“Civilization” As a Local Phenomenon: The First Stage of Theoretical Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Svetlana Ilinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Fundamental Wave ◽  
Social State ◽  
New Foundations ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Western Experience ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Ideal

The author examines the first stage of theoretical research of the concept of “local civilizations”. Nowadays this approach protects the right of non-Western communities to  independently and authentically define their way of development. If  non-Western macro-regions accept the understanding  of civilization as a universal phenomenon, their development will be determined by Western experience. In case those non-Western regions (and Russia as well) are seen as distinctive civilizational formations, their right to determine the ideal social/state structures and future development for themselves is recognized.  The stage of classical comprehension was overshadowed by the crisis of the imperial form of existence of large geopolitical spaces and was an attempt to formulate new foundations of their identities. The article reviews the ideas of N. Danilevsky, O. Spengler, A. Toynbee and P. Sorokin. The author also evaluates the heuristic potential of the methodological approaches by the scholars of the fundamental wave.

Why Choose Cardiothoracic Surgery as a Career?

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja R. Gopaldas ◽  
Faisal G. Bakaeen ◽  
Danny Chu ◽  
Joseph S. Coselli ◽  
Denton A. Cooley
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Artery Bypass ◽  
Cardiothoracic Surgery ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
New Graduates ◽  
The Future ◽  
Cardiac Surgeon ◽  
The Right ◽  
Cardiac Surgeons ◽  
The Ideal

The future of cardiothoracic surgery faces a lofty challenge with the advancement of percutaneous technology and minimally invasive approaches. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery, once a lucrative operation and the driving force of our specialty, faces challenges with competitive stenting and poor reimbursements, contributing to a drop in applicants to our specialty that is further fueled by the negative information that members of other specialties impart to trainees. In the current era of explosive technological progress, the great diversity of our field should be viewed as a source of excitement, rather than confusion, for the upcoming generation. The ideal future cardiac surgeon must be a "surgeon-innovator," a reincarnation of the pioneering cardiac surgeons of the "golden age" of medicine. Equipped with the right skills, new graduates will land high-quality jobs that will help them to mature and excel. Mentorship is a key component at all stages of cardiothoracic training and career development. We review the main challenges facing our specialty�length of training, long hours, financial hardship, and uncertainty about the future, mentorship, and jobs�and we present individual perspectives from both residents and faculty members.

Tanggung Jawab Hukum Penilai Publik terhadap Laporan Penilaian Kegiatan Pengadaan Tanah bagi Pembangunan untuk Kepentingan Umum (Studi Atas Kantor Jasa Penilai Publik Toto Suharto)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gagah Yaumiyya Riyoprakoso ◽  
AM Hasan Ali ◽  
Fitriyani Zein
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Systematic Explanation

This study is based on the legal responsibility of the assessment of public appraisal reports they make in land procurement activities for development in the public interest. Public assessment is obliged to always be accountable for their assessment. The type of research found in this thesis is a type of normative legal research with the right-hand of the statue approach and case approach. Normative legal research is a study that provides systematic explanation of rules governing a certain legal category, analyzing the relationship between regulations explaining areas of difficulty and possibly predicting future development. . After conducting research, researchers found that one of the causes that made the dispute was a lack of communication conducted between the Government and the landlord. In deliberation which should be the place where the parties find the meeting point between the parties on the magnitude of the damages that will be given, in the field is often used only for the delivery of the assessment of the compensation that has been done.

When the State Speaks, What Should It Say?

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey Brettschneider
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
The State ◽  
Hate Groups ◽  
New Approach ◽  
State Action ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
Theory Of Value ◽  
The Right ◽  
Equal Citizenship ◽  
The Ideal

How should a liberal democracy respond to hate groups and others that oppose the ideal of free and equal citizenship? The democratic state faces the hard choice of either protecting the rights of hate groups and allowing their views to spread, or banning their views and violating citizens' rights to freedoms of expression, association, and religion. Avoiding the familiar yet problematic responses to these issues, this book proposes a new approach called value democracy. The theory of value democracy argues that the state should protect the right to express illiberal beliefs, but the state should also engage in democratic persuasion when it speaks through its various expressive capacities: publicly criticizing, and giving reasons to reject, hate-based or other discriminatory viewpoints. Distinguishing between two kinds of state action—expressive and coercive—the book contends that public criticism of viewpoints advocating discrimination based on race, gender, or sexual orientation should be pursued through the state's expressive capacities as speaker, educator, and spender. When the state uses its expressive capacities to promote the values of free and equal citizenship, it engages in democratic persuasion. By using democratic persuasion, the state can both respect rights and counter hateful or discriminatory viewpoints. The book extends this analysis from freedom of expression to the freedoms of religion and association, and shows that value democracy can uphold the protection of these freedoms while promoting equality for all citizens.

