scholarly journals PERKEMBANGAN PENGGUNAAN BETON BERTULANG DI INDONESIA PADA MASA KOLONIAL (1901-1942)

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-220
Author(s):  
Martha Setyowati
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
Almost All

The discovery of reinforced concrete became a major breakthrough in modern construction technology in the early 20th century. In five decades reinforced concrete has developed rapidly and was used in almost all parts of the world. Reinforced concrete was first introduced in Indonesia during the colonial period. The used of reinforced concrete increased along with the construction growth in the Dutch East Indies. The used of reinforced concrete between 1901 and 1942 can be seen from the buildings and infrastructure that still exist today. However the development of reinforced concrete in Indonesia during colonial period not widely explored yet. Because of that this study aims to provide an overview of the development of reinforced concrete used during the colonial period using archaeological data and supported by historical data. This research uses secondary data sources obtained through literature study. Based on this research it can be concluded that the development of the reinforced concrete used in the colonial period showed the progress of construction technology as well as economic and social conditions at that time.

scholarly journals Rise and Fall of Kema Port in Sulawesi Sea Trade Routes During Colonial Period: Based on Infrastructure Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Irfanuddin Wahid Marzuki
Keyword(s):  
Historical Data ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Communications Networks ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Phase Data ◽  
Collection Phase

Kema merupakan salah satu kecamatan di Kabupaten Minahasa Utara yang berada di pesisir selatan Sulawesi. Saat ini Kema dikenal sebagai perkampungan nelayan padat penduduk yang terbagi menjadi Kema I, Kema II, dan Kema III. Riwayat sejarah Kema sudah dikenal semenjak abad XVI oleh pelaut-pelaut Eropa yang singgah untuk mengisi air minum, kemudian berkembang hingga menjadi sebuah kota pelabuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pasang surut keberadaan pelabuhan kema dalam perdagangan global Laut Sulawesi masa kolonial berdasarkan data arkeologi dan sejarah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan arkeologi kesejarahan yang memadukan data arkeologi dengan data sejarah. Tahapan penelitian meliputi tahap pengumpulan data, analisis data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya bukti-bukti arkeologis yang mengindikasikan Kema dahulu merupakan sebuah permukiman yang sudah maju, meliputi pola permukiman dan jaringan jalan, pelabuhan dan saran pendukungnya, rumah ibadah, bangunan perumahan, pasar, dan jaringan komunikasi. Bukti arkeologis dan data sejarah mengungkap bahwa Kema dikenal sebagai pelabuhan laut yang memegang peranan penting dalam perdagangan global pada masa Kolonial. Pelabuhan Kema bahkan ditetapkan sebagai salah satu pelabuhan bebas di perairan Laut Sulawesi. Peran pelabuhan Kema saat ini mengalami kemunduran, hanya sebagai pelabuhan perikanan tidak lagi sebagai pelabuhan samudera.Kema is one of the districts in Minahasa Utara Regency located on the southern coast of Sulawesi Utara. Currently, Kema is known as a densely populated fishing village which is divided into Kema Satu, Kema Dua, and Kema Tiga. Based on historical data, Kema has been known since the 16 century by European sailors who stopped to fill drinking water, then expanded into a port city. This study aims to determine the rise and fall of the existence of Kema in the global trade of the Sulawesi Sea in the colonial period based on archaeological and historical data. This study uses a historical archeology approach that combines archaeological data with historical data. Research stages include data collection phase, data analysis, and conclusion. The results indicate archaeological evidence shows that Kema was an advanced settlement, covering the settlement patterns and road networks, ports and supporting facilities, houses of worship, residential buildings, markets, and communications networks. Archaeological evidence and historical data reveal that Kema is known as a seaport that plays an important role in global trading during the Colonial period. Kema is even designated as one of the free ports in Sulawesi Sea. The role of Kema is currently declining, only as a fishing port no longer as an ocean port. 

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN PEMERINTAH NOMOR 37 TAHUN 1998 KHUSUSNYA MENGENAI CAMAT SEBAGAI PEJABAT PEMBUAT AKTA TANAH SEMENTARA DI KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

NOTARIUS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Fachrul Rozy Latuconsina
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
District Office ◽  
Land Registration ◽  
Land Administration ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
Article 5

