scholarly journals Cooperation between I. Lyzanivskyi and M. Vozniak in preparing thirty-volume edition of Ivan Franko’s works

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-52
Author(s):  
Tetiana Holiak
Keyword(s):  
Publishing House ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Main Text ◽  
Preliminary Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

The paper clarifies the nature of collaboration between I. Lyzanivskyi and M. Vozniak during the preparation of the first multi-volume edition of Ivan Franko’s works (1924—1931). The study is based on the analysis of letters from the editor of the cooperative publishing house “Rukh”, now kept in Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv. The preserved correspondence dates back to 1926—1929. The characteristics of the preliminary work for setting up the corpus of the writer’s critical works have been outlined. According to I. Lyzanivskyi’s plan, the first volume had to be ready for publication in the spring of 1927. The editor prepared a list of I. Franko’s critical works recommended for purchase and copying. As the use of the writer’s archive was impossible, the works were reprinted from the first and the last lifetime editions. Therefore, the stage of searching for the material was extremely important. F. Dudko assisted in copying the works. The preserved handwritten and typewritten copies from Ivan Franko archive in Shevchenko Institute of Literature show that the list of works was gradually extended. Some materials contain the notes and indications of the copyist and editorial corrections. However, due to unfavorable circumstances, the critical works were not included in the thirty-volume edition. Besides, according to the letters, the editor intended to publish the novel “Without Asking Where the Wade Is” (“Ne Spytavshy Brodu”), reconstructed by M. Vozniak, but it also remained unpublished. Instead, the novel “Lel and Polel” (“Lel i Polel”) was introduced to the readers for the first time. It was reconstructed and translated by M. Vozniak and set in the 30th volume of the edition. The collaboration of I. Lyzanivskyi and M. Vozniak to some extent prompted the scholar to study the history of Ivan Franko’s drama “Rowan” (“Horobyna”) and establish its main text. The research work was published in 1940 in the “Notes of Historical and Philological Faculties”.

COMPARATIVE LITERATURE: EAST AND WEST STUDIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (09) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Aziza Komilovna Akhmedova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Professional Ethics ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
The Novel ◽  
World Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Aesthetic Ideal ◽  
The Ideal

The article analyzes the results of the research on the representation of the aesthetic ideal through the image of the ideal hero in two national literatures. For research purposes, attention was paid to highlighting the category of the ideal hero as an expression of the author's aesthetic views. In Sinclair Lewis’s “Arrowsmith” and Pirimkul Kodirov's “The Three Roots”, the protagonists artistically reflect the authors' views on truth, virtue, and beauty. In these novels, professional ethics is described as a high noble value. The scientific novelty of the research work includes the following: in the evolution of western and eastern poetic thought, in the context of the novel genre, the skill, common and distinctive aspects of the creation of an ideal hero were revealed by synthesis of effective methods in world science with literary criteria in the history of eastern and western literary studies, in the example of Sinclair Lewis and Pirimkul Kodirov.

scholarly journals Intermingling of History and Politics in The God of Small Things

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Md. Abdul Momen Sarker ◽  
Md. Mominur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Indian Culture ◽  
Arundhati Roy ◽  
Political Condition ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Democratic Election ◽  
Small Things ◽  
First Time

Suzanna Arundhati Roy is a post-modern sub-continental writer famous for her first novel The God of Small Things. This novel tells us the story of Ammu who is the mother of Rahel and Estha. Through the story of Ammu, the novel depicts the socio-political condition of Kerala from the late 1960s and early 1990s. The novel is about Indian culture and Hinduism is the main religion of India. One of the protagonists of this novel, Velutha, is from a low-caste community representing the dalit caste. Apart from those, between the late 1960s and early 1990s, a lot of movements took place in the history of Kerala. The Naxalites Movement is imperative amid them. Kerala is the place where communism was established for the first time in the history of the world through democratic election. Some vital issues of feminism have been brought into focus through the portrayal of the character, Ammu. In a word, this paper tends to show how Arundhati Roy has successfully manifested the multifarious as well as simultaneous influences of politics in the context of history and how those affected the lives of the marginalized. Overall, it would minutely show how historical incidents and political ups and downs go hand in hand during the political upheavals of a state.

