scholarly journals KETEGARAN UJI-t TERHADAP KETIDAKNORMALAN DATA

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Agus Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
T Test ◽  
Computation Techniques ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Normally Distributed

t-test used to test means of two populations assumes that  each population is normally distributed. Theoretically, violation of the assumption makes the result of the test  invalid. This research evaluates the robustness of the t-test on various value of sample size using three types of distribution: normal, symmetric non-normal, and not symmetric non-normal. Different computation techniques of t-value which depend on the variance of the two populations were also employed. The simulation showed that t-test used to test mean of two populations is not influenced by non-normality of the population distribution. The exploration of distribution of the difference between two samples means showed that its distribution was normal. Therefore, the robustness against non-normality of the t-test was the consequences of the difference between two sample means that normally is distributed. 

A comparative review of methods for comparing means using partially paired data

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 1323-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beibei Guo ◽  
Ying Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Missing Data ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
T Test ◽  
Type I ◽  
Paired Data ◽  
Modified Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Normally Distributed

In medical experiments with the objective of testing the equality of two means, data are often partially paired by design or because of missing data. The partially paired data represent a combination of paired and unpaired observations. In this article, we review and compare nine methods for analyzing partially paired data, including the two-sample t-test, paired t-test, corrected z-test, weighted t-test, pooled t-test, optimal pooled t-test, multiple imputation method, mixed model approach, and the test based on a modified maximum likelihood estimate. We compare the performance of these methods through extensive simulation studies that cover a wide range of scenarios with different effect sizes, sample sizes, and correlations between the paired variables, as well as true underlying distributions. The simulation results suggest that when the sample size is moderate, the test based on the modified maximum likelihood estimator is generally superior to the other approaches when the data is normally distributed and the optimal pooled t-test performs the best when the data is not normally distributed, with well-controlled type I error rates and high statistical power; when the sample size is small, the optimal pooled t-test is to be recommended when both variables have missing data and the paired t-test is to be recommended when only one variable has missing data.

scholarly journals Perbedaan kebahagiaan pada keluarga pra sejahtera dan sejahtera di Desa Modayag Kecamatan Bolaang Mongondow Timur

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozaliyanti Anwar ◽  
Lydia David ◽  
Cicilia Pali
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
T Test ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Spiritual Life ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Legal Marriage ◽  
Normally Distributed

Abstract: Happiness is the situation of positive emotion, defined subjectively by everyone. Preprosperous families can not achieve their basic needs meanwhile prosperouos families are based on legal marriage, have achieved basic spiritual life, and material, honor to god, have intense relationship and sustainable with family members and the community. This study was aimed to obtain the difference in happiness between the preprosperous and prosperouos families by using the Seligman questionnaire of happiness with 130 respondents. The results showed that there were 13 (50%) happy preprosperous families and 13 (50%) unhappy prosperouos families. The Shapiro-Wilk test showed that the data were normally distributed. The t test showed a degree of freedom 25 as many as 2.60 (t calculated 8.518 > t table 1.62, p = 0.000). Conclusion :There was a difference in happiness between the preprosperous and prosperous families. Keywords: happiness, family, unstable family, bounding family Abstrak: Kebahagiaan adalah keadaan emosi positif didefinisikan secara subjektif oleh setiap orang. Keluarga prasejahtera yaitu keluarga yang belum dapat memenuhi kebutuhan dasarnya (basic needs) secara minimal. Keluarga sejahtera adalah keluarga yang dibentuk berdasarkan atas perkawinan sah, mampu memenuhi kebutuhan hidup spiritual, dan materil yang layak, bertaqwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, memiliki hubungan serasi, selaras dan seimbang antar anggota dan antar keluarga dengan masyarakat lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan perbedaan kebahagiaan antara keluarga pra sejahtera dan keluarga sejahtera menggunakan kuesioner kebahagiaan Seligman. Jumlah responden sebanyak 130 kepala keluarga. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 13 (50%) keluarga prasejahtera yang bahagia dan 13 (50%) keluarga sejahtera yang tidak bahagia (50%). Uji Shapiro-Wilk memperlihatkan data terdistribusi normal dan dilanjutkan dengan uji t dengan derajat kebebasan 25 sebesar 2,60 (t hitung 8,518 > t 1lter 1,62, p = 0,000). Simpulan :Terdapat perbedaan kebahagiaan pada keluarga prasejahtera dan keluarga sejahtera.Kata kunci : kebahagiaan, keluarga pra sejahtera, keluarga sejahtera

scholarly journals Bright Lyman-α emitters among Spitzer SMUVS galaxies in the MUSE/COSMOS field

2020 ◽  
Vol 633 ◽  
pp. A159
Author(s):  
G. Rosani ◽  
G. B. Caminha ◽  
K. I. Caputi ◽  
S. Deshmukh
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Energy Distribution ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Small Region ◽  
Stellar Mass ◽  
Single Line ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Profile Distribution ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Populations