Abstract PPAT is needed by the community to provide services in the field of land, especially in making a written evidence of authentic deed PPAT. An area that is not enough to have PPAT positions can be appointed a Head of Sub-district as PPAT Temporary according to Article 5 paragraph (3) letter a GR Number 37 of 1998. Central Maluku District still lack PPAT position and has not been appointed Camat as PPAT-Temporary. Problems in this research are: 1) how the implementation of GR Number 37 of 1998, especially about Camat as PPAT-Temporary in Central Maluku District?, 2) factors influencing the implementation of the rule?, so the purpose of this research is to know the implementation of Article 5 paragraph (3) letter a GR Number 37 of 1998 in Central Maluku District and to determine the factors that affect its implementation. The research method used is empirical juridical method with primary data source and secondary data. Primary data obtained from direct research with interview technique to resource person. Secondary data sources were obtained from literature study using primary and secondary legal materials. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively. The result of the research shows that the implementation of Article 5 paragraph (3) letter a GR Number 37 of 1998 in Central Maluku Regency has not run well, seen from there are only 3 (three) PPAT and 1 (one) Camat as PPAT-Temporary by 18 subdistrict, this is influenced by several factors , among others are: 1) Interest of Head of Sub-district to become PPAT-Temporary because every there socialization activity from District Office of Camat usually assign its staff to follow the socialization; 3) The geographical condition of Central Maluku District is vulnerable to the control so that the Camat does not have time to submit a request for appointment as PPAT-Temporary. Suggestions that can be submitted is to achieve the purpose of land registration and public service tasks to the community then it is better the appointment of the Camat as well as PPAT-Temporary by building and improving the facilities and means of transportation so that people can reach the Office PPAT easily. Keywords: PPAT-Temporary, Public Service of Land Administration Abstrak PPAT sangat dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat untuk memberikan pelayanan di bidang pertanahan khususnya dalam pembuatan suatu alat bukti tertulis yaitu akta otentik PPAT. Suatu daerah yang belum cukup terdapat jabatan PPAT maka dapat diangkat seorang Camat sebagai PPAT Sementara sesuai Pasal 5 ayat (3) huruf a PP Nomor 37 Tahun 1998. Kabupaten Maluku Tengah masih kekurangan jabatan PPAT dan belum diangkat Camat sebagai PPAT-Sementara.  Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini yaitu : 1) bagaimana implementasi PP Nomor 37 Tahun 1998 khususnya mengenai Camat sebagai PPAT Sementara di Kabupaten Maluku Tengah, 2) faktor yang mempengaruhi implementasi aturan tersebut?, sehingga tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui implementasi Pasal 5 ayat (3) huruf a PP 37 Tahun 1998 di Kabupaten Maluku Tengah dan untuk mengetahui faktor yang mempengaruhi implementasinya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode yuridis empiris dengan sumber data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh dari penelitian secara langsung dengan teknik wawancara kepada narasumber. Sumber data sekunder diperoleh dari studi kepustakaan dengan menggunakan bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Data yang diperoleh dianalisa secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa implementasi Pasal 5 ayat (3) huruf a di Kabupaten Maluku Tengah belum berjalan dengan baik, terlihat dari hanya terdapat terdapat 3 (tiga) orang PPAT dan 1 (satu) orang Camat sebagai PPAT Sementara dari 18 Kecamatan, hal ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, diantaranya adalah : 1) Minat Camat untuk menjadi PPAT Sementara karena setiap ada kegiatan sosialisasi dari Kantor Pertanahan Camat biasanya menugaskan stafnya untuk mengikuti sosialisasi tersebut; 2) Kondisi geografis Kabupaten Maluku Tengah yang rentan kendali sehingga Camat tidak sempat untuk menyerahkan permohonan pengangkatan sebagai PPAT-Sementara. Saran yang dapat disampaikan adalah untuk mencapai tujuan pendaftaran tanah dan tugas pelayanan publik kepada masyarakat maka sebaiknya pengangkatan Camat sekaligus sebagai PPAT-Sementara dengan membangun dan memperbaik fasilitas dan sarana transportasi agar masyarakat dapat menjangkau Kantor PPAT dengan mudah. Kata Kunci: PPAT-Sementara, Pelayanan Publik bidang pertanahan.

scholarly journals Problematika Pembelajaran Daring di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 dan Solusi Pemecahannya

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
Asmuni Asmuni
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Network Access ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
Role Of Parents

The purpose of this study was to analyze the problems of online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic and the solutions to solve them. This type of research is literature study or library research using secondary data sources collected through textbooks, e-books, perodical, statutory regulations, websites, and other sources relevant to the research problem. The research data were analyzed qualitatively with an interactive model, which consists of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic has various problems experienced by teachers, students, and parents. The teacher's problems are in the form of weak mastery of IT and limited access to supervision of students, from students in the form of inactivity in learning, limited support facilities and internet network access, while from parents in the form of limited time in accompanying their children during online learning. These various problems can be overcome by increasing competency in IT mastery, intensive supervision by involving the role of parents, and providing manual assignments.