Andrey Krasnov’s contribution into development of comparative approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-120
Author(s):  
M. Davydiuk
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Science Content ◽  
Tropical Plants ◽  
Original Works ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
First Time

The paper is devoted to the outstanding native botanist-geographer Andrey Nikolayevich Krasnov (1862-1914), who, with his original works, left a remarkable track in the history of geographic science. He has done a lot for the development of geography. Geospatial comparative-geographic research occupied a special place in the many-sided scientific work of the outstanding educator and geographer. Andrey Krasnov conducted them in the homeland and in different places of the globe. The purpose of this study is to highlight multi-component comparative-geographical developments, which are widely represented in Andrey Krasnov’s works. Elements of comparative analysis and comparative approach as a whole in these publications focus on itself all the richness of research work and constructive nature use results of the scientist, relevant up to now. Andrey Krasnov substantially enriched the comparative approach with the techniques of geographical comparative method with regard to research of the comparable geospatial objects of nature, and also considerably strengthened the approach by methods of paleogeographical, genetic, morphological, geomorphological, evolutionary, landscape-science content. Andrey Krasnov’s original geomorphological hypothesis of steppes forestlessness was developed by comparative study of steppe nature in different parts of the world. Using comparative approach Andrey Krasnov came to the conclusion that it is possible to create "Japan" in Colchis and grow tea there. The co-creation of man with nature realized by him (in the case of the introduction of tropical plants in analogical environment) was carried out on the basis of comparative-geographical approach. In that co-creation the future of constructive geography was guessed. Andrey Krasnov advanced and worked out the idea of "geographic combinations" – landscapes as the main objects of study of geographical science. This idea preceded the science of geographic landscapes and their regionalization, as well as the distinguishing of landscapes-analogues in different regions and zones of the Earth. Andrey Krasnov for the first time in the national literature has outlined the landscape regions and zones (strips) for the territory of the entire globe. In the scientific work of Andrey Krasnov the scientist and artist were harmoniously combined. His works are an example of combination of high scholarship with artistic presentation. He significantly developed the research capabilities of comparative approach and expanded the horizons of its effectiveness, including the teaching and educational field.

scholarly journals THE METHODOLOGY OF ANALYSIS OF J. JOYCE'S NOVEL "ULISSES" (EMPHASES OF DARIA VIKONSKA)

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
M. Moklytsia
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Literary Forms ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
Ethical Norms ◽  
Almost All ◽  
First Time ◽  
School Curricula

The relevance of the study is due to the need to include the novel "Ulysses" by J. Joyce in university and, if possible, school curricula in foreign literature, as well as the need for its interpretation, despite the excessive complexity of the text and difficulty of perception. It is also important to return the legacy of D. Vikonska, a writer, critic, art critic and literary critic, to modern Ukrainian culture. Research methodology: a model of analysis of the modernist novel "Ulysses", created on the basis of the research work of D. Vikonska “James Joyce. The secret of his artistic face” (1934). Scientific novelty: for the first time the analysis of the novel "Ulysses" is carried out with the broad involvement of the half-forgotten studio of D. Vikonska, which has not lost its relevance, clearly articulates the modernist nature of the work, including surreal style. The purpose of the study: to draw attention to the outstanding figure of D. Vikonska as the founder of Ukrainian Joyce studies, to include her in the modern literary process, to show with her help the significant role of Joyce's novel "Ulysses". Conclusions. The answer to the question why Joyce's novel Ulysses is considered a landmark work of modernism should be concise but convincing, based on macro- and microanalysis of the text. First of all, it is a unique example of the author's self-expression, extreme subjectivism (the whimsy of Joyce's nature), transformed into universalism. No one is as subjective as Joyce is, no one is as universal as he is. Such can only be a conscious modernist who has passed the difficult path of search outside, in the world of culture, and inside, looking into the irrational depths of his own psyche. This is the most rational, intellectual and at the same time irrational, or visionary, according to K.G. Jung, type of creativity. Second: this is the boldest (revolutionary, in the words of Vikonska) challenge to tradition (or Cultural Canon, according to K.G. Jung), which manifested itself in the ironic parody of almost all known literary forms and narrative means, many moral and ethical norms. Third: it is a brilliant example of the author's style, a variant of surrealism, which grows out of naturalism and turns into neomythologism. Joyce's style is characterized by the following features: associative metaphorical writing, author's dictionary, which includes numerous innovations, narrative reception of the flow of consciousness; use of dreams, delusions, other boundary conditions; a bizarre intertwining of past and present, when dead and living characters are equal in meaning; consistent reflection of the external in the internal and vice versa; a labyrinth of human wanderings in search of pleasures, meaning, cognition and self-knowledge. Joyce modeled the next stage in the development of culture – the transition from modernism to postmodernism, from an ironic re-reading of tradition to playing with it.

scholarly journals The history of the F. Erisman Institute of Public Health and its directions of activity during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
N. I. Briko ◽  
A. Ya. Mindlina ◽  
R. V. Polibin ◽  
P. D. Lopukhov
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Preventive Medicine ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Community Research ◽  
Medical Institute ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Public Health Epidemiology