Computational and theoretical research of the injector block function

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-126
Author(s):  
В.В. Кожемякин ◽  
Р.А. Иванов ◽  
Е.С. Игнатьева
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Resistance ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Pressure Dependence ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Water Jet ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Sudden Expansion ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Coefficient Of Hydraulic Resistance

Работа посвящена расчетно-теоретическому исследованию работы блока инжекторов. Рассмотрен пароводяной струйный аппарат, который применяется в качестве средства циркуляции теплоносителя первого контура. Подвод дополнительного потока осуществляется на цилиндрическом участке с внезапным расширением сечения через перемычку. Для достижения поставленной цели разработана программа для ЭМВ, в которой смоделирована зависимость давления от нагрузки в контуре, а также проведено расчетно-теоретическое исследование влияние гидравлического сопротивления на расход перемычки. В данной работе рассмотрены только рабочие режимы, т.е. все инжекторы работают как насосы. В ходе работы было установлено, что при нагрузке в 30% увеличиваются коэффициенты инжекции пароводяного струйного аппарата, но характер работы перемычек не меняется. Так же было установлено, что расход через перемычку меняется не пропорционально коэффициенту гидравлического сопротивления перемычки. The paper is devoted to the computational and theoretical study of the injector block operation. A steam-water jet apparatus is considered, which is used as a means of circulating the primary circle coolant. The additional flow is supplied on the cylindrical section with a sudden expansion of the cross-section through the bridge. To achieve this goal, a computer program was developed that modeled the pressure dependence on the load in the circuit, and also a theoretical study of the influence of hydraulic resistance on the flow of the jumper was conducted. In this paper, only operating modes are considered, i.e. all the injectors function as pumps. In the process of the research, it was found that at a load of 30%, the injection coefficients of the steam-water jet apparatus increase, but the nature of the work of the jumpers does not change. It was also found out that the flow rate through the jumper does not change in proportion to the coefficient of hydraulic resistance of the jumper.

FREE EXPRESSION OR EQUAL SPEECH?

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-169
Author(s):  
Teresa M. Bejan
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Free Expression ◽  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
Classical Liberal ◽  
Freedom Of Thought ◽  
The Right ◽  
Equal Right ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractThe classical liberal doctrine of free expression asserts the priority of speech as an extension of the freedom of thought. Yet its critics argue that freedom of expression, itself, demands the suppression of the so-called “silencing speech” of racists, sexists, and so on, as a threat to the equal expressive rights of others. This essay argues that the claim to free expression must be distinguished from claims to equal speech. The former asserts an equal right to express one’s thoughts without interference; the latter the right to address others, and to receive a hearing and consideration from them, in turn. I explore the theory of equal speech in light of the ancient Athenian practice of isegoria and argue that the equality demanded is not distributive but relational: an equal speaker’s voice should be counted as “on a par” with others. This ideal better captures critics’ concerns about silencing speech than do their appeals to free expression. Insofar as epistemic and status-harms provide grounds for the suppression and exclusion of some speech and speakers, the ideal of equal speech is more closely connected with the freedom of association than of thought. Noticing this draws attention to the continuing—and potentially problematic—importance of exclusion in constituting effective sites of equal speech today.

Unemployment in the Affective Economy: Exploring the Affective Governing of Young Unemployed People in the Danish Welfare State

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-361
Author(s):  
Sabina Pultz
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Unemployed People ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Governmentality Studies ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract This case study investigates the affective governing of young unemployed people, and it concludes that getting money in the Danish welfare state comes with an “affective price”. In the quest for a job, unemployed people have been increasingly responsibilized in order to live up to the ideal of the active jobseeker. Consequently, when faced with unemployment, they are encouraged to work harder on themselves and their motivation. Based on an interview study with young unemployed people (N=39) and field observations made at employment fund agencies in Denmark (2014–15), I explore how young unemployed people are governed by and through their emotions. By supplementing governmentality studies (Foucault et al. 1988, 2010) with the concept of “affective economy” from Ahmed (2014), I discuss how young unemployed people who receive money from the Danish state are placed in a situation of debt. The paper unfolds how this debt becomes visible as the unemployed people often describe feeling under suspicion for not doing enough, for not being motivated enough. Through an abundance of (pro) activity, they have to prove the suspicion of being lazy wrong, and through managing themselves as active jobseekers, they earn the right to get money from the state. Here motivation, passion and empowerment are key currencies. I discuss the intricate interplay between monetary and affective currencies as well as political implications in the context of the Danish welfare. The article contributes by making visible the importance of taking affective matters into account when investigating the complex relationship between politics and psychology.

