scholarly journals The Shared Features Principle: If two objects share a feature, people assume those objects also share other features

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Hughes ◽  
Jan De Houwer ◽  
Simone Mattavelli ◽  
Ian Hussey

In this paper we introduce the shared features principle which refers to the idea that, when two stimuli share one feature, people often assume that they share others features as well. This principle can be recognized in several known psychological phenomena, most of which were until now never considered to be related in this way. To illustrate the generative power of the principle, we report eight pre-registered studies (N = 1614) in which participants completed an acquisition phase containing three stimuli: a neutral target, a positive source, and a negative source. Our results indicate that behavioral intentions, automatic evaluations, and self-reported ratings of a target object were influenced by the source object with which the target shared a feature. This was even the case when participants were told that there was no relation between source and target objects. Taken together, the shared features principle appears to be general, reliable, and replicable across a range of measures in the attitude domain. We close with a discussion of its theoretical implications, relevance to many areas of psychological science, as well as its heuristic and predictive value

Author(s):  
А.А. Костригин

Изучалась биография и творчество выдающегося отечественного психолога, философа и представителя российского психологического зарубежья В.В. Зеньковского (1881-1962 гг.). Рассмотрены его ранний период эмиграции и работа в г. Белграде (Королевство сербов, хорватов и словенцев) и г. Праге (Чехословакия) (1920-1926 гг.). Проанализированы фундаментальные психологические идеи В.В. Зеньковского в общей, детской и педагогической психологии, сформулированные им в его монографии «Психология детства» (1924 г.) и курсах лекций «Педагогическая психология» (1924 г.) и «Курс общей психологии» (1925 г.) (на основе архивных материалов). Рассмотрены также его научные концепции в области теории и методологии психологии (структура психологической науки, строение душевной жизни, о ведущей роли эмоциональной сферы в психике человека), детской психологии (педологические основы психологии ребенка, задачи и методы детской психологии, проблемы понимания и самостоятельности феномена детства, роль игры в биологическом, психическом и социальном развитии ребенка) и педагогической психологии (социально-психологические основы педагогической психологии, социально-психологические феномены педагогического процесса, классификация социальных ролей ученика и учителя, психология поведения класса). В.В. Зеньковский представляется как оригинальный теоретик и методолог психологии, разработчик основ изучения психики ребенка, создатель социально-психологического подхода в педагогической психологии. Его концепции этого периода могут быть востребованы в настоящее время при решении методологических вопросов психологии, социально-психологических проблем педагогики, проблем социального воспитания личности, при изучении развития психических процессов и личности ребенка. The author refers to the biography and work of the outstanding Russian psychologist, philosopher and representative of the Russian psychological abroad community V.V. Zenkovsky (1881-1962 y.). The early emigration period of his life and work in Belgrade (the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) and Prague (Czechoslovakia) (1920-1926 y.) is considered. The author discusses the fundamental psychological ideas of V.V. Zenkovsky regarding general psychology, child psychology and pedagogical psychology, which he formulated at that time in his monograph “Psychology of Childhood” (1924) and lecture courses “Pedagogical Psychology” (1924) and “The Course of General Psychology” (1925) (based on archival materials). There are significant scientific concepts of V.V. Zenkovsky in the field of theory and methodology of psychology (the structure of psychological science, the structure of mental life, the leading role of the emotional sphere in the human psyche), child psychology (pedological foundations of child psychology, tasks and methods of child psychology, the problem of understanding and independence of the childhood phenomenon, the role of the game in biological, mental and social development of the child) and pedagogical psychology (social-psychological foundations of pedagogical psychology, social-psychological phenomena of educational process, the classification of social roles of student and teacher, the psychology of class behavior). V.V. Zenkovsky is presented as an original theoretician and methodologist of psychology, pedologist, developer of the basics of studying the child’s psyche and creator of the social-psychological approach in pedagogical psychology. Nowadays the analyzed concepts of the Russian psychologist can be demanded when solving methodological issues of psychology, social-psychological problems of pedagogics, problems of social education of a person, when studying and designing the development of child’s mental processes and personality.