In 2020, exactly 90 years have passed since the first sanitary faculty in the history of medical education (F. ErismannInstitute of Public Health, nowadays) was found in the 1st Moscow Medical Institute (Sechenov University, nowadays).The history of the faculty unites the names of prominent scientists in the field of preventive medicine: F. Erismann, N.A. Semashko, A.V. Molkov, A.N. Sysin, E.M. Tareev and many, many others. New challenges to public health continueto appear in our time. The direction of “preventive medicine” has become more important than ever in the context of a pandemic of infection caused by the novel coronavirus (COronaVIrus Disease-19, COVID-19). The issues of epidemiologyand hygiene have become extremely relevant for doctors of any profile, not only for preventive ones (epidemiologists and hygienists). The strategic task today is to increase the “preventive medicine” specialty’s authority. It is also important to preserve and enhance the domestic experience of studying the disciplines of preventive medicine, harmonizing the content of educational programs with the world community. Research work at the Institute is carried out in 4 main areas of preventive medicine and public health: epidemiology, public health, microbiology, and hygiene.This review presents the main historical milestones in the development of teaching the specialty “preventive medicine” at the Sechenov University, the current state, and prospects for further development.

scholarly journals COMPASS INSIDE US BY PETER JILEMNICKÝ: CREATIVE HISTORY, GENRE PECULIARITY, ETHNO-HISTORICAL MATERIAL, AND IDEOLOGICAL TRENDS

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-110
Author(s):  
В.С. ПУКИШ ◽  
И.С. ХУГАЕВ
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Original Text ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
Central Characters ◽  
First Time

В статье рассматривается роман основоположника «революционно-пролетарской словацкой литературы», «словацкого Горького» Петера Йилемницкого (1901–1949) «Компас в нас» (1937). Актуальность данного рассмотрения определяется уже тем, что в романе значительное место уделено советской (русской, киргизской) и кавказ­ской (осетинской, в хронотопе, заступающем советские рамки) теме, – и при этом произведение Йилемницкого до сих пор не было переведено на русский язык и осталось, в общем, вне поля зрения отечественного литературоведения и литературной кри­тики. Отдельные, связанные с осетинской темой, главы романа в переводе на осетин­ский язык, выполненном в свое время Хасаном Малиевым и Сафаром Хаблиевым, пу­бликовались в советское время в североосетинской периодической печати, и, поскольку одним из героев Йилемницкого выступает друг Петера Йилемницкого известный осе­тинский писатель Чермен Беджызаты (1898–1937) и действие первого плана происхо­дит именно в Южной Осетии, которую, в рамках сюжета, посещает повествователь, роман «Компас в нас» несколько раз упоминался в осетинском литературоведении. Одним из авторов данной статьи (В.С. Пукишем) роман Йилемницкого в «осетин­ской» части в последнее время переведен на русский язык с языка оригинала (редакто­ром перевода, необходимого в виду этнокультурной фактуры, выступил И.С. Хугаев); соответственно, здесь, помимо необходимой биографической и библиографической справки, вводятся в литературно-критический оборот обстоятельства творческой истории романа «Компас в нас», его основные идеи и образы, а также его оценки в словацком литературном процессе; впервые на основе оригинального текста тракту­ется архитектоника, образная система, идеология, общие изобразительные приемы и идейно-эмоциональная тенденция текста Петера Йилемницкого. The article examines the novel Kompas v nás (Compass Inside Us) by Peter Jilemnický (1901–1949), the founder of “revolutionary proletarian Slovak literature,” and “the Slovak Gorki.” The topicality of this review can be proved by the fact that the novel devotes much attention to the Soviet (Russian, Kyrgyz) and the Caucasian (Ossetian – in the space-time going beyond the Soviet period) themes – however, by now it has not been translated into Russian and thus it has remained mostly out of the eye of contemporary Russian literary criticism. At the same time, the Ossetia-related chapters of the novel translated into Ossetian by Khasan Maliev and Safar Khabliev, were published in the North Ossetian press, and due to the fact that one of the central characters of the novel is Chermen Bedzhyzaty (1898–1937), a known Ossetian writer and a friend of Peter Jilemnický, and that the foreground of the story takes place in South Ossetia visited by the narrator, Compass Inside Us has more than once been mentioned by Ossetian literary critics. One of the authors of this article (V. Pukish) recently translated the ‘Ossetian’ part of the novel from Slovak into Russian (I. Khugaev edited the translated text as required by the ehtnocultural texture); this is why, the circumstances of creative history of the novel, its main ideas and images, and the assessments given to it by Slovak literary critics are hereby introduced into the scientific discourse in addition to the required biographical and bibliographical references. Based on the original text of the novel, the authors of this article are for the first time discussing the architectonics, imagery, ideology, general representational devices, and ideological and emotional trends of the text by Peter Jilemnický.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF F. M. DOSTOEVSKY’S NOVEL “CRIME AND PUNISHMENT” ON THE WORKS OF VIETNAMESE WRITERS

