GLOBAL MIGRATION PROCESSES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 4-32
Author(s):  
MAZARAKI Anatolii ◽  
MELNYK Tetiana ◽  
LOSHENIUK Oksana
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Global Migration ◽  
The World ◽  
International Migrants ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Work Abroad

Background. To mitigate the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to develop an effective national policy and administrative framework that will promote regulated circular labor migration while maximizing the benefits of its effective organization and strengthening measures to protect Ukrainian citizens abroad and foreign migrants in Ukraine, creating conditions for the reintegration of Ukrainian migrants. The aim of the article is to study the changes in global migration flows due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of providing a scientific basis for reforming national migration policy. Materials and methods. In the course of the research the methods of statistical analysis, synthesis, grouping and graphical representation of the results have been used. Results. As a result of the analysis it is determined that the main trends in population migration in the world are: the largest share of the population migrating from developing countries to developed countries; continued increase in forced migration due to conflict, harassment, violence or human rights violations; most international migrants in the world live in a small number of countries; international migration often remains within the main regions; the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has slowed the growth of international migrants and millions of people have lost their jobs and returned home during lockdowns in destination countries, where the economic downturn is also continuing and unemployment is rising. It has been proven that the most favourable conditions for migrant workers, which proved to be the most vulnerable category during the pandemic, were created by European governments. The main preconditions for mass external labor migration from Ukraine are identified: dissatisfaction of Ukrainian citizens with wages, working conditions or vacancies, lack of jobs, socio-economic crisis, decline in production, lack of identified prospects and opportunities for development and self-realization. It is substantiated that the COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly affect migration flows from Ukraine – the return of citizens did not become large-scale, the amount of remittances from abroad decreased slightly. Conclusion. In the future, the COVID-19 pandemic will have a short-term impact on external labor migration from Ukraine. With the spread of the disease, the intensity of Ukrainians going to work abroad will decrease, but if the epidemic ends, the flow will resume quickly. Even if the pandemic causes a global economic crisis and the demand for workers falls, the work of Ukrainian citizens will still be in demand by European countries for economic recovery. Therefore, the state migration policy at the present stage should be aimed at expanding opportunities for Ukrainians to legally work abroad, maintaining closer contacts with those who are in other countries, as well as encouraging citizens to work in Ukraine and convincing them of the expediency of return.

scholarly journals Labor Migration from Ukraine to Poland: Regulatory Framework, Key Issues and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Yaryna Turchyn ◽  
Teresa Astramowicz-Leyk ◽  
Olha Ivasechko
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Main Motive ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Donor State

The article deals with the conceptions of the international migration, focusing on the most relevant strategies in terms of migrant workers adaptation. The authors analyse the following conceptions: the “Pull/Push” theory, Adaptation (acculturation) Strategy, Relative Inequality Theory of Migration, the Human Capital Theory. Legal framework of Ukraine and Poland in the sphere of labor migration regulation, including set of legal acts, adopted by both countries in order to minimize possible negative outcomes caused by evolving migration flows have been analyzed. The main “pushing” migration factors of the donor countries and “pulling” factors of the recipients are clarified. The main motive for migrating to Poland is to form a so-called "airbag" for their families in Ukraine. The point is that thanks to remittances, clothes, food, etc., Ukrainian labor migrants form a sense of confidence in the future of their family members in the “era of poverty”, which is identified with the Ukrainian state. The positive and negative consequences of the migration flows intensification of Ukrainian workers for both Ukraine and Poland are highlighted. Future scenarios for modeling migration flows are shaped, namely: optimistic, pessimistic, and realistic and the Covid-19 migration pattern. Recommendations for strengthening the effectiveness of Ukrainian-Polish cooperation in solving of the labor migration problems are suggested. The assessment of the trends of current migration policy of Warsaw has been carried out in accordance with multilateral MIPEX Index. Thus, migration policy is assessing as the “equality in the paper” and is rating lower (40/100 points) than average indicator among EU-countries. The conclusions assert that migration policy should be based on the principle of “tripartism” and serve the donor state, the recipient state and the migrants themselves.

