scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance pattern in pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from a private Medical College Hospital

KYAMC Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Mahmuda Siddiqua ◽  
Ahmed Nawsher Alam ◽  
Sonia Akter ◽  
Reena Saad Ferdousi
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an aerobic, motile, gram negative rod that belongs to the family, Pseudomonadaceae. They are often multidrug resistant due to intrinsic and acquired determinants. Continued emergence of resistance among P. aeruginosa to common antimicrobial drugs has been reported world-wide.Objectives: This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance as well as susceptibility patterns of isolates of P. aeruginosa in clinical specimens.Materials & Methods: One hundred and thirty-eight isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained from 4489 different clinical specimens. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of each isolate was carried out by the Kirby- Bauer disk diffusion method as per guidelines of Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI).Results: Majority of isolates of P. aeruginosa were obtained from specimens of wound swab 89 (64.5%), pus 18 (13.05%), and urine 17 (13.1%). The isolated pathogens showed high resistance (91% to 96%) to cotrimoxazole and cefuroxime. Resistance rates to cefepime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and gentamicin varied from 47% to 88%. All the isolates were comparatively better susceptible to meropenem, ciprofloxacin, amikacin and imipenem ranges from 76% to 87%.Conclusion: The results confirmed the occurrence of drug resistance of P. aeruginosa to anti-pseudomonal drugs. Imipenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin and meropenem were found to be the most effective antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, judicious and rational treatment prescription is needed by the physicians to limit the further spread of antimicrobial resistance among the P. aeruginosa.KYAMC Journal Vol. 9, No.-1, April 2018, Page 16-19

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA (P. AERUGINOSA) AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS AT A PRIVATE HOSPITAL IN SANA'A, YEMEN

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Alyahawi ◽  
Abdul Monem Alhomidi ◽  
Nawal Al-Henhena
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is clinically significant and opportunistic pathogenthat causes infections in hospitalized patients. Antibiotic resistance is a major concern in clinical practice. The ongoing emergence of resistant strains that cause nosocomial infections contributes substantially to the morbidity and mortality of hospitalized patients. Objective of present study was to estimate the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of P. aeruginosa isolates from hospitalized patients. The study was performed at microbiology department of a local hospital in Sana’a, Yemen. All the patients' samples of hospital departments from January, 2017 to December, 2017 were included. A Total of 2079 samples were collected during the study period. Among them, 193 strains of Pseudomonas spp. were isolated. One hundred ninety three isolates of P. aeruginosa were isolated from different clinical specimens and fully characterized by standard bacteriological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of each isolates was carried out by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. Majority of P. aeruginosa were isolated from Sputum, followed by urine specimens. The isolate pathogen showed the highest sensitive to Meropenem (85.5%), followed by Amikacin (80.5%), Imipenem (80.0%), and Piperacillin/tazobactam (77.2). The highest frequency of resistance (96.2%) was observed with amoxicillin /clavulinic Acid followed by cefuroxime 94.6%, ampicillin/ sulbactam 94.5%, Co-Trimoxzole 80.5%, and norfloxacin 54%. The result confirmed the occurrence of drug resistance strains of P. aeruginosa. Meropenem, imipenem, and amikacin, were found to be the most effective antimicrobial drugs. It therefore calls for a very judicious, appropriate treatment regimens selection by the physicians to limit the further spread of antimicrobial resistance P. aeruginosa.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from pigs with respiratory clinical signs in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. e160956
Author(s):  
Maysa Serpa ◽  
Juliana Amália Fonte Bôa do Nascimento ◽  
Mirian Fátima Alves ◽  
Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho Guedes ◽  
Adrienny Trindade Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Great Level ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Pig Farms

Antimicrobial resistance is a current and important issue to public health, and it is usually associated with the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in animal production. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile in bacterial isolates from pigs with clinical respiratory signs in Brazil. One hundred sixty bacterial strains isolated from pigs from 51 pig farms in Brazil were studied. In vitro disk-diffusion method was employed using 14 antimicrobial agents: amoxicillin, penicillin, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, tilmicosin, florfenicol, lincomycin, and sulfadiazine/trimethoprim. The majority of isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent (98.75%; 158/160), while 31.25% (50/160) of the strains were multidrug resistant. Streptococcus suis and Bordetella bronchiseptica were the pathogens that showed higher resistance levels. Haemophilus parasuis showed high resistance levels to sulfadiazine/trimethoprim (9/18=50%). We observed that isolates from the midwestern and southern regions exhibited four times greater chance of being multidrug resistant than the isolates from the southeastern region studied. Overall, the results of the present study showed a great level of resistance to lincomycin, erythromycin, sulfadiazine/trimethoprim, and tetracycline among bacterial respiratory pathogens isolated from pigs in Brazil. The high levels of antimicrobial resistance in swine respiratory bacterial pathogens highlight the need for the proper use of antimicrobials in Brazilian pig farms.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antimicrobial resistance, biofilm forming potential, and the presence of biofilm-related genes among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmat Kamali ◽  
Ailar Jamali ◽  
Abdollah Ardebili ◽  
Freshteh Ezadi ◽  
Alireza Mohebbi
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Combination Strategies ◽  
High Standards ◽  
And Control ◽  
Genotypic Characteristics

