scholarly journals The role of practical shooting in system of police shooting training: psychological component

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
В. В. Федоров ◽  
О. Б. Піскунова
Keyword(s):  
Police Officer ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Complete Uncertainty ◽  
Psychological Training ◽  
Multiple Scenarios

Psychological unpreparedness of police officers to firefight is often the cause of serious consequences, in particular their death. Although much attention has been already paid to the psychological training of law enforcement officers in general and to the use of firearms in the scientific literature, such studies often just outline the problems, but do not suggest the ways to overcome them. The authors of the article aim to analyze the factors influencing the state of psychological readiness of a police officer to use a firearm while performing service duties, and to develop recommendations that should contribute to the formation of a state of psychological readiness, taking into account the specifics of practical shooting. It has been emphasized that firefight requires from a police officer not only skillful handling of weapons, but also a number of thought processes in a situation of partial or complete uncertainty, which affects the psychological readiness to use firearms. The authors have made an analogy between the situations of firefight of police officers while performing service duties and the conditions created for participants in practical shooting competitions. According to the authors, long-term training, regular practice of basic exercises to improve firearms skills, as well as the introduction of variability of scenarios for the deployment of firefight situations using elements of practical shooting can minimize the negative impact on the mental processes of police officers. It has been offered to introduce elements of practical shooting into the system of fire training of police officers and to improve the current Shooting Course, approved by the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine dated from April 26, 2019, No. 334, which should allow modeling multiple scenarios of police behavior in firefight situations during training shootings and increase the psychological readiness of police officers to use firearms.

scholarly journals The Role of Dietary Antioxidants in the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Their Impact on Cerebral Oxidoreductive Balance

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Winiarska-Mieczan ◽  
Ewa Baranowska-Wójcik ◽  
Małgorzata Kwiecień ◽  
Eugeniusz R. Grela ◽  
Dominik Szwajgier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Functional Disorders ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Diet Supplements ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
All Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive diseases of the nervous system that lead to neuron loss or functional disorders. Neurodegenerative diseases require long-term, sometimes life-long pharmacological treatment, which increases the risk of adverse effects and a negative impact of pharmaceuticals on the patients’ general condition. One of the main problems related to the treatment of this type of condition is the limited ability to deliver drugs to the brain due to their poor solubility, low bioavailability, and the effects of the blood-brain barrier. Given the above, one of the main objectives of contemporary scientific research focuses on the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. As disorders related to the competence of the antioxidative system are a marker in all diseases of this type, the primary prophylactics should entail the use of exogenous antioxidants, particularly ones that can be used over extended periods, regardless of the patient’s age, and that are easily available, e.g., as part of a diet or as diet supplements. The paper analyzes the significance of the oxidoreductive balance in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Based on information published globally in the last 10 years, an analysis is also provided with regard to the impact of exogenous antioxidants on brain functions with respect to the prevention of this type of diseases.

scholarly journals The role of situational, system-situational, model approaches to the psychological training of law enforcement officers for extreme situations of professional activity

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
P Korchemniy ◽  
Viktoriya Vahnina ◽  
Valeriya Vasil'eva
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Situational Model ◽  
Psychological Training

The problem of psychological training of employees of law enforcement agencies remains relevant at the present time. The problem of professional training for extreme situations is of particular importance, as the choice of a methodological approach to the implementation of professional and psychological training of law enforcement officers. The most effective is the system-situational approach in combination with the model approach, which are based on the system approach. The authors consider the role of situational, system-situational, model approaches to the psychological training of law enforcement officers in extreme situations of professional activity. In the course of the theoretical analysis and empirical research, the conclusion is formulated about the significance and effectiveness of the system-situational approach, the use of which contributes to the formation of effective psychodiagnostic procedures. In the course of the study, the features of the psychological and managerial potential of employees of law enforcement agencies were identified. In modern conditions, a systematic approach is developing most intensively, which carries out a gradual study of the subject: from the general to the particular, taking into account the significance of the goal, its achievability. The article considers the system-situational approach as one of the most promising, especially in the aspect of empirical research of crisis and anti-crisis situations of operational and service activities. Within the framework of system-situational analysis, professionally significant activity is studied as a dynamic system.

An Empathetic Psychological Perspective of Police Deadly Force Training

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodger E. Broomé
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Deadly Force ◽  
Psychological Perspective ◽  
The Real ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
Psychological Structure

Abstract Police officers must be able to make an accurate appraisal of a lethal encounter and respond with appropriate force to mitigate the threat to their own lives and to the lives of others. Contemporary police deadly force training places the cadet in mock lethal encounters, which are designed to simulate those occurring in the real lives of law enforcement officers. This Reality Base Training (RBT) is designed to provide cadets with experiences that require their reactions to be within the law, policies and procedures, and ethics while undergoing a very stressful, emotional, and physically dynamic situation (Artwohl & Christensen, 1997; Blum, 2000; Grossman, 1996; Miller, 2008; Murray, 2006). Three police cadets provided written accounts of their deadly force training experiences in the RBT format. The descriptive phenomenological psychological method was used to analyze the data and to synthesize a general psychological structure of their experiences. The results reveal the perceptions, thoughts, feelings and behaviors reflecting the role of consciousness and psychological subjectivity in the participants’ understandings and decision-making in the simulated situations.

