Law-abiding versus criminal identity and self-efficacy: A quantitative approach to unravel psychological factors supporting desistance from crime

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Oberlader ◽  
Rainer Banse ◽  
Susanne Beier ◽  
Alexander F. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
Actuarial Risk ◽  
Desistance From Crime

Previous studies suggest that the process of desistance from crime is accompanied by a shift from criminal to law-abiding identity and self-efficacy. Against this background and to explain variance in recidivism, we developed direct and indirect measures of law-abiding and criminal identity as well as a direct measure of self-efficacy for law-abiding and criminal behavior. We predicted that 1) a stronger law-abiding identity relative to criminal identity as well as 2) a stronger self-efficacy for law-abiding and a weaker self-efficacy for criminal behavior will correlate with a lower risk to reoffend and will prospectively explain variance in recidivism. We applied the developed measures in a sample of 325 offenders on probation and tested cross-sectional associations with actuarial risk factors at T1. Two to three years later, we tested whether identity and self-efficacy measured at T1 explained variance in recidivism at T2, controlling for actuarial risk factors. Results showed that a stronger law-abiding identity relative to criminal identity as well as a stronger self-efficacy for law-abiding and a weaker self-efficacy for criminal behavior correlated with a lower risk to reoffend (T1). In addition, law-abiding relative to criminal identity prospectively explained variance in recidivism over and beyond actuarial risk factors (T2). The results indicate that the strength of law-abiding identity relative to criminal identity plays a role in persisting in or desisting from criminal behavior. Yet, further research is necessary to identify the causal psychological mechanisms of identity change in the process towards desistance from crime.

The Relationship Between Recommended and None Recommended Food Scores on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Obese and Overweight Adult Women: A Cross Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Sabbari ◽  
Atieh Mirzababaei ◽  
Farideh Shiraseb ◽  
Khadijeh Mirzaei
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objective: No studies have examined the relationship between recommended food score (RFS), none recommended food score (NRFS) and cardiovascular risk factors. This study was conducted to evaluate the association of RFS and NRFS with cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese women.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 379 overweight and obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) women aged 18-48 years. Anthropometric measurements and body composition analysis were assessed in all participants. Dietary intake was assessed by a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) containing 147 items and RFS and NRFS calculated. Biochemical assessments including TC, HDL, LDL, TG, FBS, insulin, HOMA-IR and hs-CRP were quantified by ELISA.Results: The mean age and BMI of participants were 36.73±9.21 (y) and 31.17±4.22 (kg/m²) respectively. Binary logistic analysis showed that participants in the highest quartile of the RFS compared to the lowest quartile had 82% lower risk for Hypertriglyceridemia [OR=0.18, 95%CI=0.06-0.53, P=0.002] and 91% lower risk for abdominal obesity [OR=0.09, 95%CI=0.008-1.04, P=0.05]. in addition, Participants who were in the highest quartile of the RFS compared to the lowest quartile had lower HOMA-IR [OR=0.29, 95%CI=0.08-1.00, P=0.05]. subjects with high adherence to the NRFS had lower HDL [OR=2.11, 95%CI=1.08-4.12, P=0.02] and higher risk for Hypertriglyceridemia [OR=2.95, 95%CI=1.47-5.94, P=0.002] compared to low adherence. Conclusions: There was an inverse significant association between adherence to RFS and risk of Hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and abdominal obesity. There was a significant association between NRFS and Hypertriglyceridemia, and also we found an inverse relationship between NRFS and HDL.

scholarly journals Pain-related beliefs are associated with arm function in persons with frozen shoulder

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 432-440
Author(s):  
L De Baets ◽  
T Matheve ◽  
J Traxler ◽  
JWS Vlaeyen ◽  
A Timmermans
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
Pain Catastrophizing ◽  
Frozen Shoulder ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
Arm Function

