Development of resource-saving and environmentally safe beryllium bronze soldering technology

The composition of the solder, which provides the necessary technological properties of the product, namely, electrical conductivity and mechanical strength of the junction was selected. The possibility of brazing beryllium bronze with a silver contact plate by furnace brazing using fluxes based on NaCl: CaCl2: CaF2 salts, respectively (24: 61: 15% mass) in the atmosphere was established. The possibility of brazing BrB2 beryllium bronze in the atmosphere using a research flux based on the eutectic of the NaCl – CaCl2 system (28…72% wt.) adding 15% CaF2 over a copper layer is shown. The technology for brazing beryllium bronze BrB2 with silver contact plates with silver solder PSr68 has been developed. The brazing process is combined with the hardening operation, which allows avoiding additional thermal operations; flux residues are removed during hardening and do not actually need additional cleaning operations; applied solder, flux components and technologies for applying a layer of copper are not scarce and relatively cheap, which can significantly reduce the cost of the product, subject to the requirements of the technical specifications. A technological process that makes it possible to refuse of using vacuum systems and toxic fluxes has been developed.

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INNOVATIVE PROCESSES OF DEEP AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE PROCESSING OF TECHNOGENIC RAW MATERIALS IN THE CONDITIONS OF NEW ECONOMIC CHALLENGES

Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories ◽

10.21177/1998-4502-2021-13-2-224-237 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 224-237

Author(s):

Valentin CHANTURIA ◽

◽

Irina SHADRUNOVA ◽

Olga GORLOVA ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Mining Industry ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Secondary Products ◽

Resource Saving ◽

Mineral Raw Materials ◽

The Face ◽

Environmentally Safe ◽

Copper Zinc ◽

Technogenic Raw Materials

Innovative processes of deep and complex processing of technogenic raw materials in the context of sustainable development of the mining industry and the economic challenges facing the mining industry should ensure the transition to a circular economy and the maximum use of natural resources. The article reflects the priority scientific and technological research on the involvement of technogenic mineral resources in efficient processing. Presented, developed at ICEMR RAS, including jointly with universities, research and production organizations and enterprises, modern innovative processes of deep and environmentally friendly processing of refractory mineral raw materials of complex material composition (tailings of enrichment of non-ferrous and noble metal ores, poor off-balance ores, slags ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, sludge of metallurgical production) and hydro-mineral technogenic resources (acidic mineralized bottom-dump waters of mining enterprises of the copper-zinc complex of the Urals, saponite-containing circulating waters of diamond processing factories). Among other things, new directions in the field of selective disintegration of finely dispersed mineral raw materials based on energy effects and deep processing of slags are outlined; increasing the selectivity of enrichment processes; combined processing of technogenic raw materials; resource-saving processing of technogenic and hydro-mineral resources, obtaining secondary products from processing waste. It is shown that in the face of new economic challenges, Russia has sufficient scientific and technological potential in the field of deep and environmentally safe processing of technogenic raw materials in the form of developed and, to varying degrees, tested innovative resource-saving technologies that correspond to the world level, and in a number of technologies are superior to it.

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Pharmacoeconomic analysis of using typical and atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia

PHARMACOECONOMICS Modern pharmacoeconomics and pharmacoepidemiology ◽

10.17749/2070-4909.2018.11.2.009-024 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 9-24

Author(s):