Zoobentos of the Barents sea

2021 ◽  
pp. 352-369
Author(s):  
N.V. Denisenko ◽  
◽  
S.G. Denisenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Trophic Structure ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Benthic Fauna ◽  
Bottom Fauna ◽  
Bottom Trawling ◽  
The Barents Sea

Аннотация на английском языке: Based on the analysis of retrospective and recent materials, the species richness of the bottom fauna and the long-term variability of the quantitative characteristics of zoobenthos of the Barents Sea are considered. The role of key taxa in the formation of benthic biomass and its trophic structure is indicated. The negative impact of bottom trawling on benthic fauna is shown and the most vulnerable areas in the basin are identified.

The Role of a Community Police Officer in Shaping the Security of Local Communities — Considerations in the Context of the First National Surveys of Community Police Officers (2017)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-34
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Stawnicka ◽  
Iwona Klonowska
Keyword(s):  
Police Officer ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Community Police ◽  
Internal Affairs

The article is devoted to the discussion of selected results of the nationwide community police officers research conducted by the authors in January 2017. This research is a part of the ongoing project of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration „Community police officer closer to us”. The analysis was based on the answers provided by 5,400 respondents from all over the country to the following questions: Should the role of community police officers be to carry out social prevention tasks? Are community police officers satisfied with their job as community police officers? How do they assess their interpersonal communication skills? Do they think they have prestige in the local community? Do they participate in meetings with the local community and how do they characterize the police mission? The results will be processed in 17 reports from the national community police officers research. The application of conclusions from the results of qualitative and quantitative research conducted all over Poland in 17 garrisons will have a significant impact on the dialogue between the authorities and community police officers, determining the expectations of first contact officers, their problems, strengths and weaknesses. The research carried out will increase the effectiveness of the “Community police officer closer to us” programme, one of the basic programmes of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration implemented in order to build trust between the authorities and a citizen. The research also resulted in two monographs on the functioning of the district division in Poland. The authors’research focuses on the partnership of community police officers services with the local community for internal security, taking into account the role of community police officers social and educational activities, and on drawing a professional portrait of the community police officer who is closer to people, solves problems of local communities and carries out activities in the social and educational area.

scholarly journals Financialization, real estate and COVID-19 in the UK

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Blakeley
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
The Uk

Abstract In the UK, financialization has transformed many areas of the economy, including the housing market. The deregulation of financial markets that took place from the 1980s onwards, combined with the privatization of social housing, has transformed UK real estate from an ordinary good, insulated to some extent from consumer and financial markets, into a valuable financial asset. The financialization of real estate has had a largely negative impact on the UK’s housing market, the wider economy and individual communities; wealth inequality, financial instability, gentrification and homelessness have all increased as the role of the financial sector in UK property has increased. The financial crisis only accelerated many of these trends as distressed real estate was bought up by investors in its wake, and as loose monetary policy pushed up house prices in the period after the crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic is only likely to exacerbate these issues; the UK is sleepwalking into a potential evictions crisis, and ongoing loose monetary policy is likely to prevent a significant and necessary correction in house prices over the long term.

scholarly journals Obesity and Mechanisms of its Negative Impact on the Cardiovascular System

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
S. V. Miklishanskaya ◽  
L. V. Solomasova ◽  
M. A. Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Tissue Reaction ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Conduction Disorders ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Currently, the number of obese people in the world is constantly increasing. Obesity has a direct negative impact on the heart and blood vessels, which can be considered not only as an appropriate response to an increase in the volume of circulating blood due to an increase in body weight, but also as a side tissue reaction of the myocardium to hormonal and metabolic changes inherent in obesity. Our review is devoted to the description of the mechanisms of influence of obesity on the structural and functional parameters of the heart, which create prerequisites for the development of cardiovascular diseases, as well as the existing contradictions. Currently, the accumulated data suggest that an excessive amount of adipose tissue, in addition to metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, imbalance of adipokines and inflammation markers, leading to the development of lipotoxicity, can directly penetrate the myocardium and cause violations of its contractile properties, as well as affect the conduction of excitation pulses and provoke the development of rhythm and conduction disorders. The development of endothelial dysfunction in obesity ultimately leads to the development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. In addition, obesity contributes to the emergence of risk factors for hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, chronic heart failure, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Given the differences in the literature on the effect of obesity on long-term outcomes in patients with cardiovascular diseases, it is important to conduct prospective studies on the role of individual factors and their combinations that affect the mortality of patients with cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Psychosemantic research of the professional image of law enforcement officers

