scholarly journals An integrative study of facultative personality calibration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Julian von Borell ◽  
Tobias L. Kordsmeyer ◽  
Tanja M. Gerlach ◽  
Lars Penke
Keyword(s):  
Positive Association ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Sociosexual Orientation ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Integrative Study ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
3D Scans

The theory of facultative calibration, which explains personality differences as responses to variation in other phenotypic traits of individuals, received mixed results throughout the last years. Whereas there is strong evidence that individual differences in human behavior are correlated with the self-perception of other traits, it still needs to be questioned whether they are also adjusted to objective differences in body condition (i.e. formidability). In two independent studies (N1 = 119 men and 124 women, N2= 165 men) we tested hypotheses of facultative personality calibration in an integrative way, assessing various outcomes of previous studies in the same samples (including Anger Proneness, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Narcissism, Shyness, Vengefulness, and Sociosexual Orientation). Formidability was derived from assessments of physical strength and various anthropometric measures from full-body 3D scans and paired with measures of self-perceived and other-rated physical attractiveness (based on rotating morphometric 3D body models and facial photographs). We could replicate positive correlations with self-perceived attractiveness across outcomes, though these were not corroborated by more objective assessments of attractiveness: an effect of other-rated attractiveness was clearly not supported in our results for either sex, regardless of the personality outcome. Anthropometric measures and physical strength were also largely unrelated to personality, with the exception of Extraversion, Utility of Personal Aggression, and Sociosexual Orientation. While the two samples differed in their results for domain-level Extraversion, at least the Extraversion facets Activity and Assertiveness were related to strength and masculinity in men. For Sociosexual Orientation the results of our two samples varied more substantially, a positive association was only present in Study 2. Future studies need to clarify whether formidability, potentially an indicator of genetic quality for males, enhances their orientation and success in short-term mating. Furthermore we propose longitudinal twin-difference studies as means to evaluate the theory of personality recalibration in a more controlled manner.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Food Fortification in Improving Nutritional Status of Mothers and Children in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2133
Author(s):  
Nikmah Utami Dewi ◽  
Trias Mahmudiono
Keyword(s):  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Food Fortification ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Mothers And Children ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
English Articles

Food fortification programs have been conducted in several countries to overcome micronutrient deficiency and related problems with various degrees of effectiveness. Available information regarding the success of food fortification programs in some developing countries, including Indonesia, is still limited. Thus, this study conducts a systematic review of the effects of food fortification of mothers and children using biochemical and anthropometric measures focusing on linear growth. Three databases were used in the literature search, namely PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. Fifteen articles were included for analysis from 517 studies found consisting of Indonesian and English articles published from 2000 to June 2020. Fortification of iron, vitamin A, and iodine can increase the level of hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and serum retinol and median urine iodine excretion, especially in toddlers and schoolchildren. However, multinutrient fortification interventions were associated with various effects on hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and serum retinol but a positive association was found with linear growth indicators in the form of body length for age. The effectiveness of food fortification in reducing the prevalence of stunting still needs more and stronger evidence through studies with large sample size and longer duration.

scholarly journals Associations between %AA (20:4 n6) and Relative Amounts of Other Body Fatty Acids

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-12
Author(s):  
Arne Høstmark
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Concentration Distribution ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Chicken Breast ◽  
Random Numbers ◽  
Regulatory Principle ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Group 1

Body fatty acids are important in health and disease. Previously, we reported a positive association between % AA (20:4 n6) and relative amounts of EPA (20:5 n3) and of some other fatty acids. We now study positive and negative correlations in general between %AA and percentages of other fatty acids, as observed in chicken breast muscle. Two groups of fatty acids were identified: Group 1) with relative amounts correlating negatively with %AA, and Group 2) with relative amounts correlating positively with %AA. With the positive correlations, but not with the negative ones, we obtained similar scatterplots using true and random numbers. This apparent discrepancy is probably related to differences in skewness of the concentration distribution of some fatty acids. Most of Group 2 fatty acids are eicosanoid or docosanoid precursors. The overall correlation outcome may be largely explained by the particular concentration ranges of the fatty acids. We therefore suggest Distribution Dependent Correlations to be an evolutionary regulatory principle, possibly ensuring balance between various eicosanoids and docosanoids.

scholarly journals Morphological Characterization of Mulberry (Morus spp.) Accessions Grown in Kenya

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nderitu Wangari Peris ◽  
Kinyua Mirriam Gacheri ◽  
Mutui Mwendwa Theophillus ◽  
Ngode Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Mulberry Leaf ◽  
Leaf Yield ◽  
Morus Spp ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Internode Distance ◽  
Number Of Branches

