scholarly journals Muslim Marginalization in India: From Ethnic Conflict Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol IV (I) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Fazal Rehman Kakar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Cultural Genocide ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Major Loss ◽  
Road Maps

With BJP arrival to power, secular face of India has received severe criticism in international community. Latest report of the American. Nationalistic patriotism with some other factors like relative development differences, discrimination at social and economic level, continuous discrimination by the ruling elite, lack of political representation and voicing out grievances have become the root cause of ethnic violence in India which can push to the generation of parochialism. Cultural genocide and deliberate unequal economic development have caused major loss of Muslim lives and property and generate issues including demographic reshaping and political disenfranchisement which has further severe implications for Muslims. This paper will try to highlight the ethnic violence on Muslims in India, analyze the reasons behind the ethnic conflict and its manifestation through primordial and instrumental theoretical framework and finally provide road maps to solution.

Ethnic Conflict and Civil Society: India and Beyond

2001 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Varshney
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
The People

Scholars have worked either on civil society or on ethnic conflict, but no systematic attempt has yet been made to connect the two. In an attempt to explore the possible links, this article makes two interconnected arguments. First, interethnic and intraethnic networks of civic engagement play very different roles in ethnic conflict. Because they build bridges and manage tensions, interethnic networks are agents of peace. But if communities are organized only along intraethnic lines and the interconnections with other communities are very weak (or do not exist), ethnic violence is then quite likely. Second, civic networks, both intra- and interethnic, can also be broken down into two other types: associational forms of engagement and everyday forms of engagement. This distinction is based on whether civic interaction is formal or not. Both forms of engagement, if robust, promote peace: contrariwise, their absence or weakness opens up space for ethnic violence. Of the two, however, the associational forms turn out to be sturdier than everyday engagement, especially when confronted with attempts by politicians to polarize the people along ethnic lines. Both arguments have significance for theories of ethnic conflict and social capital.

Progress without Progressives? The Effects of Development on Women's Educational and Political Equality in Cultural Context, 1980 to 2010

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wade M. Cole ◽  
Claudia Geist
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Political Equality ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Legacies ◽  
And Gender

Researchers often attribute diminishing gender inequality to economic development. When different aspects of gender inequality are examined, however, evidence points to both cross-national convergence as well as persistent (or even growing) heterogeneity in women's status. To make sense of this contradiction, we examine the extent to which culture moderates the relationship between economic development and gender inequality. We consider two dimensions of gender inequality, gender gaps in educational attainment and women's share of parliament, using data for 150 countries between 1980 and 2010. We find convergence toward greater equality in education, independently of economic development. But cross-cultural differences in female political representation persist or even grow as a function of economic development. Our results imply that economic development is not a direct pathway to greater gender equality. Rather, cultural legacies play an important role in shaping developmental trajectories.

Baptists against Racism and Ethnic Conflict… Worldwide!

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Denton Lotz
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
Baptist Church ◽  
International Summit ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Prophetic Witness ◽  
Martin Luther King ◽  
General Secretary

One of the most significant and rewarding experiences for me during my tenure as general secretary of the Baptist World Alliance was to sponsor an International Summit on Baptists against Racism and Ethnic Conflict. This significant summit was held from January 8 – 11, 1999, in the historic Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia, Martin Luther King Jr.'s home church. At this summit we learned of the tragedy of racism worldwide. We learned that we needed to expand our definition of racism to include ethnic violence. We came as Christians and discovered the power of Christ to bring reconciliation and unity. The latter part of this article will review some of the horrific examples of racism and ethnic conflict worldwide. We will also celebrate the prophetic witness of many Baptist congregations worldwide in fighting against racism and ethnic violence.

scholarly journals Rural and agroindustrial tourism as a factor of socio-cultural and economic development of the territory

2021 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 03029
Author(s):  
A. A. Oshkordina ◽  
E. G. Radygina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
New Products ◽  
Tourist Industry ◽  
Relevant Factor ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Domestic Tourism ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Negative Factors

The paper discusses current issues and problems of organizing and implementing event and tourist activities as an effective tool for popularizing and attracting attention to rural areas, which, in the context of the COVID 19 preventive campaign around the world, is a relevant factor for many categories of the population. The authors have identified the positive and negative factors of tourist activities organization, affecting the socio-cultural and economic level of rural development. The main directions of organization, implementation and development of rural and agroindustrial tourism on the territory of a separate subject of the Russian Federation have been determined. Most important, in the current difficult conditions of the tourist industry development, in many territories of Russia domestic tourism is becoming a priority, focusing, among other things, on the creation of new products of rural and agroindustrial tourism.

scholarly journals Economics, Politics, and Ethnicity in Balochistan's Transport Industry