I. A. Vilyum ◽

B. V. Andreev ◽

M. A. Proskurin ◽

Yu. E. Balykina

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Atypical Antipsychotics ◽

Impact Analysis ◽

Pharmacoeconomic Analysis ◽

Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽

Resource Saving ◽

Antipsychotic Therapy ◽

Healthcare Budget ◽

Effectiveness Analysis ◽

The Cost

The aim: to provide a comprehensive pharmacoeconomic evaluation of the maintenance therapy with antipsychotics in outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia.Materials and methods. The analysis was conducted by two mutually complementary steps: an epidemiological study on outpatients with schizophrenia, and a subsequent pharmacoeconomic modeling. Two medical technologies were evaluated and compared: treatment with classical antipsychotics (kA) and treatment with atypical antipsychotics (AA). For the clinical and economic analysis of these treatments, we used a number of indices derived from our retrospective study of patients’ medical records. The cost-effectiveness analysis, incremental analysis, and «budget impact» analysis were performed taking into account the direct and indirect costs of the treatments.Results. We determined the costs of managing outpatients with schizophrenia from the perspective of the healthcare budget and the social burdens; we also looked into the relevance and effectiveness of the current costs at various time intervals – 6, 12 and 24 months. As shown, the treatment strategies involving AA were more budget-consumptive than the kA treatments. even if the treatments were switched to the reproduced AA (up to 100% replacement), the costs would remain to be higher than those for the kA. The «cost-effectiveness» analysis related to «the proportion of stable patients» for the horizons of 6 and 12 months indicated that the reproduced AA would be more economically effective than the kA. However, when the observation period was increased to 24 months, this economic advantage of AA diminished, and the kA drugs had a lower CeR instead. For the «number of hospitalization-free days per year», the use of AA was more cost-effective only versus the 100% use of reproduced AA at the simulated horizon of 12 months. When the use of 100% reference AA or the combined use of reference + reproduced AA was simulated, the treatment with kA remained more economically effective, regardless of the simulated period.Conclusion. The pharmacoeconomic simulation of the antipsychotic therapy in outpatients with schizophrenia suggests the ways to optimize the treatment. Among them, (a) using AA for the treatment of at least 15.6% of patients (those who are employed); keeping the ≥60% use of kA to ensure the optimal resource-saving effect of the treatment; (b) using reproduced AA at the level of ≥70% (instead of the reference AA similar in efficacy and safety) to keep the treatment economically feasible.

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RESOURCE-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOYBEAN CULTIVATION ON DEGRADED SOILS OF THE ALMATY OBLAST

REPORTS ◽

10.32014/2020.2518-1483.142 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (334) ◽

pp. 103-108

Author(s):

T. Atakulov ◽

◽

N. Alipbekov ◽

A. Smanov ◽

U. Kalymbetov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Humus Content ◽

Salt Content ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Soil Horizon ◽

Average Yield ◽

Resource Saving ◽

Sudan Grass ◽

Effective Use ◽

The Cost ◽

Intensive Growth

The article presents data on the effective use of secondary saline irrigated land in Almaty oblast. The use of salt-resistant phytomeliorants and an adoptogen contributed to a decrease in the salt content in the soil, along with an increase in yield and improvement of the soil structure. The results showed that in the upper layers of the soil (0-20 cm), the content of agronomically valuable aggregates is higher and ranges from 64 to 73%, and with a depth (20-40 cm) it decreases and ranges from 39 to 66%. The content of water-bearing aggregates increases by 2-5% with depth, and the volume mass of the soil increases with depth and averaged 1.24-1.30 g/cm3. The humus content ranges from 0.54 to 1.16%. The results of observations of the growth and development of phytomeliorants showed that phytomeliorants intensively grew, developed and accumulated aboveground masses, especially in variants with adaptogen treatment. The height of plants reached up to 266 cm (Sudan grass), and on the variant without treatment was 257 cm. Accumulated aboveground masses from 950 to 2013 gr. Intensive growth of phytomeliorants was suppressed by weeds, and their contents were insignificant from 19 to 22 pcs/m2, and in the variant with adaptogen treatment was from 18-20 pcs/m2. The average yield of sorghum green mass ranged from 740.4 centner/ha in the variant without adaptogen treatment, and in the variant with treatment was 777.4 centner/ha. The average yield of sudan grass was 947.0-990.3 centner/ha, and soybean seed yield was in the range from 54.7-56.4 centner/ha. Intensive development of phytomeliorants contributed to an increase in yield and a decrease in salts on the upper soil horizon (0-20 cm) from 0.06 to 0.27%. The largest decrease in salts by 0.27% was observed under soybean crops. The use of the recommended technology contributed to saving irrigation water up to 70% due to drip irrigation, reducing the cost of washing and chemical reclamation – gypsum.

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From statistics, through new requirements to mathematical modelling of SAT aircraft safety

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology ◽

10.1108/aeat-01-2017-0027 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 90 (4) ◽

pp. 659-666

Author(s):

Bartosz Dziugiel ◽

Zdobyslaw Jan Goraj

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Business Models ◽

Federal Aviation Administration ◽

Safety Level ◽

Content Type ◽

Technical Specifications ◽

Safety Estimation ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact ◽

Small Aircraft

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of the technical and operational specifications of the Small Aircraft Transport System (SAT/SATS) to the achieved safety level. Design/methodology/approach Safety estimation was made with the use of mathematical model of safety of light aircraft in commercial operations developed on the basis of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) data. The analysis was conducted for two different SATS business models based on Direct AiR Transport (DART) concept. It allowed for the investigation of the impact of technical specifications of the aircraft included into the SATS fleet as well as the selected elements of the applied business model on SATS safety level. Findings It was found that the proposed changes to DART system resulted in a significant improvement of safety. Mean Time Between Incidents and Accident (MTBIA) increased by 200 per cent. Additionally, the introduced alterations impacted the weights of particular domains and pilot’s error became less critical than the technical reliability. Practical implications It was shown that the application of new requirements influences both the safety level and the cost of operation, which was demonstrated within the ESPOSA and DART projects. Additionally, it was indicated that further effort to improve the light aircraft safety is absolutely necessary. Originality/value Originality consists in combining in one mathematical model both the aircraft configuration and the rules for business operation. Optimization of selected parameters of the system leads to a significant reduction in the accident number and to keeping the cost increment at a reasonable level. It was also found that the resulted improvement sometimes cannot be sufficient to consider a small aircraft operation fully safe, mainly owing to the numerous restrictions because of its small weight and loading capacity.