<p>Genetic divergence of five mulberry accessions including Embu, Thika, Thailand (<em>M. alba</em>), Kanva-2 and S41 (<em>M. indica</em>) grown in Kenya were examined using twelve phenotypic traits. The assessment of phenotypic traits was done in a field study in two localities, Nairobi and Eldoret. The traits that were significantly different across the mulberry accessions included lamina width and petiole length (P ? 0.01), petiole width and growth height (P ? 0.05), internodes distance and number of branches (P ? 0.001). The Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) results were used to generate a dendrogram derived from hierarchical cluster analysis that further partitioned the mulberry accessions into four groups. Embu and Thailand accessions grouped together while S41, Thika and Kanva-2 accessions grouped separately. Embu and Thailand accessions were characterized by fewer numbers of branches than the rest of the accessions. Thika accession had high number of branches and short internode distance. Significant and positive correlations were found between leaf yield traits except in internode distance and number of branches which were significant and negatively correlated. Significant and positive correlations can be utilized since they are rewarding for mulberry leaf yield improvement.</p>

scholarly journals Large brains, short life: selection on brain size impacts intrinsic lifespan

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 20190137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Kotrschal ◽  
Alberto Corral-Lopez ◽  
Niclas Kolm
Keyword(s):  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Accelerated Ageing ◽  
Extrinsic Mortality ◽  
Somatic Maintenance ◽  
Cognitive Benefits ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Positive Correlations

The relationship between brain size and ageing is a paradox. The cognitive benefits of large brains should protect from extrinsic mortality and thus indirectly select for slower ageing. However, the substantial energetic cost of neural tissue may also impact the energetic budget of large-brained organisms, causing less investment in somatic maintenance and thereby faster ageing. While the positive association between brain size and survival in the wild is well established, no studies exist on the direct effects of brain size on ageing. Here we test how brain size influences intrinsic ageing in guppy ( Poecilia reticulata ) brain size selection lines with 12% difference in relative brain size. Measuring survival under benign conditions, we find that large-brained animals live 22% shorter than small-brained animals and the effect is similar in both males and females. Our results suggest a trade-off between investment into brain size and somatic maintenance. This implies that the link between brain size and ageing is contingent on the mechanism of mortality, and selection for positive correlations between brain size and ageing should occur mainly under cognition-driven survival benefits from increased brain size. We show that accelerated ageing can be a cost of evolving a larger brain.

scholarly journals Fatigue-free operation of most body-powered prostheses not feasible for majority of users with trans-radial deficiency

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Hichert ◽  
Alistair N Vardy ◽  
Dick Plettenburg
Keyword(s):  
Daily Basis ◽  
Maximum Force ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Cable Force ◽  
Cable Forces ◽  
Force Range

Background: Body-powered prostheses require cable operation forces between 33 and 131 N. The accepted upper limit for fatigue-free long-duration operation is 20% of a users’ maximum cable operation force. However, no information is available on users’ maximum force. Objectives: To quantify users’ maximum cable operation force and to relate this to the fatigue-free force range for the use of body-powered prostheses. Study design: Experimental trial. Methods: In total, 23 subjects with trans-radial deficiencies used a bypass prosthesis to exert maximum cable force three times during 3 s and reported discomfort or pain on a body map. Additionally, subjects’ anthropometric measures were taken to relate to maximum force. Results: Subjects generated forces ranging from 87 to 538 N. Of the 23 subjects, 12 generated insufficient maximum cable force to operate 8 of the 10 body-powered prostheses fatigue free. Discomfort or pain did not correlate with the magnitude of maximum force achieved by the subjects. Nine subjects indicated discomfort or pain. No relationships between anthropometry and maximal forces were found except for maximum cable forces and the affected upper-arm circumference for females. Conclusion: For a majority of subjects, the maximal cable force was lower than acceptable for fatigue-free prosthesis use. Discomfort or pain occurred in ~40% of the subjects, suggesting a suboptimal force transmission mechanism. Clinical relevance The physical strength of users determines whether a body-powered prosthesis is suitable for comfortable, fatigue-free long-duration use on a daily basis. High cable operation forces can provoke discomfort and pain for some users, mainly in the armpit. Prediction of the users’ strength by anthropometric measures might assist the choice of a suitable prosthesis.

Development and Validation of a Situational Social Avoidance Scale

1999 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ishu Ishiyama
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Avoidance ◽  
Total N ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Performance Domains ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Development And Validation

A 15-item self-report Situational Social Avoidance scale was developed and validated. Two samples of university students (total N = 407) provided data, evidencing high internal consistency (α=.89 for Sample 1, α = .92 for Sample 2) and test-retest reliability of .86 ( n = 65) over a 6.5-wk. interval. A factor-analysis yielded an interpretable 3-factor solution with three domains of social avoidance, (a) social performance, (b) socializing, and (c) self-assertion. Sample 2 showed a significant sex difference, with 138 women scoring higher, especially in the self-assertion and social performance domains. The scale had high positive correlations (from .60 to .78) with four frequently used social anxiety scales, and meaningful correlations with depression ( r = .36), self-esteem ( r = −.49), and self-critical cognition ( r = .50). Differential correlations were found between the scale's three factor-based subscales and the other social anxiety scales, suggesting different situational properties of the latter scales. Research implications and clinical use of the scale are discussed.