Abstract Objectives Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known as a leading cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance and biofilm production, as two main virulence factors of P. aeruginosa, are responsible for the persistence of prolonged infections. In this study, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of biofilm of P. aeruginosa were investigated. Results A total of 80 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates were obtained. Isolates showed resistance to all antibiotics with a rate from 12.5% (n = 10) against amikacin and piperacillin/tazobactam to 23.75% (n = 19) to levofloxacin. Multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa accounted for 20% (n = 16). 83.75% (n = 67) of isolates showed biofilm phenotype. All three biofilm-related genes were found simultaneously in 87.5% (n = 70) of P. aeruginosa and 13.5% (n = 10) of the isolates had none of the genes tested. From the results of the present study, combination therapy including an anti-pseudomonal beta-lactam (piperacillin/tazobactam or ceftazidime) and an aminoglycoside or carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem) with fluoroquinolones in conjunction with an aminoglycoside can be used against Pseudomonas infections. However, reasonable antimicrobial use and high standards of infection prevention and control are essential to prevent further development of antimicrobial resistance. Combination strategies based on the proper anti-pseudomonal antibiotics along with anti-biofilm agents can also be selected to eradicate biofilm-associated infections.

scholarly journals Occurrence of NDM-1 and VIM-2 Co-Producing Escherichia coli and OprD Alteration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Hospital Environment Samples in Northwestern Tunisia

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1617
Author(s):  
Raouaa Maaroufi ◽  
Olfa Dziri ◽  
Linda Hadjadj ◽  
Seydina M. Diene ◽  
Jean-Marc Rolain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method

Hospital environments constitute the main reservoir of multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this study we aimed to investigate the presence of Gram-negative bacteria in one Northwestern Tunisian hospital environment, and characterize the genes involved in bacterial resistance. A total of 152 environmental isolates were collected from various surfaces and isolated using MacConkey medium supplemented with cefotaxime or imipenem, with 81 fermenter bacteria (27 Escherichia coli, and 54 Enterobacter spp., including 46 Enterobacter cloacae), and 71 non-fermenting bacteria (69 Pseudomonas spp., including 54 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 2 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) being identified by the MALDI-TOF-MS method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method and E-Test was used to determine MICs for imipenem. Several genes implicated in beta-lactams resistance were characterized by PCR and sequencing. Carbapenem resistance was detected among 12 isolates; nine E. coli (blaNDM-1 (n = 8); blaNDM-1 + blaVIM-2 (n = 1)) and three P. aeruginosa were carbapenem-resistant by loss of OprD porin. The whole-genome sequencing of P. aeruginosa 97H was determined using Illumina MiSeq sequencer, typed ST285, and harbored blaOXA-494. Other genes were also detected, notably blaTEM (n = 23), blaCTX-M-1 (n = 10) and blaCTX-M-9 (n = 6). These new epidemiological data imposed new surveillance strategies and strict hygiene rules to decrease the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria in this area.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Extensively Drug Resistant Carbapenemase Producing Enterobacteriaceae

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Fatima Afroz ◽  
Shaheda Anwar ◽  
Mashrura Quraishi ◽  
GM Mohiuddin ◽  
SM Ali Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method