2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeniya Vorontsova

Due to the growing interest in the phenomenon of self-efficacy, the psychological science examines the directions of studying self-efficacy in domestic and foreign exploratory development. The attention is focused on studies that reveal the interrelation of the self-efficacy phenomenon with other psychological phenomena, such as motivation to succeed and avoidance of failure, as well as studies devoted to the features of self-efficacy ideas in male and female students. There are publications on the data of the empiric investigation of interrelation of self-efficacy and success motivation in young people at various university training stages with presentations of analysis of differences in correlation features in male and female students. A conclusion is made that there are differences existing between the investigated indicators of self-efficacy in substantive work, self-efficacy in interpersonal communication and success motivation in the first-year and the second-year students, as well as the differences existing in the outlined indicators in the young people taking university psychological and legal courses.


2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Gottlieb ◽  
Tania Lombrozo

Can science explain romantic love, morality, and religious belief? We documented intuitive beliefs about the limits of science in explaining the human mind. We considered both epistemic evaluations (concerning whether science could possibly fully explain a given psychological phenomenon) and nonepistemic judgments (concerning whether scientific explanations for a given phenomenon would generate discomfort), and we identified factors that characterize phenomena judged to fall beyond the scope of science. Across six studies, we found that participants were more likely to judge scientific explanations for psychological phenomena to be impossible and uncomfortable when, among other factors, they support first-person, introspective access (e.g., feeling empathetic as opposed to reaching for objects), contribute to making humans exceptional (e.g., appreciating music as opposed to forgetfulness), and involve conscious will (e.g., acting immorally as opposed to having headaches). These judgments about the scope of science have implications for science education, policy, and the public reception of psychological science.


2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Toivo Juhani Heino ◽  
Eiko I Fried ◽  
Etienne P. LeBel

In an article in Frontiers in Psychology, titled “Reproducibility in psychological science: When do psychological phenomena exist”, the author argues that science cannot prove a negative, and that psychological phenomena are often subtle and fleeting. To him, this means that psychologists should conduct conceptual, rather than direct replications, and explore boundary conditions rather than the existence of replicable effects. To us, this position seems unreasonable, and we argue that study designs should match the phenomena under investigation – which, in the face of complexity, may be different than what we are accustomed to.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Dennis Miller

This chapter is an investigation of Urban Legend propagation and the computational modelling of psychological phenomena. An urban legend is an apocryphal tale that the storyteller claims is true even though it might not be. Urban legends are a type of meme that can be passed from person to person by word of mouth.The work begins with a finding from the literature: Urban legends propagate farther when they are disgusting (Eriksson & Coultas, 2014). This is an example of a phenomenon known as emotional selection (e.g., Heath et al., 2001), in whichthe emotion evoked by a message can influence how the message is treated. The current work is a conceptual replication of urban legend transmission based on aseries of studies conducted in Eriksson & Coultas (2014), which we conducted as a computational simulation. We extended their empirical models to generalize beyond the laboratory in an effort to achieve better ecological validity.This work offers two primary contributions. The first contribution pertains directly to the emotional selection of urban legends, which will be explored in a social network context. The second and more fundamental contribution pertains to the science of computational modelling for social psychological phenomena. While the investigation of urban legends is of interest in the context of memesand social networks, the computational modelling developments are intended to apply generally throughout psychological science.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Hasselman ◽  
M.P. Seevinck ◽  
Ralf Cox

The papers in the special issue of PPS on the origins and possible resolution of the crisis of confidence in psychological science hardly mention the word theory. We argue that all the excellent suggestions to reform the discipline will be in vain if it does not begin a discussion about the way it evaluates and revises its theories. We diagnose theory evaluation as afflicted with three serious symptoms and provide exemplary examples from the scientific record of psychology to illustrate them. The first symptom is the interpretation fallacy, of which the very critical commentaries received by proponents of the complex systems approach about their efforts to study psychological phenomena, represent an exemplary case (e.g. Wagenmakers, van der Maas, & Farrell, 2012). The second is the empiricist’s blind-spot. We will discuss it in the context of the plethora of theories that have been posited by the psychological and life sciences about the ætiology of developmental dyslexia. We especially discuss the apparent inability of the huge empirical record of high quality behavioral, neuroscientific and genetic data to resolve any theoretical dispute (e.g. Ramus & Szenkovits, 2008). The third symptom is the Columbus delusion, of which the recent publication “There is nothing so theoretical as a good method” (Greenwald, 2012) is an excellent example. These symptoms are all related and pertain to the different roles ontology plays in scientific theorizing. Our critical diagnosis is not the end goal of this paper however, we respond to the call to device methods for strong inference (Fiedler, Kutzner, & Krueger, 2012) and provide a practical, but formal approach to theory evaluation known as Structural Realism (cf. Worrall, 1989). In three parts, our Structural Realist’s guide to theorizing about the universe will elaborate on how to deal with theoretical diversity and in the process cure psychological science of its ailment, ensuring it will remain the prime discipline for the scientific study of psychological phenomena in the future.