scholarly journals Resiliency Across Cultures: A Validation of the Resiliency Scale for Young Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire A. Wilson ◽  
Rachel A. Plouffe ◽  
Donald H. Saklofske ◽  
Annamaria Di Fabio ◽  
Sandra Prince-Embury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
University Students ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Facet Structure ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Personal Resiliency ◽  
Three Factor

This study presents a cross-cultural validation of the recently developed Resiliency Scale for Young Adults (RSYA) with a sample of 289 Canadian university students and 259 Italian university students. The RSYA demonstrated good internal consistency across the two samples and acceptable retest reliability for the Canadian sample. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor, 10-facet structure of the RSYA, and comparison of the two country samples found metric invariance. As expected, positive correlations also emerged between resiliency and trait emotional intelligence in both samples. Finally, correlations with personality variables were explored in both samples. The present findings provide further support for the RSYA as a valid and reliable measure of personal resiliency for both Canadian and Italian young adults, and for the cross-cultural generalizability of the three-factor model of personal resiliency upon which it is based.

scholarly journals Hand Nicotine and Cotinine In Children Exposed to Cigars: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-176
Author(s):  
E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens ◽  
Georg E. Matt ◽  
Roman J. Jandarov ◽  
Ashley L. Merianos
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Urinary Cotinine ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Child Age

Objectives: Past research has not examined secondhand and thirdhand smoke (THS) exposure in children of cigar smokers. We examined hand nicotine and cotinine levels in children of cigar smokers to explore the contribution of cigar smoke to tobacco smoke exposure (TSE). Methods: Participants were children (N = 24; mean (SD) age = 6.5 (3.6) years) whose parents smoked cigars only or poly-used cigars and/or cigarettes. Primary outcomes were hand nicotine and urinary cotinine levels. Results: All children had detectable hand nicotine (range: 7.6-312.5ng/wipe) and cotinine (range: 0.3-100.3ng/ml). Positive correlations were found between hand nicotine and cotinine (r = 0.693, p = .001), hand nicotine and parents who also smoked cigarettes (r = 0.407, p = .048), and hand nicotine and number of smokers around the child (r = 0.436, p = .03). Hand nicotine (r = -0.464, p = .02), but not cotinine (r = -0.266, p = .26), was negatively correlated with child age. Multiple regression results indicated a positive association between hand nicotine and cotinine (p = .002; semi-partial r2 = 0.415), irrespective of child age. Conclusions: The significant association of hand nicotine with urinary cotinine suggests that THS pollution should be assessed in evaluating children's overall TSE to cigars and other tobacco products, and hand nicotine may be a proxy for overall TSE. Younger children may have increased THS pollutant uptake.

scholarly journals Body Mass Index (BMI) and Dental Caries Experience among Children of Eastern Region of Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Tarakant Bhagat ◽  
Ashish Shrestha ◽  
Santosh Kumari Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Difference

 Introduction: Dental caries and obesity share some common, modifiable influences such as diet and lifestyle including changes in physical activity and food characters. So, obesity can be considered as a predictor of dental caries and various studies have shown the positive association between these two factors. Objective: The study aims to analyze the relationship between dental caries and BMI in children of eastern region of Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used comprising 600 school children in eastern region of Nepal. Anthropometric measures for the calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI), occurrence of dental caries, missing, and filled teeth due to caries in both the primary and permanent dentition (dft and DMFT respectively) were collected. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation and independent t test to assess correlation between dental caries and BMI. Results: Dental caries prevalence was 57.3%. The difference in caries experience among gender was insignificant (p = 0.172). Caries experience decreased significantly with increase in years of schooling (p = 0.002) and with increase in age (p < 0.001). Caries experience increased with an increase in BMI but was not significant (p = 0.199). There was a positive correlation between BMI and DMFT /DMFS but was not statistically significant. The correlation between dft and dfs was statistically significant. Conclusions: The study indicated that some form of correlation existed between BMI and dental caries but the association was weak. Healthy with age children experience more caries than overweight and underweight children.

Correlation between pain, anthropometric measurements, stress and biochemical markers in women with low back pain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andressa Oliveira Barros dos Santos ◽  
Juliana Brandão Pinto de Castro ◽  
Dilamar Romualdo da Silva ◽  
Ingrid de Oliveira Simões Ribeiro ◽  
Vicente Pinheiro Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Biochemical Markers ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Pain Duration ◽  
Positive Correlations

Aim: To analyze the associations between pain duration, pain levels, anthropometric measures, perceived stress and biochemical markers in women with low back pain. Materials & methods: Forty-two participants were submitted to body mass, height, abdominal circumference, cortisol and creatine kinase (CK) collections. Pain duration, pain levels and stress were analyzed through specific questionnaires. Results: There were positive correlations between abdominal circumference and body mass, duration of pain and age, abdominal circumference, CK and age, CK and BMI, CK and abdominal circumference, and CK and duration of pain (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The higher the level of tissue damage over the years, the greater the tendency for higher levels of low back pain perception. Central fat was related to greater load on the spine.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document