We search for the presence of bright Lyα emitters among Spitzer SMUVS galaxies at z >  2.9 making use of homogeneous MUSE spectroscopic data. Although these data only cover a small region of COSMOS, MUSE has the unique advantage of providing spectral information over the entire field, without the need of target pre-selection. This results in an unbiased detection of all the brightest Lyα emitters among the SMUVS sources, which by design are stellar-mass selected galaxies. Within the studied area, ∼14% of the SMUVS galaxies at z >  2.9 have Lyα fluxes Fλ ≳ 7 × 10−18 erg s−1 cm−2. These Lyα emitters are characterized by three types of emission, 47% show a single-line profile, 19% present a double peak or a blue bump, and 31% show a red tail. One object (3%) shows both a blue bump and a red tail. We also investigate the spectral energy distribution (SED) properties of the SMUVS galaxies that are MUSE detected and those that are not. After stellar mass matching the two populations, we find that the MUSE detected galaxies have generally lower extinction than SMUVS-only objects, while there is no clear intrinsic difference in the mass and age distributions of the two samples. For the MUSE-detected SMUVS galaxies, we compare the instantaneous star formation rate lower limit obtained from the Lyα line with its past average derived from SED fitting, and find evidence for rejuvenation in some of our oldest objects. In addition, we study the spectra of those Lyα emitters that are not detected in SMUVS in the same field. We find that of the emission line profiles shown 67% have a single line, 3% a blue bump, and 30% a red tail. The difference in profile distribution could be ascribed to the fainter Lyα luminosities of the MUSE sources not detected in SMUVS and an intrinsically different mass distribution. Finally, we search for the presence of galaxy associations using the spectral redshifts. The integral coverage of MUSE reveals that these associations are 20 times more likely than what is derived from all the other existing spectral data in COSMOS, which is biased by target pre-selection.

scholarly journals The impact of psychiatry school on attitudes towards psychiatry in medical students and junior doctors in Pakistan

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S3-S3
Author(s):  
Raja Adnan Ahmed ◽  
Sanaa Moledina ◽  
Usama Asad
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
T Test ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Junior Doctors ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Individual Scores ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Paired T Test

AimsTo assess the impact of Psychiatry School on the attitudes towards psychiatry in Pakistani medical students (MS) and junior doctors (JD).MethodInspired by the Royal College of Psychiatrists’ ‘Choose Psychiatry’ campaign, an online event by the name of ‘Psychiatry Autumn School Pakistan’ was held on the 1st of November 2020. The event was promoted through social media and medical students and junior doctors from across Pakistan were invited to attend. Moreover, a panel of British and Pakistani psychiatrists belonging to different sub-specialties was invited to deliver talks. The attendees were provided an insight into psychiatry as a viable career option and were introduced to the training pathways, research opportunities, and the various sub-specialties present within the field.Participants were requested to complete the 'Attitudes Towards Psychiatry' (ATP-30) questionnaires before and immediately after the event. Individual scores on the questionnaire can range from 30 to 150 and a high score indicates a positive attitude. Statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test.Result41 attendees (MS = 30, JD = 11) completed the pre-and post-school survey. The respondents were majorly female (76%) and from public sector universities (76%), with an average age of 23 years. The mean ATP score before the course was 119 (MS = 117, JD = 121) which increased by 9 points to 128 (MS = 126, JD = 131) after the event. When the two samples were compared using a paired t-test, the difference was statistically significant p < 0.005.ConclusionWe conclude that a psychiatry school can positively influence attitudes towards psychiatry in medical students and junior doctors and our findings are consistent with similar studies done in other countries.In Pakistan, unfortunately, only 2–4% of undergraduate students opt for a career in psychiatry owing to insufficient knowledge and awareness about the available treatment modalities and advancement in the field. Hence, such an intervention can greatly enhance recruitment within the profession as it makes psychiatry more accessible and visible as a career choice, generates awareness about the effectiveness and evolution of psychotherapeutic practices, and eradicates misconceptions about the field that prevail among young doctors.This was the first psychiatry school held in Pakistan and the findings of the study as well the feedback received from the participants and the speakers motivate us to continue campaigning for ‘Choose Psychiatry.’

scholarly journals Impact of Training on Expectation of Employee and Employer: A comparative study

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 601-607
Author(s):  
Syed Muhammad Javed ◽  
Saqib Muneer . ◽  
Melati Ahmad Anuar .
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
T Test ◽  
Training Outcomes ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
Training Satisfaction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hr Managers ◽  
Positive Effect

Organizations today spend millions of dollars on training to enhance the performance of their employees, which leads to formation of expectation on employers end as well as employees ends observing this phenomena ,this research was conducted to analyze the expectations of employee and employer and its impact on post training satisfaction, for that matter data was collected from 20 organization where training is provided ,sample size was 20 training / HR managers and per managers 5 employees, paired sample t test was applied to gauge the difference or similarity between the perception and expectation of employees and employer, after the analysis it was found that there is significant difference between the perception of employee and employers on the expected training outcomes and no similarity existed between the expectation of employee and employer which did not have positive effect on post training satisfaction.

