scholarly journals Subchronic high dose of oral monosodium glutamate causes structural and functional deficits of rat hippocampus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faizal Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Glutamate Excitotoxicity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells

The toxicity of monosodium glutamate (MSG) at high concentration has become a controversial issue because of its inconsistent results in human and animal studies. This study aims to investigate the effects of subchronic high doses oral administration of MSG on the spatial memory and the estimated total number of the hippocampal pyramidal cells. This study involved twenty-eight male Wistar rats which were divided into control group and 3 intervention groups (1.0 mg/g body weight, 2.0 mg/g body weight, and 4.0 mg/g body weight) of MSG for 30 days. The estimated number of hippocampal pyramidal cells in the Cornu Ammonis (CA) region including CA1 and CA2-CA3 regions and the data of spatial memory were analyzed using ANOVA test. This study implemented stereological procedures and the precision was evaluated using the formula. The dose of 4 mg/g body weight MSG caused a significant decrease (p = 0.004) in the estimated number of pyramidal cells in CA1, but not in the CA2-CA3 of hippocampus (p = 0.173). The CA1 region were more vulnerable to glutamate excitotoxicity than those in the CA2-CA3 region. The present study has provided novel quantitative data that subchronic high dose of MSG caused deleterious effects on the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and memory consolidation.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Humic Acid Sodium and Zinc Oxide on Growth Performance, Immune Status and Antioxidant Capacity of Weaned Piglets

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2104
Author(s):  
Qi Wang ◽  
Jiafu Ying ◽  
Peng Zou ◽  
Yuanhao Zhou ◽  
Baikui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Basic Diet

At present, the widespread use of high-dose zinc oxide and antibiotics to prevent post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets has caused serious environmental problems. To solve this problem, we studied the effect of HNa as a substitute for zinc oxide (ZnO) and antibiotics on the growth performance, immune status, and antioxidant capacity of piglets. Seventy-two weaned piglets (body weight = 7.42 ± 0.85 kg, 26-d-old) were distributed in a randomized 2 × 3 factorial design (two sexes and three treatments) with six replicates of four piglets each. The three treatments were the control diet (basic diet), HNa diet (basic diet + 2000 mg/kg sodium humate), and ZoA group (basic diet + 1600 mg/kg zinc oxide + 1000 mg/kg oxytetracycline calcium). ANOVA and Chi-square tests were applied to compare the means (p < 0.05) between treatments. The results showed that body weight at 16 and 30 d and the average daily gain of piglets fed with HNa or ZoA were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the control group. Supplementing HNa or ZoA significantly increased (p < 0.05) the level of immunoglobulin M and G, and reduced (p < 0.05) the concentration of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukins IL-6 and IL-1β, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and diamine oxidase (DAO). Furthermore, dietary HNa or ZnO significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the level of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) compared with the control group. ZoA treatment showed an upward trend of IgA level and a downward trend of the concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and catalase (CAT). Overall, the study demonstrated that the addition of HNa in the diet partially replaced antibiotics and ZnO to improve the growth performance, immune function, and antioxidant capacity of weaned piglets, and maintained a good preventive effect on piglet diarrhea.

scholarly journals Acute administration of red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus) depletes tissue coenzyme Q10 levels in ICR mice

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui-Ting Yang ◽  
Shyh-Hsiang Lin ◽  
Shih-Yi Huang ◽  
Hsin-Ju Chou
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Coenzyme Q ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Red Yeast Rice ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Icr Mice ◽  
Red Yeast ◽  
Human Dose

In this study, we attempted to evaluate the effect of administration of a high quantity of red yeast rice on coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) synthesis in the tissues of ICR mice. Eighty-eight adult male ICR mice were housed and divided into control and experimental groups for red yeast rice treatment. Animals were gavaged with a low (1 g/kg body weight) or a high dose (5 g/kg body weight, approximately five times the typical recommended human dose) of red yeast rice dissolved in soyabean oil. After gavagement, animals of the control group were immediately killed; mice of the experimental groups (eight for each subgroup) were killed at different time intervals of 0·5, 1, 1·5, 4 and 24 h. The liver, heart and kidney were taken for analysis of monacolin K (liver only) and CoQ10 analysis. Liver and heart CoQ10 levels declined dramatically in both groups administered red yeast rice, especially in the high-dose group, within 30 min. After 24 h, the levels of hepatic and cardiac CoQ10 were still reduced. A similar trend was also observed in the heart, but the inhibitory effect began after 90 min. The higher dose of red yeast rice presented a greater suppressive effect than did the lower dose on tissue CoQ10 levels. In conclusion, acute red yeast rice gavage suppressed hepatic and cardiac CoQ10 levels in rodents; furthermore, the inhibitory effect was responsive to the doses administered.

