfires represent a significant natural risk causing economic losses, human death and environmental damage. In recent years, the world has seen an increase in fire intensity and frequency. Research has been conducted towards the development of dedicated solutions for wildland fire assistance and fighting. Systems were proposed for the remote detection and tracking of fires. These systems have shown improvements in the area of efficient data collection and fire characterization within small-scale environments. However, wildland fires cover large areas making some of the proposed ground-based systems unsuitable for optimal coverage. To tackle this limitation, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) were proposed. UAVs have proven to be useful due to their maneuverability, allowing for the implementation of remote sensing, allocation strategies and task planning. They can provide a low-cost alternative for the prevention, detection and real-time support of firefighting. In this paper, previous works related to the use of UAV in wildland fires are reviewed. Onboard sensor instruments, fire perception algorithms and coordination strategies are considered. In addition, some of the recent frameworks proposing the use of both aerial vehicles and unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) for a more efficient wildland firefighting strategy at a larger scale are presented.

Influence of occupational heat stress on labour productivity – a case study from Chennai, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremiah Chinnadurai ◽  
Vidhya Venugopal ◽  
Kumaravel P ◽  
Paramesh R
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Threshold Limit Value ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Content Type

Purpose – Raise in temperatures due to climate change is likely to increase the heat stress in occupations that are physically exerting and performed outdoors which might potentially have adverse health and productivity consequences. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the productivities in construction work under the influence of heat stress using the predicted mean vote (PMV) index. Design/methodology/approach – Field studies were conducted during May 2014 which is summer time in Chennai. Continuous heart rate of workers and wet bulb globe temperature measurements are conducted for workers engaged in different jobs in construction. Metabolic rates and the workload of the workers from heart rate were calculated using the ISO method 8996 and the PMV values are calculated using the tool developed by Malchaire based on the method ISO 7730. Direct observations and personal interviews were conducted to substantiate the productivity estimations. Findings – The results showed that workers working outdoors with moderate and heavy workload exceeded the threshold limit value of 28°C and had adverse productivity impacts (18-35 per cent productivity loss), whereas the workers engaged in light indoor work was not affected by heat stress and consequent productivity losses. The productivity estimations using the PMV index is found to be statistically significant for three types of construction works (Pearson correlation coefficient value of −0.78) and also correlated well with the observations and self-reported productivities of the workers. Originality/value – The method used in this paper provides a scientific and reliable estimation of the productivities which may benefit the industry to set realistic project completion goals in hot weather and also implement interventions and policies to protect workers’ health. Developing adaptive strategies and implementing control measures are the need of the hour to protect worker’s health and economic losses in the face of climate change.

Haemolytic activity in different species of the genus Prymnesium (Haptophyta)

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Seoane ◽  
P. Riobó ◽  
J. Franco
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phases ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Haemolytic Activity ◽  
Brackish Waters ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Fatty Acid Amides ◽  
The World ◽  
Allelopathic Effects ◽  
Different Strains

The genus Prymnesium includes several species that produce toxins with cytotoxic, ichthyotoxic, neurotoxic and haemolytic activity. Bloom episodes of Prymnesium species have been reported from several parts of the world (North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia), especially from temperate and subtropical regions and most of them from brackish waters. Blooms cause great economic losses to aquaculture and fisheries around the world. The ichthyotoxic and allelopathic effects of Prymnesium have been linked to the presence of Haemolysin 1, Prymnesins 1 and 2 and, more recently, fatty acids and fatty acid amides. The toxicology of this genus with regard to different growth conditions such as light, nutrients and other parameters has been well documented. It is unknown, however, whether different species and strains from the Prymnesium genus all produce the same types and level of toxins. In this study, we have determined the haemolytic activity of eight different strains from the genus Prymnesium in both exponential and stationary phases of growth. We have also evaluated the efficiency of the extraction solvent.

scholarly journals Economic Impacts on Human Health Resulting from the Use of Mercury in the Illegal Gold Mining in the Brazilian Amazon: A Methodological Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 11869
Author(s):  
Leonardo Barcellos de Bakker ◽  
Pedro Gasparinetti ◽  
Júlia Mello de Queiroz ◽  
Ana Claudia Santiago de Vasconcellos
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Statistical Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Methodological Assessment

Artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in the Amazon results in the dumping of tons of mercury into the environment annually. Despite consensus on the impacts of mercury on human health, there are still unknowns regarding: (i) the extent to which mercury from ASGM can be dispersed in the environment until it becomes toxic to humans; and (ii) the economic value of losses caused by contamination becomes evident. The main objective of this study is to propose a methodology to evaluate the impacts of ASGM on human health in different contexts in the Brazilian Amazon. We connect several points in the literature based on hypotheses regarding mercury dispersion in water, its transformation into methylmercury, and absorption by fish and humans. This methodology can be used as a tool to estimate the extent of environmental damage caused by artisanal gold mining, the severity of damage to the health of individuals contaminated by mercury and, consequently, can contribute to the application of fines to environmental violators. The consequences of contamination are evaluated by dose-response functions relating to mercury concentrations in hair and the development of the following health outcomes: (i) mild mental retardation, (ii) acute myocardial infarction, and (iii) hypertension. From disability-adjusted life years and statistical life value, we found that the economic losses range from 100,000 to 400,000 USD per kilogram of gold extracted. A case study of the Yanomami indigenous land shows that the impacts of mercury from illegal gold mining in 2020 totaled 69 million USD, which could be used by local authorities to compensate the Yanomami people.

scholarly journals Effects of feed restriction on metabolic disorders in broiler chickens: A review

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sahraei
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Fast Growth Rate

Continuous genetic selection and improvement in nutrition have led to a very fast growth rate in modern strains of broiler chickens. Metabolic disorders such as ascits, sudden death syndrome and leg problems are related to a rapid early growth rate in poultry, especially in broilers, and their incidence can be decreased by slowing early growth. The use of management tools to reduce metabolic disorders that rely primarily on decreasing feed consumption, The feed restriction programs is on of the main techniques in growth curve manipulation for increasing production efficiency in broiler chicken in alleviate the incidence of some metabolic disorders and can be used to reduction the unfavorable effects of fast growth rate in broiler chicken production industry, and could be profitable in broiler chickens production efficiency. This article implicated on new findings in about different feed restriction programs effects on these problems in broiler chickens.

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