scholarly journals International migration policy: from theories to implementations

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Global Migration ◽  
The World ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
The Impact

The international migration policy under the conditions of migration crisis and COVID-19 pandemic is being updated both at the global level and level of national economies. Numerous international legal acts implemented by the world community since the early 1950s are further evidence that the problem of international migration is not a new, but an urgent problem that is exacerbated in the XXI century. The subject of the article is the world migration policy under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal is to analyze the tools for regulating migration flows at the international level. Objectives: analysis of the international experience of migration policy and classification the main types of migration based on various grounds, systematization the key institutional practices of international migration regulation, assessment of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international migration policy, formation the recommendations for integration of migrants into host communities of different countries. General scientific methods are used: system analysis – to determine the characteristics of global migration flows, induction and deduction – to systematize the key causes, consequences and types of international migration. The following results were obtained: current trends in global migration during 1999-2019 were analyzed, the regulatory support of migration processes at the global level was assessed, changes in remittances of migrant workers were analyzed, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international migration policy was analyzed. Conclusions: over the last 20 years, the number of international migrants has increased significantly to 271.6 million people, which is 3.5% of the world’s population; the share of migrants in the total population is highest in the UAE, Qatar, Kuwait; the most popular countries for labor migration at the beginning of 2020 are the United States, Germany and Saudi Arabia; requirements for migration policy in the XXI century are growing constantly, because of the fact that it allows to use the positive potential of migration in the interests of countries development, active international cooperation in this area, and the new challenges facing the world economy; the international migration policy is being transformed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic – many countries granting migrants a regulated status, extending their residence and work permits, providing them with access to basic health care and social security, et.

scholarly journals Geography of international migration in the modern age of globalization

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Sintserov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
World Population ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Global Migration ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
International Migrants

The article deals with international migration during the last decades of the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st centuries and its economic-geographical analysis. The paper provides an overview of opinions about the dating of the contemporary era of global migration. It is shown that only after completion of spatial restructuring of migration processes and with the transition to sustainable growth of the share of international migrants in the world population, the modern increase of migration begins. On the basis of the UN statistics the main sources of migrants to the countries of Western Europe have been determined as well as shifts in the geographical structure of migrant population of the region that have taken place in the last quarter of a century. Two migration waves directed to the core of the European region from its southern and then from the eastern periphery are determined. The transformation of the USA population structure caused by the migration inflow from Latin America and Asia is described. The ratio of the main directions of global migration is shown: South-South, South-North, etc. At the same time, it is noted that a rather limited part of international migrations is associated with the asynchrony of demographic processes in the regions of the world. The article also discusses the remittances of migrants from developing countries to their homeland, forming powerful financial flows, which are second only to foreign direct investment. They play an especially important role in the economies of developing countries. The calculations show that the contribution of international migrants to the world economy far exceeds their share in the world population.

scholarly journals Methods of Ukrainian labor migrants reintegration in the context of state migration policy

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Liubomyr ROMAN
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. The reintegration of migrant workers is the renewal and accelerated development of ties between the individual and the society, the economic and cultural systems, the restoration of the impact of the individual on socio-economic, socio-cultural and political processes and phenomena, increasing participation in the processes of sustainable development on the basis of introducing elements of economic culture countries of pre-migration. The methodological bases for improving the mechanisms of reintegration of labor migrants should be assessed on the basis of available political and legal support. The problem of labor migration has now taken on a national scale, which brings it out of the limits of the influence of any organization, cluster or individual state authority. The formulation of a strategy for regulating labor migration should be made on the basis of the status of this problem as a national one, therefore, requiring macroeconomic regulation, which will be supported by a strong institutional and regulatory framework. The purpose of the paper is to substantiate the method of reintegration of Ukrainian labor migrants in the context of state migration policy. Results. Theoretical aspects of reintegration of labor migrants are covered. The content analysis of the legal acts of the President of Ukraine is carried out. A number of significant legal acts that have or can have a significant impact on state migration policy are characterized. The peculiarities of the functioning of the central executive body, which implements the state policy in the sphere of migration, and the recent changes in determining the range of subjects of formation and implementation of the state policy in the sphere of labor migration are analyzed. The importance of regulating the issue of investments earned during the emigration of funds into the national economy is substantiated. Conclusion. According to the conducted research, the method of reintegration of Ukrainian labor migrants in the context of the state migration policy is formed under the influence of debates about the factors, directions and forms of support of the respective processes by the state authorities. We believe that the main disadvantage of reintegration institutional support is the lack of a unified approach to the role and importance of repatriates for the sustainable development of the national economy. In our opinion, this approach should be consolidated in the form of the Law of Ukraine with a clear definition of the subjects of assistance to repatriation and reintegration of labor migrants, as well as to strengthen with additional measures of informational, organizational character, tax privileges for investing the money earned abroad for search, development of employers of skilled migrant workers returning to Ukraine.