Background Frozen shoulder is a painful glenohumeral joint condition. Pain-related beliefs are recognized drivers of function in musculoskeletal conditions. This cross-sectional study investigates associations between pain-related beliefs and arm function in frozen shoulder. Methods Pain intensity, arm function (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (DASH)), pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)), pain-related fear (Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-11)) and pain self-efficacy (Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ)) were administered in 85 persons with frozen shoulder. Correlation analyses assessed associations between pain-related beliefs and arm function. Regression analysis calculated the explained variance in arm function by pain-related beliefs. Results Pain-related fear, pain catastrophizing and pain self-efficacy were significantly associated with arm function (r = 0.51; r = 0.45 and r = −0.69, all p < .0001, respectively). Thirty-one percent of variance in arm function was explained by control variables, with pain intensity being the only significant one. After adding TSK-11, PCS and PSEQ scores to the model, 26% extra variance in arm function was explained, with significant contributions of pain intensity, pain-related fear and pain self-efficacy (R2 = 0.57). Conclusions Attention should be paid towards the negative effect of pain-related fear on outcomes in frozen shoulder and towards building one’s pain self-efficacy given its protective value in pain management.

scholarly journals Predictability of smoking onset among Romanian adolescents

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-88
Author(s):  
Lucia Maria Lotrean ◽  
Ilse Mesters ◽  
Carmen Ionut ◽  
Hein de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Smoking Prevention ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Smoking Onset ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
One Year

Abstract Objectives: Research identifying reliable and country-specific predictors of smoking is needed in order to develop effective adolescent smoking prevention programmes. The objective of this study was to assess the cognitive and socio-demographic factors associated with smoking onset among Romanian teenagers, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Methods: The data were obtained from a two-wave, one-year longitudinal study carried out among 316 senior high school non-smokers from Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Questionnaires assessed smoking behaviour, attitudes, social influence, self-efficacy and intention regarding smoking (motivational variables) as well as different sociodemographic features. Results: The cross-sectional analyses showed that socio-demographics and motivational variables were strongly associated with smoking behaviour; the explained variance was 76%. The longitudinal analyses revealed that four variables explained 33% of the variance in change of status from non-smoking to regular smoking over a period of one year. Regular smoking onset after one year was predicted by baseline low self-efficacy in refraining from smoking in different situations, having more smoking friends and playing truant from school. Having a brother was a protective factor. Conclusion: The results suggest that smoking prevention programmes in Romania should strengthen self-efficacy beliefs and resistance against peer modelling and help Romanian young people to develop skills and action plans to cope with pressure to smoke and challenging situations.

scholarly journals Wholegrain Consumption and Risk Factors for Cardiorenal Metabolic Diseases in Chile: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of 2016–2017 Health National Survey

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2815
Author(s):  
Fabian Lanuza ◽  
Raul Zamora-Ros ◽  
Nicole Hidalgo-Liberona ◽  
Cristina Andrés-Lacueva ◽  
Tomás Meroño
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sectional Analysis

Wholegrain (WG) consumption has been associated with reduced risk factors for cardiorenal metabolic diseases (CRMD). In Latin-America. WG intake is low and scarce studies on this subject have been found. We aimed to evaluate the association between WG consumption and risk factors for CRMD in the 2016–2017 Chilean-National Health Survey. This cross-sectional study included 3110 participants representative of a total population of 11,810,647 subjects > 18 y, not taking insulin and with complete data on CRMD risk factors. Outcomes were metabolic syndrome and its components, albuminuria, and impaired glomerular filtration rate (GFR). WG consumption was categorized as regular (≥every two days), sporadic (≥once a month), and non-consumers. Associations were analyzed by multivariable logistic regressions adjusted for confounders taking into account the complex sample design of the survey. Regular WG consumers showed a lower risk of high blood pressure (OR: 0.61, 95%CI: 0.41–0.91) compared to non-consumers in fully-adjusted models. Although inverse associations were noticed with other metabolic syndrome components and impaired GFR, none was statistically significant. The association between WG and BP remained robust in the sensitivity analysis. In conclusion regular WG consumption was associated with a 39% lower risk of high blood pressure in Chilean adults.

scholarly journals Incidence and Risk Factors of Retinopathy of Prematurity, a 10-year Experience of a Single-center, Referral, Hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 777-785
Author(s):  
Kanya Chutasmit ◽  
Pimol Wongsiridej ◽  
Kanokwan Sommai ◽  
Supharat Siriwaeo ◽  
Pranchalee Insawang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Single Center ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Secondary Objective ◽  
Culture Positive

