scholarly journals Manufacturing Saltpetre in Finland in the Late 16th and Early 17th Centuries

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-176
Author(s):  
Mirkka Lappalainen
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Self Sufficiency

This chapter analyses the manufacturing of potassium nitrate in late 16th- and early 17th-century Finland. In order to secure its self-sufficiency in gunpowder manufacturing at the eve of its Age of Greatness, the Swedish crown built a network of state-owned saltpetre works and obliged peasants to deliver the raw materials. The system did not function as hoped for several reasons, not least because of the burdensome ‘saltpetre tax’, which created conflicts between the local peasants and the crown’s men, and it was fairly quickly abandoned for other solutions.

Trade in the Japanese Empire

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Yang
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ryukyu Islands ◽  
Japanese Empire ◽  
Cooperative Effort ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Ryukyu Islands ◽  
Treaty Port ◽  
Port System

Insecurity and inequality (both real and perceived) have defined the Japanese Empire as an entity of trade. If one the primary goals of Japan’s leaders during the Meiji period (1868–1912) was to revise the so-called unequal treaties, then having an empire was seen as a necessary means towards achieving this end. From the very beginning, strategic concerns proved inseperable from economic considerations. Imperial expansion into neighboring territories occurred simutaneously and worked hand in hand with forging an industrial nation-state. The empire began with the so-called internal colonization of Hokkaidō and then the Ryūkyū Islands (Okinawa), followed by Taiwan and Korea, spoils of victory after the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars, respectively. Taiwan and Korea represented Japan’s formal empire, and Japan developed these territories primarily as agricultural appendages—unequal and exclusive trading partners to provide foodstuffs for a growing, industrializing population in the home islands. As Japan developed its formal colonies toward a goal of agricultural self-sufficiency, it also pursued informal empire in China, which took shape as a competitive yet cooperative effort with other Western imperial powers under the treaty port system. World War I represented a turning point for imperial trade: At this time, Japan took advantage of a Europe preoccupied with internecine battles to ramp up the scope and scale of industrial production, which made Japan increasingly reliant on China—and particularly Manchuria—for raw materials necessary for heavy industry such as coal and iron. Japanese efforts to tighten its grip on China brought it into conflict with the Western imperialist powers and with a strengthening Chinese nation. Another major turning point was Japan’s 1931 takeover of Manchuria and the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo; these actions ended the treaty port system and sparked conflicts between China and Japan that broke out into full-out war by 1937. Although Japan was largely able to achieve agricultural self-sufficiency by the 1930s, it was unable to be fully self-reliant in essential resources for industry (and war) such as oil, tin, and iron. Resource self-sufficiency was a major goal for the construction of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in the early 1940s. The Japanese Empire officially ended with defeat in 1945.

The Harding Administration and Mexico: Diplomacy by Economic Persuasion

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
George D. Beelen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Latin Americans ◽  
New Mexican ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
World Demand ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Right

During the decade beginning in 1910 the economic involvement of the United States in Mexico increased while diplomatic relations deteriorated. Between 1911 and 1920 United States' imports from Mexico increased from $57,000,000 to $179,000,000 and exports from $61,000,000 to $208,000,000. Much of this economic growth related to petroleum and to land where investments in each of these areas increased phenomenally. The new Mexican Constitution of 1917, however, forecast trouble for foreign investors, especially those who depended upon Mexico's unreplenishable subsoil resources. Concessionaires who mined the subsoil appeared to hold their title only at the will of the state. Additionally, the right of foreigners to hold property in Mexico was often restricted. Land on the shores or borders of Mexico, for example, could not be owned by foreigners. Such provisions were designed to limit the economic subservience of Mexico to the United States. Like other Latin Americans, the Mexicans wanted economic self-sufficiency. They resented the fact that their economy was tied to the fluctuating world demand for staple raw materials and that they were caught in an American vise which squeezed both their imports and their exports.

British Mercantilism and the Economic Development of the Thirteen Colonies

1952 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis P. Nettels
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The State ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Navigation Acts ◽  
High Degree

Mercantilism is defined for this discussion as a policy of government that expressed in the economic sphere the spirit of nationalism that animated the growth of the national state in early modern times. The policy aimed to gain for the nation a high degree of security or self-sufficiency, especially as regards food supply, raw materials needed for essential industries, and the sinews of war. This end was to be achieved in large measure by means of an effective control over the external activities and resources upon which the nation was dependent. In turn, that urge impelled the mercantilists to prefer colonial dependencies to independent foreign countries in seeking sources of supply. If the state could not free itself completely from trade with foreign nations, it sought to control that trade in its own interest as much as possible. To realize such objectives, mercantilism embraced three subordinate and related policies. The Corn Laws fostered the nation's agriculture and aimed to realize the ideal of self-sufficiency as regards food supply. State aids to manufacturing industries, such as the protective tariff, sought to provide essential finished goods, including the sinews of war. The Navigation Acts were intended to assure that foreign trade would be carried on in such a way as to yield the maximum advantage to the state concerned.