scholarly journals KONSEP ETIKA PESERTA DIDIK KETIKA BELAJAR DALAM KITAB TA’LIM AL-MUTA’ALLIM TARIQ AL-TA’ALLUM KARYA SYAIKH AL-ZARNUJI

Conciencia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ahmad Sulaiman
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Education Leaders ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
Self Potential

Students are one component of education. Students have the potential to be developed to become established. While the factors that can develop students' self potential are themselves and their additional factors relating to parents, environment and education. Islamic education has the task of creating students to understand the purpose of attracting and understanding their work on earth. Because the education received is not only theoretical and dogmatic, but also recognition of the conceptual. Especially things related to life ethics must be owned by these students. Can be considered about ethics that can be done easily, then comes the ethical concepts of students as outlined in the discussion or ideas about matters related to the ethics of students expressed by many Muslims, one of which is the author of the book Ta'lim al-Muta ' allim Tariq al-Ta'allum, Burhanuddin al-Zarnuji. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with the type of literature study, with primary data sources Ta'lim al-Muta'allim Tariq al-Ta'allum by al-Zarnuji, and supported by secondary data sources such as journals, magazines and data discussed about the theme written in this article. The results of this study are expected to be able to arouse Muslim awareness and adjust the appropriateness of Islamic education leaders and inspire more complex and integral research on learner ethics.

scholarly journals Implementation of QRIS-Based Payments Towards the Digitalization of Indonesian MSMEs

2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arum Candra Sari ◽  
Hendri Hermawan Adinugraha
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
Qr Code ◽  
Survival Strategy ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Cash Payment ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Secondary Data Sources

<div class="WordSection1"><p class="abstrak"><em>This study aims to determine the implementation of QRIS as measured by the existence and urgency as a payment digitalization medium to support the Digitalization of MSMEs in the context of Indonesia's economic recovery. This research is a literature study that was analyzed using a qualitative-descriptive approach with secondary data sources originating from journals and reports related to the Digitalization of MSMEs. The results and discussion of this research, that the QRIS launched by Bank Indonesia can help MSME actors adapt to existing conditions. QRIS as a MSME survival strategy is carried with the theme EXCELLENCE (UNiversal, Easy, Profit and Direct). The theme was taken because the use of QRIS is easy and practical, namely by scanning the QR code that has been provided by the merchant. QRIS has been officially launched and supervised under Bank Indonesia. The easy use of QRIS provides benefits for both merchants and buyers, especially for users of non-cash payment applications. For merchants, QRIS is useful in terms of increasing sales, practicality, branding, saving, avoiding counterfeit money, segregating business funds, and credit profiles. QRIS are flexible, safe and practical so that QRIS can become the driving force in the acceleration of digitalization for economic recovery.</em><em></em></p><p class="abstrak" align="left"> </p><p class="abstrak">Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui implementasi dari QRIS yang diukur dari eksistensi serta urgensi sebagai media digitalisasi pembayaran guna mendukung digitalisasi UMKM dalam rangka pemulihan perekonomian Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian studi pustaka yang dianalisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif-deskriptif dalam menjelaskan fenomena terkait implementasi QRIS pada UMKM. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah sumber data sekunder yang berasal dari jurnal maupun laporan terkait dengan digitalisasi UMKM. Hasil dan pembahasan dari penelitian ini, bahwa QRIS yang diluncurkan oleh Bank Indonesia dapat membantu adaptasi pelaku UMKM terkait kondisi yang ada. QRIS sebagai strategi bertahan UMKM ini diusung dengan tema UNGGUL (UNiversal, GampanG, Untung dan Langsung). Tema tersebut diambil karena penggunaan QRIS yang mudah dan praktis, yaitu dengan melakukan scan pada QR code yang sudah disediakan oleh merchant. QRIS telah resmi diluncurkan dan diawasi dibawah Bank Indonesia. Penggunaan QRIS yang mudah memberikan manfaat baik bagi merchant maupun kepada pembeli terutama bagi pengguna aplikasi pembayaran non tunai. Bagi merchant, QRIS bermanfaat dalam segi, peningkatan penjuala, praktis, branding, hemat, penghindaran uang palsu, pemisahan dana usaha, dan credit profile. Bagi pengguna, manfaat QRIS berupa, fleksibel, aman dan praktis. Dalam hal ini, maka dapat dikatakan QRIS sebagai pendorong percepatan digitalisasi guna pemulihan ekonomi.</p><p class="abstrak"> </p></div>

scholarly journals STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI MANTRA HIDU-MAHIDU TATAMBA ANAK PADA MASYARAKAT DAYAK BAKUMPAI