scholarly journals Enhanced intestinal 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose uptake under metformin is not fully suppressed by loperamide

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-191
Author(s):  
Tomomi Nobashi ◽  
Tsuneo Saga ◽  
Yuji Nakamoto ◽  
Yoichi Shimizu ◽  
Sho Koyasu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Fdg Uptake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mouse Small Intestine ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
And Control

AbstractObjective. This study investigated whether the metformin (Met)-induced enhanced intestinal uptake of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) is reduced by loperamide, a long-acting anti-diarrheal agent. Methods. Mean18F-FDG uptake in the mouse small intestine and colon with Met exposure was compared with that in control mice. In the Met group, high-dose (1.0 mg/kg body weight) and low-dose (0.1 mg/kg body weight) loperamide were introduced, and18F-FDG uptake in the small intestine and colon was compared with that of control mice administered high-dose loperamide. The percent injected dose of18F-FDG per gram of tissue (%ID/g) in the extracted tissues was then determined. Results.18F-FDG uptake increased significantly in the small intestine (0.64±0.06 vs. 1.01±0.15, p=0.040) and, especially, the colon (0.46±0.13 vs. 2.16±0.51, p<0.001) after Met exposure. Neither high-dose nor low-dose loperamide significantly reduced18F-FDG uptake in the small intestine (0.82±0.31 vs. 0.84±0.22, p=0.93 and 0.78±0.25 vs. 0.70±0.15, p=0.13, respectively) or colon (2.13±0.41 vs. 1.67±0.55, p=0.063 and 1.77±0.39 vs. 1.80±0.25, p=0.56, respectively). The colonic %ID/g was significantly higher in Met groups irrespective of loperamide introduction than in control group, whereas the significant difference in the small intestine was observed only between Met and control groups. Conclusion. Metformin increased18F-FDG uptake in intestines especially in colon. Loperamide administration partially, but not sufficiently, suppresses the Met-induced increased colonic uptake of18F-FDG.

scholarly journals Aloe Vera Protects Fluoride Induced Teratogenic Effects During Pre- and Postnatal Development in Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Mathur ◽  
Shilpa Choudhary ◽  
Pradeep Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Fluoride Treatment ◽  
Group I

Abstract Pregnancy and feto-gestational toxicities on exposure to fluoride (F) and its possible amelioration on co-administration with Aloe-vera were studied in pregnant Swiss albino mice. Once the confirmed pregnancy was tested, animals were equally divided into four groups and were given following treatment. Group I was given no treatment and served as Control, Group II and III were administered sodium fluoride, 100 and 300 ppm respectively while group IV was co-administered with sodium fluoride, 300 ppm and Aloe-vera (300mg/kg) daily for 14 days prior to gestation and continued till the 18th day of gestation. Animals were sacrificed `on the 19th day of gestation for prenatal observations. Maternal body weight, the gravid uterine weight, number of corpora lutea in both the ovaries, number of implantations and resorptions, number of live (mature and immature ) male and female fetuses as well as number of dead fetuses were examined in each dam. The treatment continued in another set of animals till the completion of weaning period to observe postnatal changes due to test substances on the mother and pups. Sodium fluoride treated animals showed morphometric and skeletal changes which were more pronounced in the high dose group showing significantly decreased body weight gain in pregnant mothers; and dead/immature fetuses. Morphometric changes included open eyelids, limb defects, wrinkles on whole body, anophthalmias, pulmonary edema, enlarged esophagus and decreased body weight of fetuses and pups. Alizarin prepared skeletal structures of fetuses of such female mice showed delayed ossification or bending in number of bones of skull, thoracic and limb regions. However, concomitant exposure to Sodium Fluoride and Aloe-vera treated animals, there was a marked improvement in all the prenatal and postnatal variables. The study suggests that Sodium fluoride at the high concentrations may be teratogenic while co-administration of Aloe-vera during fluoride exposure might be beneficial in reducing these toxic effects. We thus recommend use of aloe vera as preventive agent or as a complimentary agent during fluoride treatment.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of Pectin in the reduction of histological changes caused by exposure to monosodium glutamate in female mice: مدى فعالية البكتين في الحد من التغيرات النسيجية التي يسببها تناول جلوتامات أحادي الصوديوم على إناث الفئران