2020 ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
Valeriia Alekseevna Manina

The object of this article is the concept of the “capacity for overcoming” in research of the national psychological science. Quite a large number of research of the Russian psychologists and physiologist, such as I. P. Pavlov, I. M. Sechenov, S. N. Chkhartishvili, A. N. Leontiev, S. L. Rubinstein, etc., known as the founders of this psychological construct, are dedicated to studying the phenomenon of “overcoming”. The concept of “overcoming” is viewed in the context of willful behavior, reasonableness of actions, motivation for actions, self-regulation of behavior and activity. The author notes that the process of overcoming obstacles is different in humans and animals, as for humans the willful component is pivotal. The actions of a person when facing an obstacle – objective or subjective, is determined not by the primary motive, but rather by nature of the obstacle; the behavior strategy is formed depending on the characteristics of the emerged obstacle. A number of psychological research demonstrate that the concept of “overcoming” is examined not only in the context of will, but also as a complex process that involves temperament, separate qualities of the nervous system, personality traits, decision-making, motives, self-regulation skills, and other psychological constructs. The conclusion is made that the concept of “overcoming” is interdisciplinary, and requires further research, as well as analysis of formation of the capacity for overcoming in a human. The concept of “overcoming” was studied in a number of Russian psychological concepts, usually in the context of various psychological phenomena.


2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
A. Kassymzhanova ◽  
◽  
K. Аkhan ◽  

The concept of "cognitive-activity style" has appeared in psychological science in recent years. This concept, in comparison with the concept of “cognitive style”, considers the individual personality traits much more broadly and defines the cognitive ways of perception, thinking, and interaction deeper. If we bear in mind the fact that the style is reflected in various psychological phenomena (perception, memory, thinking, activity, interaction, etc.), then the cognitive-activity approach can be considered as a system of methods for cognitive analysis of the results of actions, that are defined as ordinary. The article is devoted to the results of translation and adaptation into the Kazakh language of the methodology “Research on cognitive-activity style” (in some sources “Analytical review of the educational style”) by L. Rebecca, American scientist, professor at Oxford University of Alabama. The purpose of the investigation is the formation of a Kazakh-language version of the psycho-diagnostic tools used in English and Russian, contributing to the replenishment of the psycho-diagnostic fund in the Kazakh language. The methodology “The study of cognitive-activity style” by L. Rebecca was translated into Kazakh, the calculation was made using the SPSS program of the level of reliability (according to the Kronbach coefficient). The proposed technique can be used by scientists, psychologists, and psychological educators in the Kazakh language on the study of the cognitive-activity approach.


2021 ◽  
pp. 174569162199937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Rosenfeld ◽  
Emily Balcetis ◽  
Brock Bastian ◽  
Elliot T. Berkman ◽  
Jennifer K. Bosson ◽  
...  

The COVID-19 pandemic has extensively changed the state of psychological science from what research questions psychologists can ask to which methodologies psychologists can use to investigate them. In this article, we offer a perspective on how to optimize new research in the pandemic’s wake. Because this pandemic is inherently a social phenomenon—an event that hinges on human-to-human contact—we focus on socially relevant subfields of psychology. We highlight specific psychological phenomena that have likely shifted as a result of the pandemic and discuss theoretical, methodological, and practical considerations of conducting research on these phenomena. After this discussion, we evaluate metascientific issues that have been amplified by the pandemic. We aim to demonstrate how theoretically grounded views on the COVID-19 pandemic can help make psychological science stronger—not weaker—in its wake.


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