scholarly journals A Study on the Europeanization of the Chinese Language in Sci-Tech Translation Based on Skopos Theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Chen Xiangyue ◽  
Lu Junyu ◽  
He Rui ◽  
Zhang Ru
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Social ◽  
Skopos Theory ◽  
Sentence Patterns

As a bridge of scientific and technological communication between China and other countries, sci-tech translation is of great significance in promoting the social development of China in the current situation. Europeanization, particularly in sci-tech translation, refers to the general name of new expressions and sentence patterns emerged under the influence of European languages, especially English. From the perspective of Skopos theory and its core element (paying attention to the target addressees), this paper attempts to analyze Europeanization in sci-tech translation and to predict its future development and application, so that translators could get a better understanding of its present situation and prospect, and thus produce more idiomatic and faithful translations that achieve communicative goals better. This will finally contribute to the development of both theoretical research and practice of sci-tech translation.

MEMS Challenge: Can This Technology Catch the Internet Lightwave?

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Gilleo
Keyword(s):  
Optical Switch ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Underwater Communications ◽  
Optical Mems ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Micro Bubble ◽  
Mechanical Devices ◽  
Final Answer ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract The pundits of the money world tell us to be a “dotcom” or enable them for excitement and rewards. Traffic on the Internet Highway is certainly stepping up the pace as “slow” electrons make way for ultimate-speed photons creating major hardware opportunities. The “Copper Road” has become the “Glass Super Highway” as long-haul terrestrial and underwater communications links move up to Advanced Photonics. Nothing can be faster than light, but more important, no other medium can offer wider bandwidth when wave-multiplexing strategies are used. Photonics, employing dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM) can carry the equivalent of 12,000 encyclopedias or 5-million phone calls on a single fiber. Recent advances in photonics hardware, including higher-powered lasers, more efficient amplifiers and cleaner optical fiber are enabling incredible bandwidth for the Internet and general communications services. But how do we route a light beam? The long-haul segments of the Internet, now mostly fiberoptics, have been converting modulated light to electronic signals, routing with conventional electronic hardware and then re-converting back to light. Yes, O-E-O (Opto-electro-opto) works, but with cost and time-delay penalties. The communications industry has decreed that the double conversion process must go, but what technology will be the replacement? Enter optical MEMS, or MOEMS (micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems). The MOEMS switch/router approach was endorsed by the Internet carrier and hardware industry that paid billions of dollars in 2000 to acquire MEMS companies, some that had not even shipped a product. But what are the issues and are there competing technologies that could win? Micro-mirror technology is at the top of the popularity chart right now. Can MOEMS mirror routers solve cost problems and can they even switch at the rates demanded. What is the ideal mirror switch strategy: binary “off/on” or point-to-light pipe arrays? What about other MEMS approaches such as micro-bubble fluid beam refraction that appears to offer a much simpler construction? Maybe the mechanical devices are only an interim destined to obsolescence by a future solid state optics switch. The optical switch, powered totally by photons, is already in the lab and could be the final answer. This paper will survey MOEMS inside the Internet to seek answers to the billion dollar questions. The focus will be on micro-mirrors and their packaging issues both inside and out. We will deal with selecting the ideal optical MEMS package and choosing the right atmosphere control. Certain in-package contaminants are death to mirrors, but they can be controlled even if generated after the package is sealed. So tune in to find out if MEMS can catch the WAVE!

Open Democracy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Landemore
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Democratic Representation ◽  
The People ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
The Right ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Ordinary Citizens

To the ancient Greeks, democracy meant gathering in public and debating laws set by a randomly selected assembly of several hundred citizens. To the Icelandic Vikings, democracy meant meeting every summer in a field to discuss issues until consensus was reached. Our contemporary representative democracies are very different. Modern parliaments are gated and guarded, and it seems as if only certain people — with the right suit, accent, wealth, and connections — are welcome. Diagnosing what is wrong with representative government and aiming to recover some of the lost openness of ancient democracies, this book presents a new paradigm of democracy in which power is genuinely accessible to ordinary citizens. This book favors the ideal of “representing and being represented in turn” over direct-democracy approaches. Supporting a fresh nonelectoral understanding of democratic representation, the book recommends centering political institutions around the “open mini-public” — a large, jury-like body of randomly selected citizens gathered to define laws and policies for the polity, in connection with the larger public. It also defends five institutional principles as the foundations of an open democracy: participatory rights, deliberation, the majoritarian principle, democratic representation, and transparency. The book demonstrates that placing ordinary citizens, rather than elites, at the heart of democratic power is not only the true meaning of a government of, by, and for the people, but also feasible and, today more than ever, urgently needed.

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