Carbapenems, often agents of last resort for multidrug resistant bacterial infections are now threatened by widespread dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Production of carbapenemases remain the most clinically important mechanism of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. The objective of this study was to determine the antibiogram pattern of carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae. A cross sectional study was conducted at department of Microbiology and Immunology, BSMMU from September 2018 to August 2019. A total of 145 CRE isolates from different clinical samples were studied.Antimicrobial susceptibility was examinedby disk diffusion method and MIC of colistin by broth microdilution method. Resistant carbapenemase genes NDM and OXA-48 were identified by polymerase chain reaction. Out of 145 CRE isolates, 104 were NDM, 73 were OXA-48and 34 isolates were both NDM and OXA-48 co-producers. All the NDM and OXA-48 carbapenemase producing isolates were 100% resistant to meropenem, imipenem, ertapenem, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and piperacillin + tazobactam. Resistance rates of reserved antimicrobials to treat CRE isolates were also alarming. Thirty seven percent, 9.6% and 5.5 % of OXA-48 carbapenemase producers and 26.0%, 10.6% and 2.9% of NDM carbapenemase producers were resistant to colistin, polymyxin B and tigecycline respectively.Among the carbapenemase producing isolates, 16.6% (24) were multidrug resistant (MDR), 82.1% (119) were extensively drug resistant (XDR) and 1.3% (2) isolates were pan drug resistantwhich highlights the emerging therapeutic challenge for these superbugs. Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2019; 13 (2): 7-10

scholarly journals In vitro efficacy of synergistic antibiotic combinations in imipenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Aleya Farzana ◽  
S. M. Shamsuzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
New Antibiotics

The increase in antibiotic resistance coincided with the decline in production of new antibiotics. Combination antibiotic treatment is preferred in nosocomial infections caused by multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In vitro synergism test by agar dilution method were used to choose the combinations which might be used in clinic. The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic efficacy of antibiotic combinations in imipenem resistant P. aeruginosa strains. Carbapenem resistance (imipenem and meropenem) wasdetermined by disk diffusion method. Among isolated P. aeruginosa 44.9% were cabapenem resistant. The MIC of drugs among 25 imipenem resistant isolates ranged from >_ 256 mg/L to <_ 8 mg/L for imipenem, >_ 1024 mg/L to <_ 64 mg/L for ceftriaxone, >_ 256 mg/L to <_ 8 mg/L for amikacin, >_ 16 mg/L to <_ 2 mg/L for colistin, >_ 512 mg/L to <_ 16 mg/L for piperacillin/tazobactam. Among antibiotic combinations, piperacillin /tazobactam- amikacin was most effective with 80% synergism next to which was imipenem-amikacin with 60% synergism, then imipenem-colistin with 50% synergism, imipenem-ceftriaxone with 30% synergism. Only one combination (piperacillin/tazobactum -imipenem showed 20% antagonism. All these combinations had considerable proportion of additive effect which is also desirable for these multi drug resistant isolates.Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2015; 9 (1): 3-8

scholarly journals Prevalence and Characteristics of Metallo-beta Lactamase-positive and High-risk Clone ST235 Pseudomonas aeruginosa at Ardabil Hospitals

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Somayeh Safarirad ◽  
Mohsen Arzanlou ◽  
Jafar Mohammadshahi ◽  
Hamid Vaez ◽  
Amirhossin Sahebkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Clonal Relatedness ◽  
Synergy Test ◽  
Highly Virulent

Background: Carbapenems are the most commonly administered drugs for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-P. aeruginosa) infections. However, carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa is spreading rapidly and has led to a new threat to human health worldwide. Objectives: The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa, detect metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producer isolates, and evaluate their clonal relationships in strains isolated from patients referring to the hospitals of Ardabil city, Iran. Methods: The resistance rate to imipenem was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. Double-disk synergy test and PCR technique were used for phenotypic and genotypic screening of MBL-positive P. aeruginosa, respectively. Ultimately, ERIC-PCR and MLST methods were used for assessing clonal relatedness among the isolates. Results: The prevalence of imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa strains was estimated at 57.1% (48 out of 84 isolates). In addition, 45 (93.7%) out of 48 imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates were phenotypically screened as MBL-positive, among which 16 (35.5%) and three (6.6%) isolates harbored blaIMP and blaVIM-1 genes, respectively. However, blaNDM, blaSIM-2, blaSPM, and blaGIM-1 genes were not detected in this study. MBL-producing P. aeruginosa strains were divided into 42 ERIC-PCR types. Based on the results of MLST, P. aeruginosa ST235 was the only identified sequence type. Conclusions: Our results revealed a high and alarming prevalence of imipenem-resistant and blaIMP-positive P. aeruginosa ST235 at Ardabil hospitals. Continuous monitoring is essential to control the further spread of this highly virulent and drug-resistant clone.