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (4II) ◽  
pp. 619-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Titus
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
The State ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Transport Industry ◽  
The Creation

Because of its potential to disrupt economic development, it is necessary to understand the dynamics of ethnic conflict in the contemporary world. A prevalent trend in the study of ethnicity is to focus on the creation and/or maintenance of ethnic identities and mobilisation on the basis of those identities as groups compete for resources, opportunities, or political power in the context of the nation-state [Barth (1969); Brass (1985); Comaroff (1987); Mumtaz (1990)]. In this approach, an ethnic group's distinguishing markers-language, custom, dress, etc.-are treated less as manifestations of tradition which define or create the group and more as arenas of negotiation and contestation in which people strive to realise their practical and symbolic interests. This happens as individuals or families, pursuing their livelihoods with the skills and resources available to them, find (or create) opportunities or obstacles which appear to be based on' ethnic criteria. The state can intensify this process as it uses positive or negative discrimination in order to achieve some desired distribution of wealth and opportunity. In turn, political leadership becomes a key in realising the experience of shared ethnic interests. Leadership develops as a kind of dual legitimation process, i.e., as individuals or organisations seek to be accepted as spokesmen both by members of the group itself and by outsiders.

Modernization Theory

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio Cheibub ◽  
James Raymond Vreeland
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Authoritarian Regime ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Modernization Theory ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Economic Modernization

This article examines the link between economic development and democracy. Drawing on modernization theory, it considers whether democracy is more likely to emerge in a country that modernizes economically. After discussing various criticisms against modernization theory, the article reviews statistical evidence to determine whether economic modernization gives rise to democracy. It argues that the correlation between economic development and democracy stems from the survival of democracy and that a poor authoritarian regime is not likely to turn into a democracy even if it receives economic assistance, either in the form of foreign aid or access to markets through trade. The article highlights the correlation between economic level and survival, rather than between economic growth and survival, noting that economic growth can be helpful only if it is sustained.

Introduction

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Stasavage
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Systematic Data ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Public Credit ◽  
City States ◽  
Territorial States

This book examines two distinctive features of European state formation: the invention of the concept of political representation and the development of a system of public credit. Using systematic data on public credit and political representation for thirty-one European states over the period 1250–1750, the book asks whether the presence of an intensive form of representation facilitated access to credit for the former, allowing them to survive and their economies to prosper. It also explores how this joint emergence of credit and representation affected broader trends involving war, state formation, and economic development. The book argues that the presence of an intensive form of representation characterized by an assembly that could monitor and modify expenditures played a key role in facilitating access to credit by European states. The book also discusses the prerogatives and level of activity of representative assemblies in territorial states as compared to city-states.

scholarly journals The Political Economy and Underdevelopment of the Muslim World: A Juridico-Philosophical Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammed Shahid Ebrahim ◽  
Mustapha Sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Poverty Traps ◽  
The Political ◽  
Financial Instruments ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Philosophical Perspective ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Economic Development And Growth ◽  
Islamic Economic

Abstract This article studies the relation between Islam and economic development from a juridico-philosophical perspective. A fresh review of this issue is timely, because of the ongoing laggardness of Arab and Muslim economies due to decades of Pareto-inferior poverty traps. We disentangle the viewpoints on the Islamic-economic nexus and determine that the backwardness of Muslim countries’ economies is primarily due to the retrograde outlook of the jurists (fuqahāʾ). Flawed jurisprudential reasoning is instrumental in the paucity of financial instruments, markets, and institutional development. We also scrutinise the jurists’ co-option by the ruling elite, which legitimises the elite’s autocracy. We conclude by recommending a salient strategy critical to fostering economic development and growth.

The Language of the Unheard? Ethno-Political Exclusion and Ethnic Riots in Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Abbs
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Political Exclusion ◽  
Data Capturing

Abstract Ethnic riots are sporadic and localized incidents of low-intensity violence, with civilians from one ethnic group engaging in vicious attacks on a rival ethnic group. While systematic research on ethnic violence has almost exclusively focused on organized armed conflict, comparably little quantitative research has considered the causes of low-intensity ethnic violence. Building on existing case-based research on inequality and ethnic riots, this article argues that ethnic rioting can be explained by collective motivations for group violence that emerge from highly unequal local ethno-political configurations, where politically dominant groups coexist with groups that are discriminated or have recently lost political power. To test this argument, the article deploys a spatially disaggregated analysis of all African states between 1990 and 2008, combining new dyadic data capturing the location of ethnic riots with disaggregated grid-level data on ethno-political representation. I find ethnic riots are more likely to occur in discriminated group areas, in locations where a group has recently lost political representation and where such groups live in close proximity of politically dominant groups.

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