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Ibrahim Al Othman, Faten khalif Alanazi, Ghada Jaber S
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Central Vein ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used as a food additive. Excessive consumption of monosodium glutamate has also been shown to affect the liver and kidneys, causing damage to these tissues because of oxidative stress leading to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The purpose of the study described in this paper was to find out how the liver and kidney toxicity caused by monosodium glutamate can be mitigated using pectin. To this end, 30 albino mice females were divided into four groups. The animals were distributed in special cages. 12-15 weeks with an average body weight of 60 grams. The animals were divided into four groups: the experimental control group (1) comprising 5 female mice were given normal drinking water and the treated group (2) comprising 10 female mice were given monosodium glutamate at a dose of 3 g/kg body weight in drinking water. For three weeks, the treatment group (3) comprising 10 female mice was given pectin at a dose of 300 mg/70 kg body weight in drinking water immediately after the monosodium glutamate dose for three weeks and the pectin group (4) comprising 5 female mice were given Pectin at a dose of 300 mg/70 kg body weight in drinking water for three weeks. The mice were then anesthetized, dissected, and liver and kidney samples were taken from female mice and kept in a 10% neutral formalin solution to make tissue segments. The results showed many histological changes in the liver, such as congestion of the central vein, widening of the sinuses, and the appearance of signs of the death of most hepatocytes, infiltration of the central vein and an invasion of inflammatory cells around the central vein with the emergence of several gaps within the cells. Many of them cavity with the death of most of the tubule cells, the closure of some of them and the expansion and infiltration in others and bleeding inside the tissue. Pectin therapy has led to the disappearance of most of these changes and the emergence of a clear improvement in hepatic and renal tissue.

scholarly journals Effects of monosodium glutamate on testicular structural and functional alterations induced by quinine therapy in rat: An experimental study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davoud Kianifard ◽  
Seyyed Maysam Mousavi Shoar ◽  
Morteza Fallah Karkan ◽  
Ahmed Aly
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Male Reproductive System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Sperm Analysis ◽  
High Doses ◽  
The Impact

Background: Quinine (QU) as an anti-malarial drug induces alterations in testicular tissue. Toxic effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the male reproductive system have been recognized. Objective: To investigate the impact of MSG administration on the intensity of gonadotoxicity of QU. Materials and Methods: Sixty eight-wk old Wistar rats weighing 180-200 gr were divided into six groups (n = 10/each): the first group as a control; the second and third groups received low and high doses of MSG (2 & 4 gr/kg i.p.), respectively, for 28 days; the fourth group received QU for seven days (25 mg/kg); and in the fifth and sixth groups, QU was gavaged following the MSG administration (MSG + QU) from day 22 to day 28. Serum testosterone and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. Testes samples were prepared for tissue MDA levels, histomorphometry, and immunohistochemistry of p53. Sperm analysis was performed on cauda epididymis. Results: Serum and tissue MDA levels were increased in treated groups compared to the control group. This increment was higher in the MSG + QU groups. The testosterone levels were reduced significantly (p < 0.0001) in all treated groups. In addition, histomorphometric indices and tubular epithelium population were reduced significantly (p < 0.0001) in QU, MSG + QU, and consequently in high-dose MSG, QU, MSG + QU groups. All spermatogenic indices were reduced in the treated groups, particularly in the MSG + QU groups. Sperm motility and viability indices were reduced significantly (p = 0.003) in the MSG + QU groups. Finally, the overexpression of p53 was observed in the MSG + QU groups. Conclusion: The administration of MSG before and during QU therapy may intensify testicular tissue alterations. Key words: Male reproductive system, Monosodium glutamate, Quinine hydrochloride, Rat.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Acute and Subacute Toxicities of Psidium guajava Methanolic Bark Extract: A Botanical with In Vitro Antiproliferative Potential

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermione T. Manekeng ◽  
Armelle T. Mbaveng ◽  
Samuel A. Ntyam Mendo ◽  
Armel-Joseph D. Agokeng ◽  
Victor Kuete
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Subacute Toxicity