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Тхи Хоан Нгуен
Keyword(s):  
General Idea ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cultural Space ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
Foreign Literature ◽  
Russian Novel ◽  
Special Place ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Time

В статье впервые дано общее представление о влиянии «Преступления и наказания» Ф. М. Достоевского на творчество вьетнамских писателей на протяжении целого столетия. Автор обращает внимание, что роман «Преступление и наказание» занимает особое место в культурном пространстве Вьетнама, оказывая влияние на поэтику художественных произведений вьетнамских прозаиков, их мировоззренческие и эстетические ориентиры. В работе наглядно иллюстрируется процесс вхождения «Преступления и наказания» в культуру Вьетнама, который шел через творческую адаптацию романа. Автор отмечает, что сложные философские проблемы, которые поднимались в романе Ф. М. Достоевского, вызывали большой интерес у вьетнамских читателей, а у ряда вьетнамских писателей и стремление к подражанию. Исследование показало, что «Преступление и наказание» оказало заметное влияние не только на сюжет, идею художественных произведений, но и на языковой стиль многих известных вьетнамских романистов в ходе модернизации вьетнамской литературы. Интерес к роману великого русского писателя сохраняется сегодня на высоком уровне, что способствует развитию культурных связей между двумя народами. В статье делается вывод о незаменимой позиции романа «Преступление и наказание» в сердцах вьетнамских читателей. Научная новизна настоящего исследования определяется изучением творческой адаптации романа Ф. М. Достоевского в литературной практике вьетнамских художников слова на протяжении XX-XXI веков, а также обозначением различных линий в рецепции известного русского романа во Вьетнаме. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы на занятиях по истории русской и зарубежной литератур, будут интересны учителям-словесникам, а также всем увлеченным художественной литературой и культурой. The article for the first time gives a general idea of the influence of “Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky on the works of Vietnamese writers for a whole century. The author observes that the novel “Crime and Punishment” occupies a special place in the cultural space of Vietnam, influencing the poetics of the artistic works of Vietnamese prose writers, their ideological and aesthetic guidelines. The work clearly illustrates the process by which “Crime and Punishment” enters into the culture of Vietnam, which went through the creative adaptation of the novel. The author notes that the complex philosophical problems that were raised in the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky aroused great interest among Vietnamese readers, and a number of Vietnamese writers also had a desire to imitate. The study showed that “Crime and Punishment” had a noticeable impact not only on the plot, the idea of literary works, but also on the language style of many famous Vietnamese novelists during the modernization of Vietnamese literature. Interest in the novel of the great Russian writer remains today at a high level, which contributes to the development of cultural ties between the two peoples. The article concludes about the irreplaceable position of the novel “Crime and Punishment” in the hearts of Vietnamese readers. The scientific novelty of this study is determined by the study of the creative adaptation of the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky in the literary practice of Vietnamese authors during the 20th-21st centuries, as well as the designation of various lines in the reception of the famous Russian novel in Vietnam. The results of the research can be used in classes on the history of Russian and foreign literature, and will be of interest to teachers of literature as well as to all those who are interested in fiction and culture.

On the History of the Novel We, 1937–1952: Zamiatin's We and the Chekhov Publishing House

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 441-446
Author(s):  
Yukio Nakano
Keyword(s):  
Community Integration ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
The Novel ◽  
East European ◽  
Original Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
Galley Proof ◽  
Animal Farm

AbstractWhen Zamiatin died in 1937, his novel We remained unpublished in Russian, although it was available in several languages. Eventually, it was published in its original language by the Chekhov Publishing House in 1952. So, what manuscript was the basis for the Chekhov Publishing House edition of We? At the death of Zamiatin, his widow, Liudmila Zamiatina had two galley proofs. When Mikhail Kaprpovich, editor-in-chief of New Journal, had an interest in publishing the novel in 1949, Liudmila sent the galley prood to Gleb Struve for the publication in New Journal. And, according to the correspondence of Gleb Struve and Vera Aleksandrova, editor-in-chief of the Chekhov Publishing House, she received this galley proof from Mikhail Karpovich. Very likely, The Chekhov Publishing House edition of We was based on this galley proof. Meanwhile, the Chekhov Publishing House was a branch of the East European Fund subsidized by the Ford Foundation. And the East European Fund assisted the Community Integration Program's efforts to help the refugees from Soviet Bloc nations to get settled in the United States and supported research programs on the U.S.S.R. This fact reminds us of the case of Animal Farm. As Orwell mentioned in 1948, the American authorities seized about half the copies of his book Animal Farm in Ukrainian edition and handed them over to the Soviet repatriation camp. A Ukrainian translation of Animal Farm was made by the D.P. historian, Ihor Ševčenko and distributed to Ukrainian readers in the camps.