Retail Mix Dan Kepuasan Konsumen Minimarket

Liquidity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Siti Maryama ◽  
Yayat Sujatna
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Satisfaction ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
T Test ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Retail Industry ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Store Design ◽  
Customer Services ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of this study is to (1) analyzing the level of retail mix consumer satisfaction; (2) analyze the dominant variable in retail mix consumer satisfaction; (3) analyze the difference of retail mix consumer satisfaction performed. The observed of the retail industry is Alfamidi and Indomaret. The study was designed into a descriptive-quantitative method. The source of primary data obtained from the questionnaire of 100 respondents. The formulating variable of retail mix includes: merchandise assortments, pricing, customer services Store design and display, communication mix, and location. Data analyze by using descriptive, analysis of factors, and t-test. The result confirmed that the level of retail mix consumer satisfaction in both industry is relatively similar. However, it can be stated that the respondents were more satisfied to Indomaret compared with Alfamart.

Perbedaan Metode Three Compartement Sink dengan Air Panas dan Larutan Klorin terhadap Angka Kuman Alat Makan di RSU Queen Latifa

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-130
Author(s):  
Rifatun Hasanah ◽  
Setyowati Setyowati ◽  
Noor Tifauzah
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
T Test ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Independent Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hospital Use

Background:One of the efforts in preventing congenital food disease is by washing the cutlery perfectly. The cutlery used by patients with infectious diseases should be noted more, because it has a risk in disease transmission through cutlery. The process of washing the cutlery for infected patients in Queen Latifa Hospital use three compartement sink method with hot water, while the three compartement sink method with clorine solvent has never been tested. Purpose: Research was to determine the difference in the number of germs in the tool was washed using three compartement sink method with hot water and with clorine solvent. Method:Types of research is experiment with rancangan percobaan acak kelompok (RAK). The object of this research is 4 plates and 4 bowls. The number of experimental units in this research were 2 treatments x 2 cutlery x 2 checks x 2 reapetitions = 16 experimental units. The analysis used independent t-test with 95% confidence level. Result :The average number of germs in the cutlery washed using the three compartment sink method with hot water was 1 x 101 cfu / cm2, whereas with chlorine solvent is 0.2 cfu / cm2. Independent test t-test shows p = 0.049 which means the hypothesis is accepted. onclusion : There are differences in the number of germs in the washing cutlery using the three compartment sink method with hot water and with chlorine solvent.   Keywords: number of germs, cutlery, three compartment sink

Perbedaan Metode Three Compartement Sink dengan Air Panas dan Larutan Klorin terhadap Angka Kuman Alat Makan di RSU Queen Latifa

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Rifatun Hasanah ◽  
Setyowati Setyowati ◽  
Noor Tifauzah
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
T Test ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Independent Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hospital Use

Background:One of the efforts in preventing congenital food disease is by washing the cutlery perfectly. The cutlery used by patients with infectious diseases should be noted more, because it has a risk in disease transmission through cutlery. The process of washing the cutlery for infected patients in Queen Latifa Hospital use three compartement sink method with hot water, while the three compartement sink method with clorine solvent has never been tested. Purpose: Research was to determine the difference in the number of germs in the tool was washed using three compartement sink method with hot water and with clorine solvent. Method:Types of research is experiment with rancangan percobaan acak kelompok (RAK). The object of this research is 4 plates and 4 bowls. The number of experimental units in this research were 2 treatments x 2 cutlery x 2 checks x 2 reapetitions = 16 experimental units. The analysis used independent t-test with 95% confidence level. Result :The average number of germs in the cutlery washed using the three compartment sink method with hot water was 1 x 101 cfu / cm2, whereas with chlorine solvent is 0.2 cfu / cm2. Independent test t-test shows p = 0.049 which means the hypothesis is accepted. Conclusion : There are differences in the number of germs in the washing cutlery using the three compartment sink method with hot water and with chlorine solvent.

Smart Estimation Ver-H.1.0

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigit Haryadi
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Weight Factor ◽  
The Past ◽  
Level Of Confidence ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Value ◽  
The Difference

We cannot be sure exactly what will happen, we can only estimate by using a particular method, where each method must have the formula to create a regression equation and a formula to calculate the confidence level of the estimated value. This paper conveys a method of estimating the future values, in which the formula for creating a regression equation is based on the assumption that the future value will depend on the difference of the past values divided by a weight factor which corresponding to the time span to the present, and the formula for calculating the level of confidence is to use "the Haryadi Index". The advantage of this method is to remain accurate regardless of the sample size and may ignore the past value that is considered irrelevant.

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