scholarly journals Hematologic Toxicity of Antiretroviral Drug, Zidolam (zidovudine and lamivudine) in Adult Wistar Rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-44
Author(s):  
OA Osonuga ◽  
OI Osonuga ◽  
AA Osonuga ◽  
A Osonuga
Keyword(s):  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Hematologic Toxicity ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Highly Active

Objective: Zidolam is an highly active antiretroviral combination therapy (HAART) for the treatment of HIV infection. Efforts in this study intend to buttress evidence of hemato-toxicity associated with administration of HAARTs by using Zidolam. Material & Methods: 30 albino rats with body weight (bwt) of 150 - 230 gm were used for the 2-phase study. Solution of the drug in sterile water was administered via oral cannula to the 2 groups of 10 rats (5 males and 5 females) each at daily dose of 1.29mg/100gm bwt respectively for 21 days during phase I. Phase II was a recovery study involving 10 rats (5 males and 5 females) exposed to dose regimen as in phase I, and sacrificed after 21-days withdrawal of treatment. The control group of 10 animals (5 males and 5 females) was given sterile water ad-libitum. Blood samples were collected by cardio-puncture from the rats for hematology at the end of each phase. Results: Zidolam caused significant reduction (P< 0.05) in the hematological parameters of the animals. Discontinuation of the drug use caused gradual restoration of the parameters in the recovery group. Conclusion: The results suggested that Zidolam could induce anemia and leucopenia in the treated animals. This supports the reason it is used with caution in anemic and leucopenic patients with HIV infection and perhaps reason for pre-hematological screening before treatment with zidolam. Key Words: Zidolam; hematology; wistar rats; Highly active antiretroviral combination therapy (HAART)DOI: 10.3126/ajms.v1i2.3352Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 1 (2010) 41-44

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Antipyretic Activity of an Ayurvedic Herbo-mineral Formulation Dhatryadi Churna and Its Modified Dosage form in Albino Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 289-300
Author(s):  
Bharat Rathi ◽  
Sanket Shelke ◽  
Renu Rathi ◽  
Devyani Awari
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Antipyretic Activity ◽  
Animal House

Introduction: Experimental studies are essential and expected part of a new drug development. The studies are conducted to know about the toxic effects (if any), produced by the drug & to access safety of the drug. Studies also help to ascertain the efficacy of the drug & measures to be taken so as to curtail the toxic effects. Aim & Objective: Study was aimed to do comparative evaluation of antipyretic activity of an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation Dhatryadi Churna and its modified dosage form in experimental albino rats. Materials and Methods: Present study was carried out at Animal house attached with the Institute. 24 healthy Albino wistar rats of either sex weighing 180-200 gm were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups. Pyrexia was induced in rat by subcutaneous injection of 10 mL/kg b.w. of a 20% aqueous suspension of brewer's yeast.  The trial drug Dhatryadi Churna and Dhatryadi Vati administered orally in the form of suspension to the albino rats. Observation and Results: The present result shows that the Dhatryadi Churna (DC) and Dhatryadi Vati (DV) have a significant antipyretic effect in yeast induced pyrexia in rats. Hematological parameters were found to be within the normal biological and laboratory limits on comparison with the values of the control group. Conclusion: Dhatryadi churna and Dhatryadi Vati does not show significant adverse effects on the blood, blood cells, and target organs at the doses used and can be safely used in human being.

scholarly journals Deleterious Effects of Ethanol on Hematological Parameters and Fertility in Albino Rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
OA Osonuga ◽  
OI Osonuga ◽  
AA Osonuga
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Hematological Disorders ◽  
Phase Study

Objective: Hematological disorders including anaemia are prevalent in alcoholics. The study was an attempt to find out the toxic effects of ethanol on blood values and semen parameters of albino rats. Material & Methods: 15 male albino rats with body weight (bwt) of 190 – 220 gm were used for the 2-phase study. 25% ethanol was administered via oral cannula to a group of 5 male rats each at daily dose of 0.6ml/200gm bwt respec-tively for 3 days during phase I. Phase II was a recovery study involving 5 male rats exposed to dose regimen as in phase I, and sacrificed after 3-day withdrawal of treatment. The control group of 5 male rats was given sterile water ad-libitum. Each animal was weighed before sacrifice to obtain difference in bwt relative to its basal value. Blood samples were collected by cardio-puncture from the rats for hematology and serum testosterone at the end of each phase. Semen parameters were determined and compared with controls. Results: Ethanol caused significant reduction (P< 0.05) in the hematological profile as well as in the serum testoster-one and semen parameters of the animals. Discontinuation of the drug use however showed gradual recovery of the depressed indices of the semen, serum testosterone and blood parameters. Conclusion: The ethanol could induce reversible changes in hematological profiles and semen parameters of rats, and by extension man. Hence, the study supported the use of alcohol with caution especially in infertile men and those prone to anemic tendencies. Key Words: Albino rats; ethanol; semen parameters; hematology DOI: 10.3126/ajms.v1i2.3350Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 1 (2010) 37-40