Detection of Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Clinical and Intensive Care Unit Environmental Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 758-762
Author(s):  
Omid Zarei ◽  
Hassan Mahmoudi ◽  
Ali Mohammadi Bardbari ◽  
Pezhman Karami ◽  
Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Human Infections

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative non-glucose fermenting aerobic bacteria and an opportunistic pathogen in humans and animals. The present study was carried out to investigate the distribution of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance properties of P. aeruginosa isolated from patients and intensive care unit (ICU) environment. Material and Methods: A total of 116 P. aeruginosa isolated from patients and ICU environment were collected from Besat hospital in Hamadan, the West of Iran. P. aeruginosa isolates were analyzed based on the presence of the virulence factors encoding genes included exoA, exoS, exoU, and algD using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using a disk diffusion method. Results: The results showed the prevalence of exoA 33 (56.9%), exoS 21 (36.20%), exoU 37 (63.8%), and algD 35 (60.34%) genes in ICU environment P. aeruginosa strains and exo A 23 (39.25%), exoS 25 (43.1%), exoU 40(68.98%), and algD 25 (43.1%) genes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. High resistance levels of the clinical and ICU environment isolate to ampicillinsulbactam (100%), were also observed. Conclusions: Our findings should raise awareness about antibiotic resistance in hospitalized patients in Iran. Clinicians should exercise caution in prescribing antibiotics, especially in cases of human infections.

Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Species in Retail Meat Products

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 1613-1617 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEZA ARSLAN ◽  
AYLA EYI
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Retail Meat

In the present study, a total of 225 retail meat products (poultry meat, ground beef, and beef samples) were tested for the prevalence of Salmonella. Of these, 50 (22.2%) were positive for Salmonella. Overall, the pathogen was detected in 22 (29.3%) samples of poultry meat (n = 75), 16 (21.3%) samples of ground beef (n = 75), and 12 (16%) samples of beef (n = 75). The most common isolate was Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (9.8%), followed by S. bongori species (8.9%) and S. enterica subsp. diarizonae (3.5%). The Salmonella strains isolated were also examined for antimicrobial resistance patterns and production of β-lactamase enzyme. The resistance levels of the isolates against 14 different antimicrobial agents were tested by the disk diffusion method. None of the strains exhibited resistance to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, or levofloxacin. However, the highest resistance rates in the meat isolates were 64% each for ampicillin and cephazolin and 56% for amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. A total of 62% of the 50 Salmonella strains were multiresistant to three or more antimicrobial agents. The exhibited multiple resistance to four or more antimicrobial drugs was 32%. Furthermore, none of the isolates had β-lactamase enzyme activity.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance in Pakistan: a systematic review of past decade

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazrat Bilal ◽  
Muhammad Nadeem Khan ◽  
Tayyab Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Fazal Hameed ◽  
Xingyuan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
World Health ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
E Coli

Abstract Background During the last six decades, extensive use of antibiotics has selected resistant strains, increasing the rate of fatal infectious diseases, and exerting an economic burden on society. This situation is widely accepted as a global problem, yet its degree is not well elucidated in many regions of the world. Up till now, no systemic analysis of Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Pakistan has been published. The current study aims to describe the antibiotic-resistance scenario of Pakistan from human samples of the last 10 y, to find the gaps in surveillances and methodology and recommendations for researchers and prescribers founded on these outcomes. Methods Original research articles analyzed the pattern of Antibiotic resistance of any World Health Organization (WHO) enlisted priority pathogens in Pakistan (published onward 2009 till March 2020), were collected from PubMed, Google scholar, and PakMedi Net search engines. These articles were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data about the study characteristics and antibiotic-resistance for a given bacterium were excluded from literature. Antibiotic resistance to a particular bacterium was calculated as a median resistance with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Results Studies published in the last 10 y showed that Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is the most reported clinical diagnosis (16.1%) in Pakistan. E. coli were reported in 28 (30.11%) studies showing high resistance to antibiotics’ first line. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was found in 49% of S. aureus’ total reported cases. Phenotypic resistance pattern has mostly been evaluated by Disk Diffusion Method (DDM) (82.8%), taken Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) as a breakpoint reference guideline (in 79.6% studies). Only 28 (30.11%) studies have made molecular identification of the resistance gene. blaTEM (78.94% in Shigella spp) and blaNDM-1 (32.75% in Klebsiella spp) are the prominent reported resistant genes followed by VanA (45.53% in Enterococcus spp), mcr-1 (1.61% in Acinetobacter spp), and blaKPC-2 (31.67% in E. coli). Most of the studies were from Sindh (40.86%), followed by Punjab (35.48%), while Baluchistan’s AMR data was not available. Conclusion Outcomes of our study emphasize that most of the pathogens show high resistance to commonly used antibiotics; also, we find gaps in surveillances and breaches in methodological data. Based on these findings, we recommend the regularization of surveillance practice and precise actions to combat the region’s AMR.

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