The methanol crude extract of the bark of Psidium guajava (guava) previously displayed interesting cytotoxic effects on a panel of human cancer cell lines. In the present work, we plan to determine the toxicological effects of this guava botanical in Wistar rats. Acute oral toxicity of the extract was carried out by administration of a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight to female rats in 14 days. Subacute toxicity was conducted by oral administration of the extract at daily doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg body weight, respectively, while rats in the control group received no extract. After 28 days of treatment, animals were sacrificed for hematological and biochemical studies. In the acute toxicity study, no mortality or signs of toxicity were recorded; hence, the median lethal dose (LD50) of the Psidium guajava bark extract is greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. For the subacute toxicity study, significant variations in body weight, relative weight of organs, and biochemical parameters were observed in the animals treated at different doses of the plant extract compared to control animals. Histopathological analyses showed minor liver inflammation in females treated at the highest dose (1000 mg/kg). These results suggest that intake of a single high dose of the Psidium guajava bark extract is nontoxic, but repeat administration could exhibit mild organ toxicity.

scholarly journals Vitamin D Supplementation in Laboratory-Bred Mice: An In Vivo Assay on Gut Microbiome and Body Weight

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 117863612094529
Author(s):  
Lorina Ineta Badger-Emeka ◽  
Zainab Yaseen AlJaziri ◽  
Cereen Fahad Almulhim ◽  
Asma Saleh Aldrees ◽  
Zainab Hamzah AlShakhs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Normal Dose ◽  
Significant Difference

Saudi Arabia is in a tropical geographical region with a population that has access to adequate diet. There is, however, a high level of vitamin D deficiency in the Kingdom, comorbid with other disease. There is the postulation of a correlation between a healthy gut microbiota and balanced levels of serum vitamin D. This investigation looks into the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the gut flora of laboratory-bred mice as well as any possible association on body weight. BALB/C mice weighing between 34 and 35.8 g were divided into 4 groups and placed on daily doses of vitamin D of 3.75 µg (low dose), 7.5 µg (normal dose), and 15 µg (high dose). The fourth group was the control group that did not receive any supplementation with vitamin D. Body weights were monitored on weekly basis, while faecal samples from the rectum were obtained for microbial culturing and the monitoring of bacterial colony count using the Vitek 2 Compact automated system (BioMerieux, Marcy-l’Etoile, France) according to manufacturer’s guidelines. The data presented as mean ± SD, while significant differences were determined with 2-way analysis of variance in comparing differences within and between treatment groups. The different doses of vitamin D showed varying effects on the body weight and gut microbial colonies of the mice. There was a highly significant difference between the control, 15 µg (high), and 7.5 µg (normal) dose groups. This is suggestive that supplementation with vitamin D could a role in the gut microbial flora in the gut which could reflect in changes in body weight.

scholarly journals Effect of Diclofenac Sodium in Broilers

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
R Akter ◽  
MAW Sarker
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Serum Urea ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

This study was conducted to determine the effects of diclofenac sodium in broiler chicks during the period from 20th July /2012 to 1st september/2012. The broiler chicks were divided into four groups A, B, C and control with ten day old bird in each. Group A was treated with @ 5mg/kg body weight, group B was treated with @ 10mg/kg body weight and Group C was treated with 20 mg/kg body weight given orally mixing with drinking water. Histopathological, hematological and biochemical tests were performed on 42th days of age to evaluate diclofenac-induced changes between control and treated groups. Mortality rate and pathomorphological changes were observed in dead birds. The acute toxicity was assessed by observing the clinical signs and symptoms, mortality, alterations in blood biochemistry, and necropsy findings. The birds of Group A showed only mild symptoms of diarrhea and 30% mortality. In Group B, 60% and Group 70% of birds died in between 24 and 36 h post-treatment showing the symptoms of segregatory behavior, lethargy, terminal anorexia, and severe bloody diarrhea. Observation of hematological parameters like TEC, Hb, PCV and ESR on 42th days of age showed significant (p<0.01) decrease in treatment group compare to control group. Observation of biochemical parameters (serum urea, serum creatinine) on 42th days of age showed significantly increased (p<0.01) serum urea and serum creatinine indicating nephrotoxicity in broilers. At 12 and 24 h post-treatment this returned to the normal levels. The dead birds of the high-dose group also showed similar pattern of biochemical changes at 12 and 24 h post-treatment and revealed extensive visceral gout with characteristic histopathological lesions in liver, kidney, heart, spleen and intestine on post-mortem. The results indicate that diclofenac sodium has hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and visceral gout inducing potentials in broilers (cob-500), especially at higher dose.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23710Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 19-24

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