Labor Migration Policy in Colombia

1979 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-454
Author(s):  
Lelio Mármora
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Potential Impact

Awareness of the potential impact of emigration on the sending country has been increasing in Latin America during the 1970s. Colombia is the first country in Latin America with high emigration rates that has begun to develop a systematic immigration policy. The policy consists of programs aimed at retaining potential emigrants, channelling and regularizing migratory flows, and providing assistance to migrant workers and their families. This article discusses the context and application of these programs.

scholarly journals Global Trends in the Labor Market and Balance of Losses and Benefits from Labor Migration

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 05012
Author(s):  
Emília Krajňáková ◽  
Sergej Vojtovič
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Migration Flows

The study deals with the analysis of global labor market trends in the European Union countries under the influence of free movement and labor migration within the European Union. Named analyzes include defining trends in the emigration and immigration flows of the workforce among the countries of the European Union that apply the policy of migration and countries that are the source of labor emigration. On this basis, labor migration losses and benefits are assessed and their impact on GDP creation on the labor market, the state budget and other economic and social indicators for countries with a migration policy and for countries with a strong majority of labor migration flows abroad are examined. On this basis, the processes of creating imbalances in the European labor market, which are affected by the absence of balance sheets in the benefits and losses of labor migration for individual countries, are examined. The analyzes and investigations carried out have resulted in the definition and justification of the shift in the balance of losses and benefits of labor migration towards a predominance of benefits for countries with a migration policy and a prevalence of losses for countries with a strong dominance of labor migration flows abroad.

Labor Migration and Trafficking among Vietnamese Migrants in Asia

2014 ◽  
Vol 653 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danièle Bélanger
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Temporary Migration ◽  
Guest Worker ◽  
Bonded Labor ◽  
Migration Flows

Asia is known as a continent where human trafficking is particularly prevalent. Departing from the bulk of research on trafficking in Asia that focuses on illegal migration and prostitution, this article examines the embeddedness of human trafficking in legal temporary migration flows. This analysis uses survey and interview data to document the experiences of Vietnamese migrants who worked in East Asian countries. It identifies a continuum of trafficking, abuse, exploitation, and forced labor, and examines how exploitation begins at the recruitment stage with the creation of bonded labor. Guest-worker programs in destination countries put migrants in particularly precarious situations, which do, in some cases, qualify as trafficking. I argue that temporary migration programs may create the conditions that lead to extreme forms of exploitation among many legal migrant workers in the region.

scholarly journals COVID-19 AND LABOR MIGRATION OF NEED, DESPAIR, POVERTY FROM UKRAINE TO EUROPE

MEST Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Oksana Koshulko ◽  
Sergii Dzholos
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Qualitative Case Studies ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Work Abroad

The article presents the results of research concerning the current issues of Ukrainian labor migrants to Poland and other European countries before and during the pandemic, as well as results of the analysis of the actions of the current Ukrainian Government’s attempts to stop migration flows from Ukraine. Primary and secondary sources of information have been used in the process of preparing the article. Primary data was collected using qualitative case studies conducted among labor migrants in Poland and Ukraine from 2018 to 2020. Secondary data was taken from Ukrainian, Polish, and other international sources of information. In particular, the secondary data of information was taken from open publications and open sources. Also, in the article, the four categories of need, which pushed Ukrainian labor migrants to work abroad, have been identified and characterized. Besides, an evaluation has been given of the Ukrainian Government’s performance, at the time when it was attempting to stop the migration flows from Ukraine to other countries of Europe but left no alternatives for its workers within the country. In general, analysis of challenges of Ukrainian labor migration to other countries of Europe during the international COVID-19 pandemic is a topical and timely subject for research.