scholarly journals “THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE PRESENT INTRIGUES OF THE COURT OF CARAMANIA” BY E. HAYWOOD

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (79(1)) ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
O.M. Buranok ◽  
◽  
N.E. Erofeeva ◽  
I.B. Kazakova ◽  
O.V. Sizova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Social Reforms ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Secret History

The article examines the works of E. Haywood, as the author of novels, the publisher of three women's magazines that laid the groundwork for the culture of women's creativity in English literature of the XVIII century. Her name is called among the first authors of a women's novel, which is still interpreted from a gender perspective in modern science as a sociocultural phenomenon that represents the world through the eyes of women. Nevertheless, the authors of the article note the serious influence of men's literature on the work of the writer who was passionate about politics and social reforms. Special attention is paid to such genre modification of the novel as "secret histories", the predecessor of "the novel with the key". It is noted that what is new in "secret histories" is the shift in the angle of perception of the text itself, filled with facts about certain historical events and people, which were taken from various kinds of insinuations, as a rule, it had nothing to do with the real history, but attracted the reader with their variations in the relationships of the characters. Slander becomes the subject of the depiction, and its possessors represent heroes (antiheroes) through the prism of the certain moral values, including the state ones. For the first time in Russian literary criticism, the authors acquaint the reader to the "secret histories" of E. Haywood, novels “The Secret History of the Present Intrigues of the Court of Caramania”(1726), “Memories of a Certain Island Adjacent to the Kingdom of Utopia” (1725 – 26), “The Advantures of Eovaai, Princess of Ijavea; a preAdamitical History” (1736) in the context of women's prose in England in the XVIII century. The analysis of the novel “The Secret History of the Present Intrigues of the Court of Caramania” as the most vivid example of the "secret histories" by E. Haywood is offered. The material of the article will be of interest to the specialists, as well as to those who are interested in the development of the female genre of the novel in the literature of England during the Enlightenment.

scholarly journals Inventory of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery (1615): An Experience of Using Spectrosonal Visualization to Reconstruct the History of the Text

2021 ◽  
pp. 651-664
Author(s):  
Evgeny A. Lyakhovitskii ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visible Region ◽  
Wavelength Region ◽  
Main Text ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Near Ir ◽  
Color Differences ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Degree ◽  
First Time ◽  
Made In

The article describes the results of a codicological study of the Inventory of the Kirillo-Belozersky (St. Cyrill of Beloozero) Monastery (1615). The main codicological problem for the researchers posed by this monument is its numerous and asynchronical edits. It is possible to identify edit layers by studying the ink by means of spectrosonal imaging in near-IR wavelength region of the spectrum. This method is based on the property of inks (except those with a carbon base) to acquire transparency beyond the visible region of the spectrum (after 700 nm). As additional information, visually observed (in natural indirect daylight) color differences between inks have been used, as well as color estimation using a digital portable microscope Dinolite with Dinoscope software. As a result of the study, the main stages of work on the Inventory have been established. A significant part of the marginalia are in the same ink and handwriting as the main text: brown, with moderate transparency in near-IR wavelength region. Thus, the text was probably supplemented in the course of creation. This edit was accompanied by the text on the insert sheets made in ink that is slightly translucent in the IR region of the spectrum and has a dark brown color. The same ink was used in the main text of the manuscript. When the main text was rewritten in 1616-1617, it was compiled in a codex and significantly revised for the first time. The marker of this revision stage is light brown and yellowish-brown ink with high degree of transparency in IR wavelength region of the spectrum. In addition to the editing, the notebooks are numbered in the same light brown ink. The edit of this layer mainly included clarifications to the items description. The next significant revision of the inventory text, marked with brown ink that has low transparent in the IR wavelength region of the spectrum, refers to the period after July 22, 1621. Most of these edits, as well as the earlier ones, were devoted to clarifying descriptions, to clarifying location of objects, and to describing the monastery’s acquisitions and losses. Apparently, the later stage of editing is associated with the use of gray-brown ink, similar in spectral behavior to the ink of the main text. The record of the contribution of Prince Khvorostinin made in 1622–23 was written in this ink.

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