In Vivo Anti-Anemic Effect of an Aqueous Root Extract of Phyllanthus Muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell in Model Rats.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Nyirenda ◽  
Gershom B. Lwanga ◽  
Kaampwe M. Muzandu ◽  
David K. Chuba ◽  
Gibson M. Sijumbila
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extract ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Aqueous Root Extract

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevanceAnemia is a very serious condition in Zambia. One of the plants that has been used traditionally is Phyllanthus muellerianus where different parts of shrub are used to treat a number of diseases in Zambian folklore medicine. Earlier studies have investigated medicinal properties of its aqueous root extracts. This study evaluated the effect of P. muellerianus roots on the hematological indices of albino rats and determined its phytochemical profile. Aim of the studyTo carry out phytochemical screening of the root extract and assess the ant-anemic effect of the aqueous extract on laboratory rats with tail-bled induced anemia Materials and MethodsThirty-six male albino rats placed in six groups were used for the study. The groups comprised the 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg plant extract, Ranferon (200 mg/kg) positive control, anemic non treated control and a normal (non-anemic) control. Anemia, induced through bleeding of the rats, was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) levels less than 12 g/dL. The anti-anemic potential of the plant was determined by comparing its effect on the hematological parameters of rats on treatment to that of the control group.ResultsAfter treatment, rats on the 400 mg/kg plant extract dose showed the greatest increase in the mean values for Hb, Packed cell volume (PCV) and RBC count were 43.3±1.2%, 15.4±0.3 g/dL and 6.3±0.3 x106 /mL respectively, when compared to the negative control group (P < 0.05). Phytochemical screening revealed positive results for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, triterpenoids and tannins with varying amounts.Conclusions. The aqueous root extract of P. muellerianus was efficacious against anemia in a dose-dependent manner. The phytochemical compositions seem to be responsible for its hematopoietic properties. Thus, the root decoction of P. muellerianus is useful in alleviating anemia and the results lend credence to its use in traditional medicine in the management of anemia.

scholarly journals RESVERATROL INCLUSION COMPLEX WITH β-CYCLODEXTRIN (RCD): CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF TOXICITY IN WISTAR RATS

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. K. Nishihira ◽  
N. J. Mezzomo ◽  
M. D. Baldissera ◽  
R. A. Vaucher ◽  
C. G. Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Complex ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry

<p class="RSCB01ARTAbstract"><strong>Objective</strong>:<strong> </strong>The aim of this study was to characterise the resveratrol inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin (RCD) and evaluate their toxicity in wistar rats.</p><p class="RSCB01ARTAbstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>The RCD were prepared in ultra-turrax. For characterization of the RCD were used: Fourier transform infra-red Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction. The RCD and others 4 treatments were performed by the chronic oral administration in 35 rats during 60 ds. After the treatments they were euthanized and the serum blood were collected to analyzed some hemogram and biochemical parameters including aspartyl aminotransferase (AST); alanine aminotransferase (AST); phosphatase alkaline (ALP); total bilirubin (TB); direct bilirubin (DB); total protein (TP); total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), calcium, iron and phosphate using fully automated biochemistry analyzer.</p><p class="RSCB01ARTAbstract"><strong>Results: </strong>The characterization results indicated a successful formation of the RCD. All hematological parameters analysed were within the normal values in all the groups. Furthermore, the hemogram and biochemical parameters were significantly (P&gt;0.05) similar to the control group.</p><p class="RSCB01ARTAbstract"><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The daily oral administration during 60 d of RCD are not harmful on blood parameters of Wistar rats. Thus, RCD can be used safely for treatment of some metabolic diseases.</p>

scholarly journals Examination of Haematotoxicity of Fixed-Dose Highly Active Antiretroviral Drug in Albino Wistar Rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Thomas Nubila ◽  
Ernest O. Ukaejiofo ◽  
Nkoyo I. Nubila ◽  
Godfrey I. Okorie
Keyword(s):  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Significant Difference

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is considered toxic and has other life-threatening side effects. Our aim was to evaluate the haematotoxic effects of lamivudine, zidovudine, and nevirapine fixed-dose combinations in Albino Wistar rats. Fifty (50) three (3) months old male Albino Wistar rats weighing between 200 and 250 g were randomly assigned to five (5) groups (A, B, C, D, and E). Group A served as control. Two (2 mLs) of venous blood was aseptically collected on Days 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 of treatment. Red blood cell (RBC) mean value recorded statistically significant increase () in groups B and C when compared with the control group on Day 5. However, there was a statistically significant decrease () in RBC, haemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), and some red cell indices on Day 10. In addition there was no statistically significant difference () in all the parameters evaluated when the test group was compared with the control on Day 25. Furthermore, there was a time-related statistically significant increase () in the two major blood cells—RBC and platelet counts. From the result of this present study, it can be concluded that HAART when administered in fixed-dose combinations have no subacute haematotoxic effects.