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Improved Electrical Conducting Wires for SOFCs

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.797 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 55-57 ◽

pp. 797-800

Author(s):

M. Masomtob ◽

K. Wongtida ◽

J. Charoensuk ◽

S. Charojrochkul

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Melting Point ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

High Electrical Conductivity ◽

Energy Devices ◽

Temperature Range ◽

Electrical Conducting ◽

Alternative Choice ◽

Gold Wires ◽

The Cost

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) have attracted a number of researchers due to their efficiency as alternative energy devices. Studies have been conducted to investigate different components of the SOFCs to improve the performances. Current collecting wires are the components which have affected the overall performance. Since SOFCs are normally operated in the temperature range of 700-1000 °C in dual atmospheres, the wiring material must be able to function at this condition. Currently, the material used to make the wires is platinum because of its high electrical conductivity, high melting point and oxidation resistant. However, platinum is expensive, especially for the practical operation of SOFCs. Silver could be an alternative choice due to its very high electrical conductivity. Nevertheless, the melting point of silver is rather low (900-960 °C). In our study, a modified silver current collecting wire has been used in the temperature range of 100-1000 °C. Their conductivity curves have demonstrated higher performances in comparison with the systems employing Pt and gold wires. In addition, the cost is reduced approximately 800-1000 times from that of the traditional material used.

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WHEAT-SPELT FLOUR OF TYPE 600 WITH IMPROVING BAKERY PROPERTIES

Food Science and Technology ◽

10.15673/fst.v14i1.1646 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

D. Zhygunov ◽

Y. Barkovska ◽

Y. Yehorshyn ◽

H. Zhyhunova ◽

K. Barikian

Keyword(s):

Wheat Flour ◽

High Strength ◽

Technological Properties ◽

Bread Making ◽

Rheological Analysis ◽

Enzyme Preparations ◽

Wheat Dough ◽

Lower Protein ◽

End Use ◽

The Cost

The article presents the results of comparative studies of quality indicators of wheat patent commercial flour, spelta flour and 9 mixtures of them, obtained by mixing in a different ratio (from 10 to 90%). It has been established that wheat flour have a lower protein content (11.5%) and lower gluten content (26.0%) against (14.2%) and (36.5%), respectively, in spelt flour. Rheological analysis of wheat dough showed high strength W=280×10-4J, high value of P = 109mm, but as a result of insufficient extensibility L=66mm a suboptimal curve configuration P/L=1.65 for baking purpose (P/L=0.8–1.2) is obtained. Conversely, spelt flour has strength W=110×10-4J, low resistance to extension (50mm), high extansability (95mm), low ratio P/L=0.56, dough from spelt flour is highly fluid and sticky. Therefore, to provide wheat dough specific technological properties proposed mixing wheat flour and spelt flour. It has been established that the addition of spelt flour in an amount up to 30–40% increases the volume of bread in 1.13–1.16 times from 440 cm3 to 480–490 cm3 and its porosity from 78% for wheat flour to 81% for wheat-spelt mixture. The best combination of sensory characteristics (shape, condition and color of the surface, the elasticity and color of the crumb, the nature of the porosity, taste and aroma of the bread) was obtained by adding spelt flour in an amount of 20–30%: this is the ratio recommended in the production of wheat-spelt flour. That will increase the cost of end–use flour in 1.15–1.25 times, but taking into account the need to adjust commercial wheat flour with enzyme preparations, the cost increase will be less. Such flour will have not only good bread-making properties thanks to the addition of spelt flour but also high content of various vitamins and trace elements, will have a pleasant yellowish color of crust. Since its ash content will be less 0.60%, such this flour can be named "wheat-spelt flour of Type 600".