scholarly journals The Utilization of Rapeseed for Biofuels Production in the EU

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iveta Zentková ◽  
Eva Cvengrošová
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Rapeseed Production ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Biofuels production has risen rapidly in the past decade. Growing tendency can be expected in the future if national governments will continue in achievement of higher share of ‘green energy’. Diversification and self-sufficiency in energy and environmental aspects should underpin national and international policy. Consumption of biofuels in the transport sector has been significantly increasing since 2000. Biofuels produced in the EU are mostly first-generation biofuels, mainly produced from agricultural raw materials. The aim of the article is utilization assessment of the main agriculture crop used in biofuels production in the EU, which is rapeseed. For achievement of the research objective have been used analysis methods, basic statistical indices, the share of rapeseed production used in industrial purposes estimation and self - sufficiency index. The results of the research confirm authors’ expectations concerning shifting of agricultural production primarily intended for food and feed production to industrial purposes due to continually growing demand for biofuels.

scholarly journals Problems of the implementation of the food self-sufficiency strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 00020
Author(s):  
Fayaz Avkhadiev ◽  
Farit Mukhametgaliev ◽  
Ilgizar Gainutdinov ◽  
Nail Asadullin ◽  
Marcel Khismatullin
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Food Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current State ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
Fierce Competition

The relevance of the topic of the article is caused by the need to study the level of agricultural production and the country's self-sufficiency with basic food products in the context of fierce competition in the world food market and sanctions from Western European countries and the United States. The purpose of the article is to identify trends in the implementation of the strategy of import substitution of food products and to determine the priorities for the development of the agricultural business in import and export activities. The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the current state of food production and the development of priority directions for the effective functioning of enterprises of agricultural production and processing of agricultural raw materials in modern conditions of external and internal socio-political challenges and risks. The article defines the current state of food supply for the population of the country, identifies trends and priority strategic directions for implementing the policy of import substitution, and ensuring food security of the country suggests the need for an interconnected and balanced organization of import and export activities of agricultural enterprises. The theoretical provisions and practical recommendations proposed in the article allow solving the problem of stable self-sufficiency of the country with competitive food products and the transition to the implementation of an export-oriented strategy for the development of the agricultural sector of the economy.

scholarly journals Pemanfaatan dan Penanaman Tanaman Obat Keluarga (TOGA) Menuju Keluarga Sehat Pada Ibu Pemberdayaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga (PKK)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Hidayati Karamina ◽  
Supriyadi Supriyadi ◽  
Dudella Desnani Firman Yasin ◽  
Muhammad Yusi Kamhar ◽  
Farida Kusuma Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
The Public ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Service Activities ◽  
Simple Technology ◽  
The Village

The current development of the plants that have medicinal properties have progressed whereby drug discovery as well as a sophisticated new technology into alternative solutions in the pharmaceutical world progress. Utilization of the yard are generally not utilized properly has many benefits especially in terms of increasing the family income, for example as the granary of life and living pharmacy, so it needs to be developed intensively. Simple technology that can be implemented that should bring some broad benefits to society not only in the process of self-sufficiency, but also can be directed toward health independence through several development Family Medicinal Plants (TOGA). TOGA synonymous with herbal raw materials for herbal medicine which are domination with a bitter taste, has no aesthetic value and is rarely consumed by the public.  This causes difficulty in the development of the value of medicinal plants. to know and understand the background of the community in understanding the background of TOGA, how to grow TOGA plants, and their use to revitalize the TOGA program, especially in Sidorejo Village. This service activities subsequently conducted outreach activities about the benefits of medicinal plants, how crops TOGA is good and right as well as the provision of some medicinal plants will be planted in the yard of the village TOGA post. Of community service activities, it is concluded that the lack of knowledge of the public in knowing the types of plants TOGA and the efficacy of various plants TOGA limited and the lack of land use that are owned by citizens.

scholarly journals Methodology for assessment of food security of countries

VUZF Review ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Robert Jurczak
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The World ◽  
National Food Security ◽  
Global Food