scholarly journals A 90-Day Oral Toxicity of Hydroethanolic Root Extract of Carissa spinarum in Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Komlan M. Dossou-Yovo ◽  
Aboudoulatif Diallo ◽  
Povi Lawson-Evi ◽  
Yendubé T. Kantati ◽  
Tchin Darré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Significant Difference

Background. Herbal medication is a worldwide and ancient practice, mostly in developing countries, where a large part of the population is involved in this practice. Hence, studies must be conducted to evaluate their safety and efficiency to avoid or prevent toxicological risks due to their usage. In Togo, Carissa spinarum is a medicinal plant belonging to Apocynaceae family, used as an aphrodisiac or to heal some ailments including malaria, sickle cell anemia, hypertension, pain, and asthma. Notwithstanding its several ethnomedicinal benefits, just a few toxicological data associated with its chronic use are available. Objective. Therefore, this study aims to assess the toxicity of an ethanolic root extract of Carissa spinarum in Wistar rats. Methods. The 90-day oral toxicity process following OECD TG 408 guidelines is used. Male Wistar rats received Carissa spinarum root hydroethanolic extract at 500 and 1000 mg/kg for 90 days by oral gavage. Body weight changes, hematological and blood biochemical parameters, organ weight changes, malondialdehyde as a lipoperoxidation marker expressed according to tissue proteins, and histopathology of vital organs were assessed. Results. No signs of toxicity or mortality were observed during the 90 days experiment. Hematological parameters have not shown any treatment-related abnormalities. According to biochemical parameters, an increase in the chloride ion level was observed at 1000 mg/kg p < 0.01 . There was no significant difference between the treated groups and the control group concerning the malondialdehyde concentration, body weight, and organ relative weight. No changes in necropsy and histopathology of vital organs associated with extract treatment were observed. Conclusion. The results indicated that an ethanolic root extract of Carissa spinarum does not cause adverse effects, which can lead to Wistar rats’ death after 90-day oral administration at 500 and 1000 mg.

Zidovudine and Didanosine Combination Therapy in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Husson ◽  
Brigitta U. Mueller ◽  
Maureen Farley ◽  
Linda L. Lewis ◽  
Frank M. Balis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Nucleoside Analogues ◽  
Hematologic Toxicity ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Objective. Zidovudine and didanosine are both beneficial for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children. Because disease progression and toxicity often limit their long-term use as single agents, new approaches to using nucleoside analogues are necessary to improve current antiretroviral therapy. Design. We conducted a phase I-II study to evaluate the tolerance, pharmacokinetics, and antiviral activity of the combination of zidovudine and didanosine in children with HIV infection. Sixty-eight children who were either previously untreated or who had manifested hematologic toxicity on full-dose zidovudine were enrolled. Eight dose combinations were studied in the previously untreated children, with doses of zidovudine ranging from 90 to 180 mg/m2 every 6 hours and doses of didanosine ranging from 90 to 180 mg/m2 every 12 hours. Results. Fifty-four previously untreated HIV-infected children were enrolled in this part of the study, of whom 49 remained in the study for a minimum of 24 weeks. For children with previous zidovudine-related hematologic toxicity, three dose levels with zidovudine at 60 mg/m2 every 6 hours orally and didanosine ranging from 90 to 180 mg/m2 every 12 hours orally were used. A total of 14 children were enrolled in this part of the study, and 12 remained on therapy for at least 24 weeks. No evidence of new or enhanced toxicity was observed in either group. After 24 weeks, the median CD4 cell count for all patients increased from 331 to 556 cells/mm3 (P = .01). For the previously untreated group, the median increase in CD4 counts was from 386 to 726 cells/mm3 (P = .003). The median p24 antigen concentration (in those with a detectable level at baseline) decreased from 95 to &lt;31 pg/mL (P &lt; .001). The geometric mean titer of HIV in plasma decreased from 83.1 to 2.7 tissue culture infectious doses/mL (P = .001). Conclusions. The combination of zidovudine and didanosine was well-tolerated at doses as high as those used in single agent therapy. Potent in vivo antiviral activity was observed. Combination therapy with nucleoside analogues may be an important approach to optimizing the use of these agents in the treatment of HIV infection.

scholarly journals Ameliorative Effects of Fenugreek Seeds and Curcumin on Hematotoxicity induced by Nicotine in Male Albino Rats