Objective: To explore the incidence and trend of ROP over the past 10 years. The secondary objective was to identifyany association between clinical variables and threshold ROP.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective study of infants with <33 weeks’ gestational age (GA) orbirth weight (BW) ≤1,500g were screened for ROP between January 2010 and December 2019 Infants who hadthreshold ROP, labelled as the T-group, were compared against non-threshold infants (either normal or prethresholdROP), or the NT-group.Results: Of the 1,247 infants who were screened for ROP, 174 (14%) tested positive for ROP while 26 (2.1%) hadthreshold ROP. Infants who had ROP had a mean ±standard deviation (SD) GA 27.2 ± 2.2 weeks and 115 (66.1%)were <1000g at birth. Advanced GA was independently associated with lower risk of threshold ROP [adjusted oddsratio (95% confidence interval, CI); 0.71 (0.52, 0.98), p=0.04]. There was no difference in respiratory and hemodynamicoutcomes between the T and NT-group, except for longer hospitalization (median [P25, P75]; 121[106.3, 160.5]and 93.5[72.3, 129] days, p=0.003]. Culture-positive septicemia was independently associated with threshold ROP[adjusted odds ratio (95% CI); 4.48 (1.72, 11.68), p=0.002].Conclusion: The incidence of different stages of ROP in infants was 14% and 2.1% for severe ROP which requiredtreatment. Lower GA and positive-culture septicemia was associated with a higher incidence of severe ROP.

Determinants of Dutch general practitioners’ nutrition and physical activity guidance practices

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1321-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja ME van Dillen ◽  
Gerrit J Hiddink ◽  
Cees MJ van Woerkum
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
General Practice ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mail Questionnaire ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
Nutrition And Physical Activity

AbstractObjectiveGeneral practitioners (GP) are uniquely placed to guide their patients on nutrition and physical activity. The aims of the present study were to assess: (i) the extent to which GP guide on nutrition and physical activity; (ii) the determinants that cause GP to give guidance on nutrition and physical activity; and (iii) the extent to which these guidance practices have the same determinants.DesignCross-sectional study, mail questionnaire.SettingDutch general practice.SubjectsFour hundred and seventy-two GP in practice for 5–30 years.ResultsOur study showed that the majority of GP had similar practices for both nutrition and physical activity guidance. Fair associations were found between nutrition and physical activity guidance practices. More than half of the explained variance in the models of physical activity guidance practices was improved by the inclusion of nutrition guidance practices in the models. Moreover, GP reported higher frequencies of physical activity guidance practices than nutrition guidance practices. Nutrition guidance practices predicted the same physical activity guidance practices.ConclusionsThe majority of GP had similar practices for nutrition and physical activity guidance. GP were more inclined to guide their patients on physical activity than on nutrition. Self-efficacy was found to be a determinant in most models for guidance practices. Guidance practices proved to be a mix of prevention and treatment components. Consequently, we advise raising the self-efficacy of GP by training in medical school and in continuing medical education. We also recommend the combination of both nutrition and physical activity guidance in general practice.

scholarly journals Assessment of Risk Factors in Synanthropic and Wild Rodents Infected by Pathogenic Leptospira spp. Captured in Southern Chile

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2133
Author(s):  
Jhuliana Luna ◽  
Miguel Salgado ◽  
Carlos Tejeda ◽  
Manuel Moroni ◽  
Gustavo Monti
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
Pathogenic Leptospira ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wildlife Species ◽  
Synanthropic Species

Leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic Leptospira, and synanthropic and wildlife species of rodents are an important source of infection; however, much of the information about infection progression was obtained from murine models. The aim of this study was to assess infection status and risk factors associated with pathogenic Leptospira in synanthropic and wild rodent species and describe histopathological lesions in several organs from naturally infected animals. In a cross-sectional study, 121 rodents from three synanthropic species and two wild species were trapped in dairy farms in Southern Chile. Liver, heart, kidney, and lungs from trapped animals were fixed in formalin and stained with hematoxylin–eosin. Tissues with lesions consistent with Leptospira infection were tested by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using the LipL32 antigen. Risk factors were assessed by a conditional mixed-logistic regression model. More than half (56.7%) of the negative reactors to the microscopic agglutination test were identified as infected either by IHC/qPCR. A lower risk of infection compared to the rest of the seasons was found in the fall, and the synanthropic species have a lower risk of infection in comparison with the wildlife species. IHC and qPCR contributed to the identification of pathogenic Leptospira in related histological lesions and 50% more infections than serology.

Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale: Validation of the Arabic Version Among Jordanians With Chronic Diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 890-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad W. Darawad ◽  
Ayman M. Hamdan-Mansour ◽  
Amani A. Khalil ◽  
Diana Arabiat ◽  
Osama A. Samarkandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Scale Validation ◽  
Arabic Version ◽  
Exercise Frequency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Reliable Scale

This study assessed the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of Exercise Self-Efficacy scale (ESE-A) among Jordanian outpatients with a variety of chronic diseases using descriptive cross-sectional design. Participants’ scores of ESE-A significantly correlated with their reported weekly exercise frequency ( r = .23, p< .001), duration ( r = .31, p< .001), and evaluation of their physical exercise ( r = .39, p< .001). The construct validity was tested using exploratory factor analysis, which retained all items, and the scree plot showed one meaningful factor with an eigenvalue of 10.38 and an explained variance of 57.7%. Furthermore, Cronbach’s alpha was .89 and split-half coefficient was .83 indicating that the ESE-A is a reliable scale. The ESE-A was found to be a robust measure to evaluate exercise self-efficacy among Arabic patients with chronic diseases. Arabic researchers interested in exercise self-efficacy are invited to utilize the ESE-A in their studies to confirm its psychometric properties.

Psychological Resilience Provides No Independent Protection From Suicidal Risk

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danica W. Y. Liu ◽  
A. Kate Fairweather-Schmidt ◽  
Richard Burns ◽  
Rachel M. Roberts ◽  
Kaarin J. Anstey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Life Project ◽  
Resilience Factors ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Background: Little is known about the role of resilience in the likelihood of suicidal ideation (SI) over time. Aims: We examined the association between resilience and SI in a young-adult cohort over 4 years. Our objectives were to determine whether resilience was associated with SI at follow-up or, conversely, whether SI was associated with lowered resilience at follow-up. Method: Participants were selected from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Project from Canberra and Queanbeyan, Australia, aged 28–32 years at the first time point and 32–36 at the second. Multinomial, linear, and binary regression analyses explored the association between resilience and SI over two time points. Models were adjusted for suicidality risk factors. Results: While unadjusted analyses identified associations between resilience and SI, these effects were fully explained by the inclusion of other suicidality risk factors. Conclusion: Despite strong cross-sectional associations, resilience and SI appear to be unrelated in a longitudinal context, once risk/resilience factors are controlled for. As independent indicators of psychological well-being, suicidality and resilience are essential if current status is to be captured. However, the addition of other factors (e.g., support, mastery) makes this association tenuous. Consequently, resilience per se may not be protective of SI.

Personality's Correlates of Adult Development and Aging

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Vittorio Caprara ◽  
Mariagiovanna Caprara ◽  
Patrizia Steca
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Efficacy Beliefs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Development And Aging ◽  
And Gender

Three cross-sectional studies examined stability and change in personality over the course of life by measuring the relations linking age to personality traits, self-efficacy beliefs, values, and well-being in large samples of Italian male and female participants. In each study, relations between personality and age were examined across several age groups ranging from young adulthood to old age. In each study, personality constructs were first examined in terms of mean group differences accrued by age and gender and then in terms of their correlations with age across gender and age groups. Furthermore, personality-age correlations were also calculated, controlling for the demographic effects accrued by marital status, education, and health. Findings strongly indicated that personality functioning does not necessarily decline in the later years of life, and that decline is more pronounced in males than it is in females across several personality dimensions ranging from personality traits, such as emotional stability, to self-efficacy beliefs, such as efficacy in dealing with negative affect. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for personality theory and social policy.

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