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Assembling cheap, high-performance microphones for recording terrestrial wildlife: the Sonitor system

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.17511.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 1984 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kevin Darras ◽

Bjørn Kolbrek ◽

Andreas Knorr ◽

Volker Meyer

Keyword(s):

Open Source ◽

High Performance ◽

Transmission Loss ◽

Signal Loss ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Technical Specifications ◽

Sound Amplification ◽

Passive Acoustic ◽

The Cost ◽

Acoustic Horns

Passive acoustic monitoring of wildlife requires microphones. Several cheap, high-performance open-source solutions currently exist for recording sounds, but all of them are still reliant on commercial microphones. Commercial microphones are relatively expensive, specialized on particular taxa, and often have opaque technical specifications. We designed Sonitor, an open-source microphone system to address all needs of ecologists that sample terrestrial wildlife acoustically. We evaluated the cost of our system and measured trade-offs that are seldom acknowledged but which universally limit microphones' functions: weatherproofing versus sound attenuation, windproofing versus transmission loss after rain, signal loss in long cables, and analog sound amplification and directivity with acoustic horns. We propose three microphone configurations suiting different budgets, sound qualities, and flexibility requirements, which all cover the entire sound frequency spectrum of sonant terrestrial wildlife at a fraction of the cost of commercial microphones.

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End-to-end engineering technologies as resource-saving technologies

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202127901005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 279 ◽

pp. 01005

Author(s):

Mariya Kilina ◽

Vyacheslav Grishenko ◽

Denis Dymochkin

Keyword(s):

Engineering Design ◽

Industry 4.0 ◽

Resource Saving ◽

Design Procedures ◽

Parallel Design ◽

End To End ◽

Design Objects ◽

Iterative Procedures ◽

The Cost ◽

Engineering Personnel

The article discusses approaches and methods to engineering design in light of INDUSTRY 4.0 technology. Versions of serial and parallel design are described. An analysis of end-to-end design in accordance with INDUSTRY 4.0 technologies is presented, the advantages of this approach to creating complex mechanical engineering facilities are shown. These examples show a reduction in resources and time to develop new design objects. So the use of Wave technology in design allows you to reduce the cost of engineering personnel by 66%, increase iterative procedures while reducing the time of design procedures, reduce the number of elements of the system, without reducing its reliability.

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Technology of strip chemical treatment in the resource-saving system of agriculture in Volgograd region

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/843/1/012021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 843 (1) ◽

pp. 012021

Author(s):

I B Borisenko ◽

M V Meznikova ◽

E I Ulybina

Keyword(s):

Chemical Treatment ◽

Technical Solution ◽

Resource Saving ◽

Spray Solution ◽

Rational Distribution ◽

Volgograd Region ◽

Working Solution ◽

Cultivated Plant ◽

The Cost ◽

Rate Of Consumption

Abstract To preserve and restore disturbed lands and reduce the damaging impact on air, plants and soil, it is necessary to apply resource-saving technologies. Strip-till technology is recommended for tilled crops. The technical solution is offered to increase the efficiency of the working solution use due to the rational distribution on the objects of influence and increase of its uniformity. That is, it is possible to reduce the hectare rate of consumption of the working solution by using the method of strip chemical treatment of plants. This is achieved by the redistribution of the working solution between the row and the row with the cultivated plant. The technical solution is to equip the serial sprayer with two lines with spray nozzles and special separator bodies. After a quick changeover in the field without the use of special tools, it is possible to switch from continuous spraying to strip spraying and back. At switching over to strip spraying, the spray solution is sprayed strictly along the strips of cultivated plant growth and covers the whole surface of stem and leaves. This allows reducing the cost of liquid chemicalization agents application and accurately redistributing the working solution.

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ECOLOGICALLY ORIENTED AGRICULTURE IN UKRAINE: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS OF DEVELOPMENT

Trakia Journal of Sciences ◽

10.15547/tjs.2019.02.008 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 150-157

Author(s):

O. Shubravska ◽

K. Prokopenko ◽

L. Udova

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Population Expansion ◽

Resource Saving ◽

Material Resources ◽

Sectoral Structure ◽

The Cost ◽

Competitive Products ◽

Sustainable Productivity

The structure of agriculture is increasingly corrected by the need to adapt production to increase the intensity of climate change that leads to building a new concept of resource-saving agriculture, determining the optimal sectoral structure of production and indicators for assessing the implication of adaptation technologies implementation. The aim of the study is to develop the concept of ecological resource-saving agriculture, which will ensure: preservation and reproduction of agricultural land fertility as a decisive factor in food security in the long term; improvement of food quality for the population; expansion of the export potential of agro-food products at the expense of the segment of high-quality, demanded and, therefore, competitive products. An assessment of the consequences of climate change for the industry and possible results of its adaptation suggests that the use of environmentally balanced agricultural systems will ensure adaptation of the industry to climate change on the basis of widespread introduction of innovative technologies that will promote the conservation and restoration of soil fertility, moisture conservation, reduction of production cost through minimization the cost of material resources. As the result, the sustainable productivity, profit increase and food safety while maintaining the resources and the environment will be achieved.

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