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-218
Author(s):  
Inna Vasil'eva ◽  
Ol'ga Vozzhenikova
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Psychological Training ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scientific Project ◽  
Professional Image

It is stated that in recent years, in civil society and legal science there has been growing interest regarding the problem of the police officer’s image in the social conscience. Many scientific articles devoted to this theme have been published, where such issues as forming the police officer’s image in the mass media, appreciating the police activity by civil society, searching for ways of forming the positive police officer’s image, etc. are of special interest. This scientific research was aimed at appreciating the peculiarities of perceiving the professional image of law enforcement officers. In the course of the research 92 police officers were interviewed through filling the anonymous questionnaire in google-forms. Trainees of the management faculties and postgraduates of the scientific-pedagogic personnel training faculty of the Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia were the research participants. The data collection was accomplished by means of filling the google-forms. The research was conducted in anonymous format. It was stated that the application of the psychosemantic approach allowed to obtain more reliable information from the respondents than the methods of direct questions. The data were collected over the period from April to June 2020. The semantic field containing 828 words was obtained by means of applying the method of free associations to the incentive “image of law enforcement officers”. The obtained associations were classified into some semantic groups. Such service as https://облакослов.рф was used for selecting the largest semantic units. It allowed to visualize the most frequently used associations (100 of them) in the form of “word cloud”. The research results identifted the key importance of such words as “law”, “responsible”, “honest”, “to protect”, “to help” and others when characterizing both the image and professional activities of police officers. Conclusions: 1) the application of the psychosemantic approach in the research of the professional image allowed to study the representation of law enforcement officers; 2) the activities of the law enforcement units responsible for moral and psychological training are considered as effective since the professional image of law enforcement officers is formed from the semantic markers of positive connotation, reflecting their functions related to law protecting and ensuring security and social health. The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research within the framework of scientific project No. 20-013-00423.

scholarly journals Tactical and psychological context of communication between a police officer and offenders.

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Tsaryov
Keyword(s):  
Police Officer ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Effective Interaction ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Communication Technique ◽  
Police Contacts ◽  
Psychological Training ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
National Police

The article reveals the features of the tactical and psychological context of communication between police officers and offenders. Сommunication processes play an important role in the activities of the National Police of Ukraine. In this regard, it is expedient to impose certain requirements on the communicative competence of the personnel of the National Police of Ukraine. The essence of the problem of professional communication of a police officer, modern approaches to the definition of «tactical and psychological context of communication» are revealed. The principles of professional training levels are characterized. Tactical and psychological context of communication is the implementation in a particular situation of a communication strategy based on mastery of techniques and knowledge of the rules of communication. Communication technique is a set of specific communication skills: speaking and listening. The essential characteristics of communication causes of conflicts are presented. However, officers spend much more time talking to complainants, witnesses, suspects, and the public at large than they do engaging in tactical encounters, although all police contacts involve some degree of proper tactics. Clearly, the relationship between the two must be understood. Emphasis is placed on the indicative and predicative process of communication. It is proved that the effective interaction of police officers with citizens is the key to ensuring an appropriate level of public safety in society. The complex of issues of content, organization and provision of ways of psychological training includes issues of its management, planning, determining the content of psychological training, organization and methods of conducting psychological training, accounting and evaluation of results achieved in psychological training, personnel, logistics and scientific providing psychological training.

Contemporary German-French relations in political-military sphere

2021 ◽  
pp. 288-313
Author(s):  
Philipp Trunov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Interesting Aspect ◽  
Military Assistance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
The Eu

Since the era of Cold War the dialogue with France has been too important for FRG in its efforts to strengthen its influence both in the Euro-Atlantic community and in the world. That is why the article has the goal to explore the relations between these two European powers in the security sphere from the second half of the 2010 s until the beginning of the 2020 s. The paper tries to determine the degree of institutionalization of interstate relations and the role of bilateral negotiating platforms in the creating of common position on international problems. It is also important to show the dynamics of negotiating process on the highest level. The author also examines the key articles of the Aachen Treaty (2019). In this regard the paper analyses early efforts of Emmanuel Macron to confirm French leadership in bilateral tandem. The article considers the features of German-French tactics to minimize negative impact of Brexit on the EU. Another aspect is the tandem actions aimed at weakening of negative effects of the steps of Trump`s administration over the system of international security. In this regard it`s important to show German-French contribution in the development of PESCO and also to analyse what problems and perspectives two powers may face on their way to the creation of common European army. Another interesting aspect is the features of common approach to the resolution of the armed conflicts in Ukraine and Syria, keeping JCPOA. The article also covers the «bottlenecks» and features of German diplomatic and military assistance to France in Mali. The situation shows the growing mutual interest for the deepening of cooperation in the Sahel G5 (also Burkina-Faso, Mauretania, Niger, Tchad). The author concludes about the prospects of German leadership in the tandem and its importance for both powers in the long-term.

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