Sirok Bastra ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hestiyana Hestiyana
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Projective System ◽  
Visual Imagination ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
Study Techniques ◽  
And Function

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan struktur dan fungsi mantra hidu-mahidu tatamba anak pada masyarakat Dayak Bakumpai. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan struktural semiotik. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah sumber data primer dan sekunder. Data penelitian ini adalah tuturan-tuturan dalam mantra hidu-mahidu tatamba anak masyarakat Dayak Bakumpai yang berupa kata, frasa, kalimat, dan ungkapan dalam mantra tersebut. Metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini, yaitu teknik observasi, teknik wawancara tidak terarah, dan teknik studi pustaka. Dari hasil analisis, ditemukan bahwa struktur mantra hidu-mahidu tatamba anak terdiri atas diksi dan imajinasi. Diksi yang terdapat dalam mantra hidu-mahidu tatamba anak meliputi kata umum dan kata khusus. Imajinasi yang terdapat dalam mantra hidu-mahidu tatamba anak meliputi (1) imajinasi visual, (2) imajinasi auditif, dan (3) imajinasi taktil. Fungsi yang terdapat dalam mantra hidu-mahidu tatamba anak meliputi (1) fungsi sebagai sistem proyeksi (projective system); (2) sebagai alat pengesahan pranata-pranata dan lembaga-lembaga kebudayaan; (3) sebagai alat pendidikan anak (pedagogical device); dan (4) sebagai alat pemaksa dan pengawas agar norma-norma masyarakat akan selalu dipatuhi anggota kolektifnya.This study aims to describe the structure and function of the mantra hidu-mahidu tatamba anak in Dayak Bakumpai community. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with a semiotic structural approach. Sources of data used in this study are primary and secondary data sources. The data of this research are the utterances in the mantra hidu-mahidu tatamba anak of the Dayak Bakumpai community, in the form of words, phrases, sentences, and expressions in the mantra. Data collection techniques in this study, namely observation techniques, unfocused interview techniques, and literature study techniques. From the analysis, it was found that the structure of the mantra hidu-mahidu tatamba anak consisted of diction and imagination. The diction contained in the mantra hidu-mahidu includes general words and special words. The imagination contained in the mantra hidu-mahidu tatamba anak includes (1) visual imagination, (2) auditive imagination, and (3) tactile imagination. Meanwhile, the functions contained in the mantra hidu-mahidu tatamba anak include (1) function as a projective system; (2) as a means of ratifying cultural institutions and institutions; (3) as a pedagogical device; and (4) as a means of coercion and supervision so that the norms of society will always be obeyed by their collective members. 

Accounting for heritage assets: why and how? (Literature study on cultural heritage in Indonesia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Wiwin Juliyanti ◽  
◽  
Yohanes K. Wibowo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Government Accountability ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Government Accounting ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
The Government

Purpose: This study aims to provide an overview related to research on heritage assets in Indonesia. This study classifies and reviews articles based on research methods and focused results regarding accounting treatment, is it in accordance with Government Accounting Standards (SAP)? Research Methodology: This research is a literature study which contains theories that are relevant to the research problem. The data collection is taken from secondary data sources, SAP and various scientific articles. Results: The results demonstrate that the treatment in several heritage assets in Indonesia has referred to the prevailing SAP, historical assets are recorded as fixed assets, without valuation using cost or revaluation, the majority has been presented in the financial report based on accounting principles, this means the government accountability requirements for disclosure of heritage assets have been quite achieved. Limitations: Secondary data sources using several articles that are not all published in accredited journals. Contribution: This research has implications for the government to evaluate the function of financial reporting as an accounting tool that facilitates the realization of transparency and accountability. Keywords: Heritage assets, Recognition, Assessment, Measurement, Presentation and disclosure, PSAP No. 07 of 2010 concerning Accounting for Fixed Assets

scholarly journals URGENSI PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KONSUMEN MOTOCYCLE TAXI PERSPEKTIF HUKUM PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN DAN TEORI MASHLAHAH

JURISDICTIE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 192
Author(s):  
Musa Taklima
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
The Government ◽  
Motorcycle Taxi