scholarly journals Mongolian Labor Migration to Republic of Korea in Recent Historical Period: Forced Mobility and Social Event

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 359-380
Author(s):  
I. G. Aktamov ◽  
Yu. G. Grigoreva
Keyword(s):  
Labor Migration ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The issues of the reasons, factors and features of labor migration of Mongolian citizens to the Republic of Korea in the post-socialist period of the country’s development are considered. The results of a comparative analysis of the data of official statistics, government bodies of Mongolia and the Republic of Korea, as well as international organizations are presented. A review of scientific works on this issue by domestic, Mongolian, South Korean authors is carried out. The relevance of the study is due to the need to analyze migration processes, which in the near future will determine the socio-economic development of the states of Northeast Asia, taking into account the age, professional, gender characteristics of the “receiving” and “arriving” communities. It has been proven that the government of Mongolia pays great attention to migration policy, which emphasizes the migration of Mongolian citizens to the Republic of Korea. The authors identified the main factors influencing migration flows, and also determined the mechanisms of state regulation in the recent historical period. In the conclusion, the results of the analysis carried out on the problem and the prospects for the development of the study are formulated, including in the field of studying migration flows from the border regions of the Russian Federation. 

scholarly journals External Labor Migration from Ukraine: the Impact of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-40
Author(s):  
E. M. LIBANOVA ◽  
O. V. POZNIAK
Keyword(s):  
Labor Migration ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Business Support ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

The article is devoted to the assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on the tendencies of external labor migration from Ukraine. The relevance of the work is due to the limited analytical research on population migration during the pandemic. Until the beginning of 2020, changes in the formation of external labor migration flows occurred mainly under the infl uence of the internal situation in the country and the transformation of Ukraine’s political relations with certain foreign countries, but under COVID-19, the trends of external labor migration from Ukraine have changed radically for reasons independent of the socio-economic situation in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to assess the changes in the scale of labor migration due to COVID-19 and to determine the prospects for external labor migration of Ukrainians. Relevant analytical developments became the basis for the formation of recommendations for adjusting the migration policy of Ukraine in the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. The novelty of the study is to determine the impact of COVID-19 on the parameters of external labor migration from Ukraine and to assess probable perspective future transformations of migration trends. Abstract-logical and systema tic approaches, the method of expert assessments are used in the study. The analysis of the migration situation in Ukraine in recent years is carried out, the latest changes in the directions and scales of external labor migration are identifi ed. The tendencies of international population movement aft er the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic are analyzed. Prospects for external migration of the population of Ukraine are determined. The future of this process will depend on the pace of economic recovery in Europe and the world at large and the local demand for labor from other countries. It is probable that the employment structure of Ukrainian labor migrants will change by type of activity: migrants who were not employed in agriculture before the pandemic will not resume work so soon, and those who remained in the recipient countries will try to fi nd employment in agriculture and related activities. The geography of working trips will also change, and a new reorientation of some migrants is probable — from Eastern Europe to Western Europe, especially Germany and the United Kingdom, which are far ahead of traditional Ukrainian employment countries (Poland, the Czech Republic and even Italy) in terms of wages. A key element of the policy of keeping some migrants in Ukraine is a radical non-declarative change in the state’s attitude to small and medium-sized businesses. It is necessary to involve representatives of small and medium business to public policy, including policy of withdrawal from quarantine, business support. Eff ective business support programs should also be implemented, in particular following the example of EU countries. For those migrants who, even under the best conditions, are not interested in starting a business in Ukraine, a strategy is needed to ensure that, on the one hand, these people are not lost to Ukraine, and on the other hand, to get the most out of working with the diaspora. This will help both to improve the situation in the economy and to improve the image and strengthen Ukraine’s infl uence in the world.

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