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-08
Author(s):  
Azab Elsayed Azab ◽  
Mohamed Omar Albasha ◽  
Manal Abuelkasem Elnaif
Keyword(s):  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Group V ◽  
Fenugreek Seeds ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I

The present study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effects of fenugreek seeds and curcumin on hematotoxicity induced by nicotine in male albino rats. 30 male F-344/NHsd Fischer rats, weighing from 180 to 200g were used in the present study. The animals were divided into five groups (6 rats for each); Group I (control group), Group II (nicotine treated group), Group III (nicotine/fenugreek seeds co-administered), Group IV (nicotine/curcumin co-administered), and Group V (nicotine/curcumin& fenugreek seeds co-administered). At the end of the experimentation and 24 hours after the last dose, all animals were anaesthetized with ether and blood samples were collected by heart puncture. The samples were collected in clean dry tubes containing the anticoagulant substance EDTA and used for the hematological studies. The results showed that the animals treated with nicotine for 4 weeks showed a significant decrease in RBCs count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, MCH, MCHC, and platelets count, and increased MCV and WBCs count as compared to the control group. Co-administration of nicotine with fenugreek and/or curcumin caused improvement in all hematological parameters when compared with nicotine group. It can be concluded that nicotine had a strong effect on the hematological parameters. The ingestion of fenugreek and/or curcumin prevent the hematoxicity induced by nicotine. The current study suggests that fenugreek and curcumin may be useful in combating free radical-induced hematotoxicity induced by nicotine.

scholarly journals Effect of carissa edulis (VAHL) apocynaceae stem bark on hematological parameters in ccl¬4 induced albino rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Y. Y. Izam ◽  
B. B. Bukar
Keyword(s):  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Normal Control Group ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Hematological Effect

Aim/Objectives: There are claims that Carissa edulis has positive effects on hematological parameters. The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety and claimed hematological effect of Carissa edulis on rats intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride.Method: Thirty six male albino rats were randomly allotted to six groups of six rats per group. The animals were treated with (250, 500 and 1000mg/kg of the stem bark extract of Carissa edulis. The extract was administered daily by gavage to the animals for 28 consecutive days. The 50%v/v Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and olive oil was gavaged twice a week. The animals of the normal control group were given 5ml/kg of distilled water while those of the CCl4 group were administered CCl4 only twice a week.Result: Results of the study showed that the CCl4 group caused a significant decrease in most of the hematological parameters while the extract treated groups showed a significant increase in these parameters.Discussion / Conclusion: This suggests that the ethanolic stem bark extract has erythropoietic, thrombopoietic and positive effect on the immune system.   

scholarly journals Protective effect of blackthorn fruits (Prunus spinosa) against tartrazine toxicity development in albino Wistar rats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igori Balta ◽  
Bogdan Sevastre ◽  
Vioara Mireșan ◽  
Marian Taulescu ◽  
Camelia Raducu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Water Group ◽  
Prunus Spinosa ◽  
Food Dye ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Background: Tartrazine (Yellow 5 or E102) is a synthetic food dye able to modify perception and behavior, causingagitation, confusion, rhinitis and can produce hyperactivity syndrome in children when is combined with benzoates.Additionally, it can trigger oxidative stress which consequently generates metabolic disorders. Therefore, the studywas designed to evaluate the harmful effects of the food additive tartrazine and to observe beneficial properties ofblackthorn fruits (Prunus spinosa) on the blood and organs of albino Wistar rats.Materials and methods: This study was carried out on 20 mature Wistar rats, randomly divided into four groupsof five animals. Over the course of the experiment, the control group received only food and drinking water, group Ireceived 75 mg of tartrazine dissolved in (250 ml) water group II was given 75 mg of tartrazine and 200 mg of driedblackthorn fruit powder 200 mg dissolved simultaneously in (250 ml) of tartrazine-water mixture (aiming to reducethe tartrazine toxicity) and group III received a higher dose of tartrazine (100 mg) in (250 ml) of water.Results: At the end of the experiment, values regarding kidney and liver weight were significantly increased, whilethe weight of the spleen was slightly decreased compared with the weight of the control group. Biochemical andhematological assays, of the blood samples show that the addition of tartrazine in the diet of rats caused significantchanges in all biochemical and hematological parameters of the blood. In the group II, which received (P. spinosa)powder combined with tartrazine, the biochemical and hematological parameters had average values similar to thecontrol group.Conclusions: Histopathological assay showed that the application of tartrazine in the group I, II and III producedlesions of the kidneys, spleen and the liver for all rodents. Tartrazine was able to generate histopathological changes,which caused significantly tissue lesions of the liver and significant changes in blood parameters. Blackthorn powdershowed a promising protective role for the blood parameters but demonstrated no significant benefits for the organs.

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