<p>The research aims to find out Maslahah's review of people's transport activities by using a motorcycle (Ojek) and the urgency of legal protection for consumers of transportation by using a motorcycle (ojek). The research method used is normative juridical with a doctrinal approach that relies on secondary data sources consisting of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials obtained through literature study, and analyzed using descriptive analysis method. The results of the study, first, Mashlahah's review of the Transportation of People by Motorcycle (Ojek) is a "mashlahah transportation solution" for the needs of the community to meet their transportation needs. Second, the Urgency of Legal Protection Against Consumers of Transportation of People with Motorcycle (Ojek) is no longer negotiable to be done by providing legal certainty of motorcycle taxi legality through revision of Law No. 22 of 2009. Recommendations from the results of this study are: first, the government needs to translate its obligations in providing public transport that can be accessed by all levels of society and also embody its obligations in providing legal protection for consumers, secondly, Law No. 22 of 2009 which is still relatively new is apparently unable to provide justice to ojek drivers who have contributed significantly to community needs for transportation, therefore Law No. 22 of 2009 needs to be revised and accommodate ojek as a public transport.</p><p> </p>Penelitian memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui tinjauan Maslahah terhadap aktivitas angkutan orang dengan menggunakan sepeda motor (Ojek) dan urgensitas perlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen angkutan orang dengan menggunakan sepeda motor (ojek) tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan doktrinal yang bertumpu kepada sumber data sekunder  yang terdiri dari bahan hokum primer, sekunder dan tersier yang didapat melalui studi pustaka, dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis. Hasil penelitian, pertama, tinjauan Mashlahah terhadap Angkutan Orang dengan Sepeda Motor (Ojek) adalah “solusi angkutan yang mashlahah” bagi kebutuhan masyarakat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan transportasinya. Kedua, Urgensi Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Konsumen Angkutan Orang dengan Sepeda Motor (Ojek) tidak bias ditawar lagi untuk dilakukan dengan cara memberikan kepastian hukum legalitas angkutan ojek melalui revisi Undang-Undang No. 22 Tahun 2009. Rekomendasi dari hasil penelitian ini adalah: pertama, pemerintah perlu menterjemahkan kewajibannya dalam menyediakan angkutan umum yang bisa diakses oleh seluruh lapisan masarakat dan juga mengejawantahkan kewajibanya dalam memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen, kedua, Undang-undang No. 22 Tahun 2009 yang masih tergolong baru ternyata tidak mampu memberikan keadilan kepada pengojek yang sudah berkontribusi signifikan bagi kebutuhan masyakat terhadap tranportasi, oleh karena itu Undang-undang No. 22 Tahun 2009 perlu direvisi dan mengakomodir angkutan ojek sebagai angkutan umum.

scholarly journals THE PHENOMENON OF AL-IBDAL IN THE QUR'AN (Morphological Analysis in Surah Ali Imran)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zikran Adam1 ◽  
Siti Hajar Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Arabic Orthography ◽  
Primary Data Source ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Secondary Data Sources

In learning Arabic, one of the important and interesting rules to study is the Ibdal rule: namely the replacement of letters in a word, which is not only studied from the aspect of morphology, but also in Arabic orthography and rasm al-Mushaf.This study uses a qualitative approach to literature study. The primary data source is studied in Surah Al-Imran which consists of 200 verses, 3508 words, and 14984 letters. While the secondary data sources are books, articles, and research results related to the problem of Ibdal.The results of this study indicate that the Ibdal in Surah al-Imran is 32 words (0.91%) and some of them are repeated several times. The Ibdal phenomenon consists of Ibdal pronoun (dhamir), Ibdal tsumma with fa, and the sentence Ibdal.

scholarly journals BIOTERRORISM: THE DEVELOPMENT AND ITS REGULATIONS ACCORDING TO THE INTERNATIONAL LAW

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Yaksa Elyasa
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Biological Weapon ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
Study Techniques

The biological weapon used as a terrorism facility (bioterrorism) could endanger the lives of mankind. Besides its purpose of mass destruction, this weapon has been banned from being used towards the human. Bioterrorism threat at least had occurred in more than 30 countries across the globe. In the 14th century, bioterror incidents recorded in black death plagues in Europe caused more than 50 million deaths and vanished more than 60% of its population back then. Because of the bioweapon impacts, there are concerns if this weapon is under irresponsible parties such as the group of terrorists. Several regulations on the prohibition of biological weapons have been made, such as the Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological [Biological] and Toxin Weapons and Their Destruction 1972 (Biological Weapon Convention 1972). However, it seems that they have not solved using biological weapons as a means of terrorism. The purpose of this paper is to find out how international law arrangements regarding bioterrorism. This research used normative legal research with secondary data sources and literature study techniques.

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