A comprehensive assessment of national food security should include an analysis of the physical and economic accessibility of food, the level and quality of nutrition of the population, the sustainability and competitiveness of agriculture, factors and trends of self-sufficiency in the main types of agricultural products, raw materials and food and the effectiveness of foreign trade in food. To assess the food security situation at the state level, it is necessary to conduct monitoring, which consists in determining the deviations of the main indicators from the criteria and thresholds established at the national level. The monitoring should determine the format of the national report on the country's food security. The number of indicators that make up its basis, should be optimal and sufficient to reflect the level of food security of the country and compare them with the situation in other countries. At the same time, it is necessary to analyze trends in ensuring food security at the global level in terms of the progress of countries and regions of the world in achieving the goals of sustainable development in agriculture, the elimination of hunger and poverty for the period up to 2030.  Conducting a study of the components of the global food security index, formed at the world level to measure the policy and efficiency of government agencies in the field of food security, is relevant and in demand for positioning the country within the framework of international comparison of countries.

scholarly journals THE RESULTS OF A STUDY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL GLASS FROM THE EXCAVATION 1989 IN THE HISTORICAL CENTER OF MOGILEV (optical spectral analysis)

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-360
Author(s):  
I. I. Sinchuk
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Silicate Glass ◽  
Calcium Silicate ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Glass Production ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Spectral Lines ◽  
Historical Center ◽  
General Technical

180 fragments of glassware from the historical part of Mogilev at the end of the 16th and early 20th centuries were studied. Technological excursus is devoted to raw materials for glass production and introduces glassmaking literature of the 18th — early 20th centuries. The method of semiquantitative optical spectral analysis based on the atlas of spectral lines is used. For the transfer of results, the conventional general technical method is used. A few examples of ash glass date back to the late of the 16th — early 17th century. Most of the samples analyzed from the 17th to the 19th centuries are made of potassium-calcium silicate glass; about 1/3 part of the products, there are manganese impurities, which makes the glass colorless. The result of the work is a catalog of analyzes of an archaeological glass from the Belarusian city of Mogilev, which presented in the appendix.

scholarly journals Analisis Usaha Penangkaran Benih Padi (Kasus di Subak Kusamba, Desa Karangdadi, Kecamatan Dawan, Kabupaten Klungkung)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
NYOMAN RESI ARNINGSIH ◽  
I GEDE SETIAWAN ADI PUTRA ◽  
I PUTU DHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Rice Paddy ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Government ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
High Quality Seed

Rice Seed Multification Business Analysis (A Case at Subak of Kusamba,Village of Karangdadi, Sub-District of Dawan, Regency of Klungkung)One of supporting the success of productivity is high quality seed. Efforts to increase rice production have been done by the government. One of the government's efforts is to create programs for the achievement of food self-sufficiency of rice through the Special Effort (UPSUS), and to increase the production of rice, corn and soybeans (Pajale). The purpose of this study was to find out how much the level of income received by farmers as producers of raw materials and UD Tunas Mekar as the seed breeder of rice paddy. This research was conducted at Subak of Kusamba, Karangdadi Village, Dawan Sub-District, Klungkung Regency. The total sample was as many as 30 farmers of respondents. The analytical methods used were quantitative descriptive analysis, ratio data analysis, analysis of farming, and the R / C ratio. The results showed that the income received by farmers as producers of raw materials of rice seeds was Rp 4. 279 266 with an average land area of 3,400 square meters in one cycle of planting and the R / C Ratio obtained was 2.58. Operating revenues of paddy seed multification at UD. Tunas Mekar was Rp. 113,531,016 in one production process with the R / C ratio of 1.50. The suggestion that can be given that the government is expected to provide subsidized seed that can be affordable by the farmers. The cooperation between UD. Tunas Mekar and the farmers should continue to provide assistance to farmers so that they are excited about doing their farming.

Effectiveness of State Support for Regional Agriculture

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
E.A. Klimentova ◽  
◽  
A.A. Dubovitskiy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
State Support ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Drastic Increase ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Destructive Factor

The article analyzes the effectiveness of measures of state support for regional agricultural enterprises. Special attention is paid to the study of the level of achievement of the stated goals of the State program for the development of agriculture and regulation of markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food in the Tambov region. It was revealed that it was not possible to achieve all the goals set at the moment. There has not yet been a drastic increase in the level of self-sufficiency of the region with many basic food products and the level of economic availability of food. In the region, a serious decline in soil fertility continues and the problem of employment of the rural population has not been fully resolved. A destructive factor in the implementation of goals is that many of them are “blurred”, and some of them do not have any means of evaluation, i.e., target indicators and indexes. Based on the analysis, the authors developed proposals for clarifying the stated goals in terms of specificity and feasibility, linking the goals with the implementation of specific program-target and project tools, and assigning appropriate indicators (indexes) to each of them.

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